1. Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROS-related steps
- Author
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Neha Nayak, Husam M. Abu-Soud, David Bai, Damla C. Gonullu, and Olivia G. Camp
- Subjects
Fe, iron ,HOCl, hypochlorous acid ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,MPO, myeloperoxidase ,Apoptosis ,Review Article ,Pharmacology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Vitamin B Deficiency ,CNCl, cyanogen chloride ,NOS, nitric oxide synthase ,ONOO−, and peroxynitrite ,Melatonin ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,Co, cobalt ,MMP, matrix metalloproteinase ,H2O2, hydrogen peroxide ,iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase ,H4B, tetrahydrobiopterin ,Cytokines ,medicine.symptom ,Cytokine Release Syndrome ,Oxidation-Reduction ,medicine.drug ,Hemeproteins ,NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps ,Inflammation ,Nitric Oxide ,Neuroprotection ,Nitric oxide ,Inorganic Chemistry ,ROS, reactive oxygen species ,medicine ,Humans ,Mammalian peroxidase ,Peroxidase ,Reactive oxygen species ,NO, nitric oxide ,•OH, hydroxyl radical ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Hemoprotein ,COVID-19 ,Hypoxia (medical) ,medicine.disease ,O2•-, superoxide ,Hypochlorous Acid ,COVID-19 Drug Treatment ,Oxidative Stress ,NOHA, N-hydroxyarginine ,CAT, catalase ,Cytokine storm ,Sleep ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Oxidative stress ,HSA, human serum albumin ,Hb, hemoglobin - Abstract
Recent studies have shown a correlation between COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and the distinct, exaggerated immune response titled “cytokine storm”. This immune response leads to excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause clinical signs characteristic of COVID-19 such as decreased oxygen saturation, alteration of hemoglobin properties, decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, vasoconstriction, elevated cytokines, cardiac and/or renal injury, enhanced D-dimer, leukocytosis, and an increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. Particularly, neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) is thought to be especially abundant and, as a result, contributes substantially to oxidative stress and the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Conversely, melatonin, a potent MPO inhibitor, has been noted for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective actions. Melatonin has been proposed as a safe therapeutic agent for COVID-19 recently, having been given with a US Food and Drug Administration emergency authorized cocktail, REGEN-COV2, for management of COVID-19 progression. This review distinctly highlights both how the destructive interactions of HOCl with tetrapyrrole rings may contribute to oxygen deficiency and hypoxia, vitamin B12 deficiency, NO deficiency, increased oxidative stress, and sleep disturbance, as well as how melatonin acts to prevent these events, thereby improving COVID-19 prognosis., Graphical abstract The proposed pathway of SAR-CoV-2 infection associated with an uncontrolled immune response and cytokine storm generating MPO and ROS resulting in decreased NO and vasoconstriction, decreased O2 and hypoxia, and vitamin B12 deficiency through tetrapyrrole ring destruction, and the prevention by melatonin.Unlabelled Image
- Published
- 2021