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Aroma is a key indicator of the quality and value of Pu'er tea. A total of 36 aroma components were detected,which Saccharomyces , Rhizopus , and Aspergillus niger , were in the ratios of 2:1:2, 2:2:2, and 2:3:2 inoculated to ferment Pu'er tea, comparing with natural fermentation. In addition, 12 key aroma compounds were identified by analysing ROAVs. Methoxyphenyl compounds and β-ionone were the primary contributors to the formation of aged and woody aroma when fermenting Pu'er tea naturally or using Rhizopus , while linalool and its oxides, benzyl alcohol, hexanal, and limonene were the primary contributors to the formation of floral and fruity aroma when fermenting Pu'er tea using synergistic fermentation with Saccharomyces , Rhizopus , and Aspergillus niger . This study identified the key aroma components of the Pu'er tea fermented using five methods, which revealed and demonstrated the potential application of synergistic effects of different microorganisms in the changes of aroma of Pu'er tea., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)