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Background: An accurate assessment of the evolution of GI endoscopy volumes is warranted to identify long-term trends and to help anticipate training, infrastructure and human resource needs. The main objective of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the evolution of GI endoscopy in France., Methods: This retrospective study consisted of a cross-sectional analysis repeated each year from 2008 to 2018 using data from a national health database related to hospital admissions. All day-case and hospital stays presenting at least one of the 119 GI endoscopy procedures were extracted., Results: This study showed an increase in day-case and hospital stays including a GI endoscopy procedure of 18.4 %. In addition, day-case endoscopy increased from 67.8 % to 76.9 % of hospital admissions. There was a 19.6 % increase in lower GI endoscopy, with in particular a 247 % increase in endoscopic mucosal resection. EUS and pancreaticobiliary and duodenal endoscopy have seen the most significant increases, 63 % and 70.2 % respectively; notably, therapeutic EUS increased by 476 %., Conclusion: This study shows the good dynamics of GI endoscopy in a European country with a sustained increase over 11 years in day-case and hospital stays of patients undergoing a GI endoscopy while day-case endoscopy is taking on an increasingly important role., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this work., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening using fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) aims to detect pre-symptomatic colorectal lesions and reduce CRC mortality., Aims: The objectives of this study were to determine the FIT sensitivity for diagnosis of CRC, the impact of diagnostic circumstances on treatment and survival, and risk factors for interval cancer (IC)., Methods: This population-based study evaluated the 2016-2017 CRC screening campaign in Finistère, France. CRCs were classified according to diagnostic circumstances: screen-detected CRC (SD-CRC), CRC with delayed diagnosis, IC after negative FIT (FIT-IC), post-colonoscopy CRC, CRC in non-responders and CRC in the excluded population., Results: This study included 909 CRCs: 248 SD-CRCs (6% of positive FIT) and 60 FIT-ICs (0.07% of negative FIT). The FIT sensitivity for CRC was 80.5% (CI95%: 76.1-84.9) at the threshold of 30 µg hemoglobin/g feces used in France. In multivariate analysis, proximal (OR:6.73) and rectal locations (OR:7.52) were associated with being diagnosed with FIT-IC rather than SD-CRC. The FIT positivity threshold maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity was found to be 17 µg/g, with 14 additional CRCs diagnosed compared to the current threshold., Conclusions: Our study confirms the good sensitivity of FIT. A decrease of the FIT detection threshold could optimize sensitivity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this work., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: The identification of early prognostic factors during Crohn's disease (CD) remains needed for physician decision-making to minimize structural bowel damage, which this study aimed to assess in a population-based setting., Methods: All incident cases of CD were prospectively registered from 1994 to 1997 in Brittany, a limited area of France. All charts of patients were reviewed from the diagnosis to the last clinic visit in 2015. Disabling CD course was defined according to the Saint-Antoine criteria., Results: Among the 331 incident cases of CD, 272 (82%) were followed-up for a median time of 12.8 years. The cumulative probability of developing stricturing or fistulizing CD was 66% at 15 years, and 107 (39%) patients underwent surgery. The cumulative probabilities of immunosuppressant and TNF antagonist use at 15 years were 37% and 22%, respectively. The cumulative risks for disabling disease and bowel damage were 74% and 71% at 15 years, respectively. Systemic symptoms and perianal lesions at diagnosis were independently associated with a disabling disease course. Perianal disease and short disease extension were associated with the onset of bowel damage. Deep ulcers was not predictive of any outcome., Conclusions: A disabling disease course and bowel damage occurred early in the course of CD, which suggests the need for early diagnosis and early treatment, particularly for patients with systematic symptoms and perianal disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest ALM, AD, LBH, KC, CB, and CB received lecture fees from IPSEN. CR, BB, and LS received lecture fees from Abbvie, Amgen, Ferring, Janssen, MSD, and Takeda and consultant fees from Takeda. GB received lecture fees from Abbvie, Ferring, MSD, Takeda and Pfizer and consultant fees from Takeda, Janssen, Mylan, and Abbvie. VB and AN declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Survival of patients with colon cancer has increased in recent years due to advances in treatment and the implementation of multidisciplinary team meetings (MDTm). However, the organization of MDTm can be improved. The objectives of this work were to characterize patients with colon cancer who were not presented in MDTm and to analyse the reasons for their non-presentation., Methods: The study was based on a retrospective cohort including patients with colon cancer diagnosed between 2014 and 2016. Risk factors for non-presentation in MDTm were investigated after 1:1 matching on age, gender and tumour location, using multivariate analysis., Results: amongst 1616 patients diagnosed with colon cancer, 20.5% were not presented in MDTm. The most common reasons for non-presentation were 'advanced age or poor general condition' (22.6%) and 'superficial tumour' (20.5%), while 20.8% of non-presentation remained unexplained. Non-presentation in MDTm was associated with ECOG PS of 2 (OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.32-0.81, p = 0.005), best supportive care (OR 0.05, 95%CI 0.00-0.38, p = 0.016) and early death (OR 0.09, 95%CI 0.04-0.19, p<0.001). By contrast, patients with symptomatic tumours were more likely to be presented in MDTm than patients participating in mass screening (OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.09-4.32, p = 0.028). Presentation was significantly associated with diagnosis by a digestive surgeon (OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.22-3.92, p = 0.01) and a high UICC stage., Conclusions: This study identified factors associated with non-presentation in a multidisciplinary team meeting for colon cancer such as an advanced age or a superficial tumour, paving the way for targeted improvements., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this work., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aim: Although recommended, the P-score used for assessing the pertinence / relevance of findings seen in small bowel (SB) capsule endoscopy (CE) is based on a low level of knowledge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of the most frequent SBCE findings through an illustrated script questionnaire., Materials and Methods: Sixteen types of SBCE findings were illustrated four times each in three different settings (occult and overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and suspected Crohn's disease), and with a variable number (n = 1/n = 2-5/n ≥ 6), thus providing a questionnaire with 192 scenarios and 576 illustrated questions. Fifteen international experts were asked to rate the finding's relevance for each question as very unlikely (-2) / unlikely (-1) / doubtful (0) / likely (+1) / very likely (+2). The median score (≤-0.75, between -0.75 and 0.75, or ≥0.75) obtained for each scenario determined a low (P0), intermediate (P1) or high (P2) relevance, respectively., Results: 8064 answers were analyzed. Participation and completion rates were 93% and 100%, respectively. In overt or occult OGIB, resultant P2 findings were 'typical angiectasia', 'deep ulceration', 'stenosis', and'blood', whatever their numbers, and 'superficial ulcerations' when multiple. While in suspected CD, consensus P2 lesions were 'deep ulceration' and 'stenosis' whatever their numbers, and 'aphthoid erosions' and 'superficial ulcerations' when multiple., Conclusion: This study establishes a guide for the evaluation of relevance of SBCE findings. It represents a step forward for SB-CE interpretation and is intended to be used as a tool for teaching and academic research., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Objectives: Barrett's mucosa is considered as a mosaic of three epithelial types but little is known about the topography of intestinal metaplasia in columnar lined esophagus. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia within long and short segments of columnar lined esophagus and to analyze the distribution of the intestinal metaplasia within long segments of Barrett's esophagus., Patients and Methods: The study was performed on the initial endoscopy carried out among 112 patients enrolled in an endoscopic surveillance program. Seventy-two patients with columnar mucosa extending more than 3 cm into the esophagus (group I) and 40 patients with a short segment of columnar mucosa (group II) had multiple biopsies according to a standardized protocol. 1163 biopsies were analyzed on the whole: 949 biopsies in group I and 214 biopsies in group II., Results: Intestinal metaplasia was identified among 650 (68.5%) and 50 (23.4%) biopsies in groups I and II respectively (P<10-7). The proportion of biopsies with foci of intestinal metaplasia increased significantly with the length of the columnar mucosa. The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus was confirmed in 100% of the patients in group I and in 45% of the patients in group II. In long segments of Barrett's esophagus, intestinal metaplasia was more frequently observed in the 2 upper thirds of the columnar mucosa that in the lower third (P<10-7). Detailed mapping of the distribution of epithelial types within the columnar lined esophagus identified three patterns of distribution of intestinal metaplasia within long segments of Barrett's esophagus: unifocal, multifocal and diffuse, in 5%, 56% and 39% of the patients respectively. Dysplasia was present in 15% of patients with long segments of Barrett's esophagus and 11% of patients with short segments (NS)., Conclusion: The distribution of intestinal metaplasia within columnar lined esophagus is heterogeneous and three distinct patterns can be identified: unifocal, multifocal and diffuse. Considering the risk of sampling error, the current recommendations concerning the biopsy protocols are mandatory until the validation of new techniques such as chromoendoscopy or magnifying endoscopy.

Objectives: The aims of this prospective study were to evaluate the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Finistère, an administrative district of western France, and to highlight epidemiological characteristics., Methods: From June 1st 2002 to May 31st 2003, all cases of HCC in Finistère were registered prospectively. Standardized incidence rates were calculated., Results: One hundred and six cases of HCC were registered. Standardized incidence rates were 13.8/100000 among men and 0.8/100000 among women. Among the incident cases of HCC, 52% were discovered in patients consulting for symptoms, and 28% in patients undergoing screening. The new non-invasive diagnostic criteria of HCC were used in 60% of cases. HCC was associated with cirrhosis in 89 patients (84%). Excessive alcohol intake was the main cause of cirrhosis. In all, 27 patients (25.5%) received potentially curative treatment., Conclusion: Incidence of HCC is high in Finistère. The proportion of patients given potentially curative treatment is still low, illustrating how difficult screening can be when alcoholic cirrhosis predominates in the target population.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare tumor. We report a case of a 49 years old patient with a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Histological diagnosis was established by echoguided biopsy of the liver. Due to that, we cannot be sure that this tumor was not adenosquamous with a metastatic component from only the squamous part of the lesion. Two types of chemotherapy have been performed. The first one was radiochemotherapy with an association of 5FU and cisplatinum. Gemcitabin was the second one. An objective response was obtained with gemcitabin and the patient's health improved. To our knowledge, this has never had been reported beforehand. However the prognosis of this cancer remains poor. Overall survival was 8 months.

Introduction: Being an easy-to-use (eight items) quality of life questionnaire specific to GERD, the Reflux-Qual Short form (RQS) was developed for use in everyday practice. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the RQS., Methods and Materials: The reliability of the RQS was measured by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its clinical validity by comparing the RQS score for increasing clinical severity groups. The RQS discriminative power was compared with that of the SF12. Sensitivity to change over time was measured by calculating effect-sizes., Results: The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed on a sample of 1195 patients. Its psychometric properties were very satisfactory: Cronbach alpha = 0.84; RQS score significantly reduced for the worst-affected patients; the discriminative power was up to 5 times higher when compared with the SF-12. Sensitivity to change over time, evaluated with 362 patients, showed highly significant differences between groups with different levels of clinical progression (P = 0.0001)., Conclusion: The RQS is a quality of life measurement instrument specific to GERD which is short, reliable, valid, and sensitive to within and between-subject differences.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate trends in incidence, clinical characteristics, treatment regimen and prognosis of gastric carcinoma in the area of Finistere (France) during a 12-year period., Methods: Between 1984 and 1995, the Finistere Registry of GastroIntestinal Tract Tumors listed 2 139 patients with gastric carcinoma in a population of 838 627 inhabitants. Curative resection and operative mortality were analyzed by logistic regression. Prognostic factors were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox model., Results: When comparing the second period (1990-1995) to the first period (1984-1989) we observed: a) a decrease of standardized incidence (13.2 vs. 15.6/100 000 inhabitants/year in males and 5.4 vs. 7.0/100 000 inhabitants/year in females); b) a significant increase of linitis plastica (21.4% vs. 10.9%) and infiltrative tumors (53.1 vs. 31.2%) (P<0.0001); c) no variation in tumor stage at diagnosis; d) a significant increase in curative resection (65.7% vs. 45.0%; P<0.0001); e) no variation in operative mortality; f) the absence of improvement of survival rate; the latter was 29% at 2 years, 19% at 5 years and 11% at 10 years during the second period. Multivariate analysis showed that the main prognostic factors of gastric carcinoma were age, tumor stage and the type of surgical procedure., Conclusion: This study showed a decrease in the incidence of gastric carcinoma over time and an increase of linitis plasticia and infiltrative forms. Despite improvement in management of patients, the global prognosis of gastric carcinoma did not improve significantly over a 12-year period of observation.

Unlabelled: Liver steatosis is a common finding in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Host and viral factors have been associated with steatosis, but their relative contributions have not been clearly addressed. It has been suggested that steatosis plays a role in the progression of liver fibrosis., Aims: To assess: a) factors associated with steatosis in patients infected with hepatitis C virus; b) their impact on liver fibrosis., Patients and Methods: Three hundred and fourteen untreated patients were included. Lifetime alcohol consumption was estimated. Liver fibrosis, inflammation and necrosis were assessed using the METAVIR score. Body mass index (BMI) was determined. The scoring system for steatosis was as follows: 0, no steatosis; 1, less than 10%; 2, 10% to 30%; 3, 30% to 70%; 4, more than 70% of hepatocytes affected., Results: In univariate analysis, steatosis was associated with elevated BMI (P=0.001), excessive alcohol intake (P=0.005), genotype 3 (P<0.001) and moderate to severe histological activity (P=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that steatosis correlated with two independent factors: genotype 3a (OR=60.7; 95% CI: 7.6-483.4) (P<0.001) and BMI (OR=4.86; 95% CI: 1.8-13.15) (P=0.002). In univariate analysis, severe fibrosis (F2-F3-F4) was associated with older age (P<10(-5)), male gender (P=0.001), disease duration (P<0.006), BMI (P<10(-4)), alcohol intake (P<10(-6)), severity of histological activity (P<10(-5)) and steatosis (P<10(-6)). In multivariate analysis, three independent factors were associated with severe fibrosis: disease duration > 10 years (OR=3.17; 95% CI: 0.65-15.4) (P=0.015), presence of steatosis (OR=3.17; 95% CI: 1-9.99) (P<0.049) and genotype 3a (OR=5.56; 95% CI: 1.4-22.1) (P=0.015)., Conclusion: In patients with chronic hepatitis C, steatosis is significantly associated with genotype 3 infection and high BMI. Steatosis is an independent risk factor associated with severe fibrosis. These results have major implications for the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Histologic diagnosis of tumors of the mediastinum is mandatory for therapeutic management. The location and the variety of tumors are responsible for diagnostic difficulties. Endosonography guided fine-needle biopsy is an efficient and safe procedure for the diagnosis of peridigestive masses. We report the case of a patient with a neuroendocrine tumor of the mediastinum revealed by a mass syndrome. The diagnosis was performed by endosonography guided needle biopsy.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and the main clinical data of inflammatory bowel disease in Brittany., Methods: According to EPIMAD registry's methodology, private and public gastroenterologists (n = 139) of Brittany (2836418 inhabitants) referred all patients consulting for the first time, in 1994 and 1995 with clinical symptoms compatible with inflammatory bowel disease. An interviewer practitioner completed at the gastroenterologist's consulting room a standard questionnaire for each patient. Each case was reviewed separately by four experts to assign a diagnosis of definite, probable, possible Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, unclassifiable chronic colitis, or acute colitis (onset of symptoms < 6 weeks)., Results: 657 cases were recorded: 205 Crohn's disease (31%), 165 ulcerative colitis (25%) including 75 ulcerative proctitis (46%), 42 unclassifiable chronic colitis (7%), 245 acute colitis (37%). The crude mean annual incidence (per 10(5) inhabitants) based on definite and probable cases only was 2.8 for Crohn's disease and 2.9 for ulcerative colitis. The female/male ratio was 0.9 for Crohn's disease and 0.5 for ulcerative colitis. The median age at time of diagnosis was 27 for Crohn's disease and 36 for ulcerative colitis. The median time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was equal to 3 months for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis., Conclusion: In Brittany the observed incidence of ulcerative colitis is similar to that of Crohn's disease and close to that observed in northern France. The incidence of Crohn's disease is lower. However, the real incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is currently underestimated due to the large number of acute colitis requiring a follow up and the cases of Crohn's disease classified as possible not taken into account.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of treatment regimens and survival rates of stomach adenocarcinoma recorded in the Finistère cancer registry from 1984 to 1989., Methods: In a population of 838,627 inhabitants, 1,280 patients with a gastric cancer were registered; 1,164 patients (693 males and 471 females) had an adenocarcinoma. Survival rates were estimated by the actuarial method, and compared using the logrank test and the Cox model., Results: Surgical resection was the main treatment for 661 patients (57%). The frequency of curative resection increased from 25% between 1984 and 1986 to 35% after 1986. Among the other patients, 39 (3%) were treated by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and 53 patients (4%) by endoscopy alone; 253 patients had only symptomatic treatment. The survival rates of all patients were 43% at 1 year and 20% at 5 years. The median survival was 9.2 +/- 0.6 months. In patients with cancer managed surgically, the factors associated with a better prognosis were young age, long duration of symptoms before diagnosis, ulcerated macroscopic aspect, limited tumour extension and curative surgical resection. In other patients, 2 factors were associated a with better prognosis: the absence of metastases and an endoscopic palliative treatment., Conclusions: Surgical resection is the main treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Although the frequency of surgery increased, the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma did not improve within this 6-year period.

Objectives and Methods: In Barrett's oesophagus, the risk of malignancy is evaluated histologically with the presence of dysplasia. The abnormal expression of p53 protein could represent a useful new marker. The aim of this study was evaluate the abnormal expression of p53 protein in a series of 52 oesophagectomy specimens with Barrett's oesophagus, either non-dysplastic (n = 3), dysplastic (n = 8), or malignant (n = 41). The immunohistochemical study was made on deparaffinized sections with the monoclonal anti-p53 antibody DO7., Results: The 3 non-dysplastic cases were p53 negative; 1 case of low-grade dysplasia in 5 was positive, as were the 3 cases of high grade dysplasia and 33 of 41 cancers (80%), including 13 superficial cancers in 14 (93%) and 20 invasive cancers in 27 (74%). A common feature was the presence of rare p53 positive crypts in low grade dysplastic areas and non-dysplastic specialized mucosa that surrounded high grade dysplasia and cancers., Conclusions: Our results confirm the high frequency of the abnormal expression of p53 protein in cancer developed in Barrett's oesophagus. This expression is a consequence of alterations of the TP53 gene, and has an important role in the carcinogenesis of Barrett's mucosa; it is likely to represent an early event. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate its interest in the surveillance of patients with Barrett's oesophagus.

Flow cytometry was used to examine the spatial distribution of nuclear DNA content in Barrett's mucosa, in one patient with high grade dysplasia and in 6 patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma. All tumors were aneuploid. Each adenocarcinoma but the most advanced seemed to arise from a single clone of aneuploid or near-tetraploid cells which was found in all biopsy specimens taken from the tumor. Multiple aneuploid populations of cells were seen in the larger tumors. Eight clones were individualized in the most advanced case of cancer. In all patients with carcinoma, the mucosa surrounding the tumor was aneuploid. Some areas were characterized by the same DNA index as in the tumor, others contained distinct aneuploid cell populations. The spatial distributions of aneuploid clones and dysplastic areas were not perfectly superimposed. These data suggest that neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus is associated with genomic instability preceding the development of malignancy. Clonal heterogeneity in Barrett's adenocarcinoma is more marked when compared to other tumors and suggests a majoration of genomic instability during tumor progression.

Dysplasia is the only marker for malignant potential in Barrett's esophagus. The histologic interpretation of dysplasia is sometimes difficult, particularly when attempting to distinguish dysplastic changes from those of a regenerating and inflammatory mucosa. In order to find an objective marker to identify patients with high risk of malignant transformation, the authors evaluated 497 biopsies from 66 patients with Barrett's esophagus with flow cytometry. The aim of the study was to correlate DNA content and proliferative abnormalities with histology. All biopsies classified histologically as negative for dysplasia had a diploid DNA content. The percentage of biopsies with an aneuploid DNA content increased with the histologic grade of dysplasia: 2 percent of indefinite dysplasia, 11 percent of low grade dysplasia, 44 percent of high grade dysplasia and 78 percent of biopsy specimens with cancer biopsies were aneuploid. Mean S and G2M fractions of diploid biopsy specimens increased with the severity of histologic changes. The S and G2M fraction threshold values that could differentiate patients that were negative for dysplasia from those with high grade dysplasia or cancer were 9 percent and 6 percent, respectively. Aneuploidy or G2M fraction greater than 6 percent was the best discriminating criteria between those two distinct groups of patients. All 6 patients with high grade dysplasia or cancer had aneuploid cell populations or increased G2M fraction, whereas none of the 35 patients whose biopsies were histologically negative for dysplasia had evidence of genomic instability or increased G2M fraction. Flow cytometric abnormalities were found in 10 out of 25 patients whose biopsies were classified as indefinite for dysplasia or low grade dysplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The authors report two cases of esophageal polypoid pseudosarcoma with favorable outcome after endoscopic and medical treatment. Neither of the two patients could undergo general anesthesia. Endoscopic resection or monopolar electrocoagulation of the tumor was associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A complete response of the tumor was observed in both cases. The two patients were alive and well with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis 3 and 5 years after diagnosis. Immunohistochemical study of those two tumors with monoclonal antibodies to intermediate filaments (keratin and vimentin) suggests duality in the spindle cell component. It may explain the biological behaviour of these particular cancers that have a better prognosis than other types of squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus.

The authors report the case of a 30 year-old man with previous history of sarcoidosis, who presented with a painful infiltration of the pancreas. A review of the literature showed that symptomatic pancreatic sarcoidosis was uncommon, since only 8 other cases have been reported. Pancreatic involvement is frequently associated with hepatic infiltration (5/6 cases). Exocrine or endocrine dysfunction are possible. Diagnosis is made only at exploratory laparotomy. Prognosis is good. Steroid therapy is indicated in this peculiar type of pancreatitis, because of its long-range effectiveness on the outcome of the disease.

A randomized prospective trial was designed to evaluate the preventive treatment of esophagitis in 31 intensive care patients who had a nasogastric feeding tube for at least 10 days. Fourteen patients (group B) received no preventive treatment while 17 patients (group A) received 300 mg of cimetidine every 6 h intravenously and 11 g of colloidal aluminium phosphate every 4 h per os. All patients were fed a standard diet through their nasogastric tube at a constant rate of 30 Kcal/kg/day. Endoscopic controls at day 1 and 10 showed that the number of initial and final esophagitis was not different in groups B and A: 7 and 8 at day 1, 11 and 10 at day 10, respectively. The inefficiency of this preventive treatment suggested that acid gastroesophageal reflux is not a major factor in the occurrence of nasogastric feeding tube-induced esophagitis. However as esophagitis is associated with a more severe Knaus index and a greater number of gastric stress ulcer risk factors, it is suggested that decreased defense of the mucosa may be a key factor in the occurrence of this type of esophagitis.