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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been linked to numerous poor neurological outcomes as well as impairments in respiratory neural control. Females are known to metabolize ethanol (EtOH) differently than males suggesting a sexual dimorphic sensitivity to EtOH exposure. We used a rodent model of FASD to investigate whether EtOH disrupts respiratory neural control. Rat pups received a single intraperitoneal injection of 2 different doses (0.8 mg/g or 4.4 mg/g) of EtOH. Whole-body plethysmography was used ∼24 h later to assess ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia (HVR) and hypercapnia (HCVR). Females treated with 4.4 mg/g of EtOH exhibited an attenuated HVR and HCVR, but there was no effect on males, and no effect of 0.8 mg/g on either sex. There was unexpected mortality of unknown causes, especially in females, that occurred 2-3 days after EtOH administration. These data suggest that important ventilatory defense responses in females are impaired following developmental EtOH exposure, and this may be associated with increased risk of later death., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest in this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)