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Background: Hypertension significantly increases the risk for chronic graft loss and accelerates the deterioration of transplanted kidney function. Aggressive control of blood pressure (BP) is recommended in the posttransplant period when maintenance levels of immunosuppressive drugs are achieved. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the improved control improved the graft survival., Methods: We compared transplant kidney function in two groups of hypertensive patients matched for age, gender, donor-recipient relation, primary disease, early posttransplant course, and immunosuppressant and hypertensive therapy during 3 years follow-up. The patients were divided into satisfactory and unsatisfactory controlled blood pressure. Group 1 consisted of 98 patients with satisfactory BP control (arterial pressure <160/90 mmHg) and group 2, 98 patients with unsatisfactory BP control., Results: The mean through levels of cyclosporine in whole blood were similar in both groups and did not exceed 185 ng/mL. A slow but significant increase in mean creatinine levels was observed among group 2 during 3 years follow-up, whereas, among group 1, graft function remained stable. Cardiovascular events were observed only in group 2: stroke in one patient and death because of heart failure in one patient. Factors which correlated with development of post transplant hypertension were age, gender, duration of disease before transplant, and underlying disease., Conclusion: Lowering BP, even several years posttransplantation, was associated with improved graft and patient survival in renal transplant recipients.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death following renal transplantation, accounting for 40% to 55% of all deaths. An analysis in our center showed a 15% mortality in a cohort of renal transplant recipients followed for an average of 10 years. Various contributing risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in transplant recipients such as tobacco use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hereditary risk, diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity, dialysis duration, hyperuricemia, proteinuria, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperparathyroidism, anemia; C-reactive protein level, and immunosuppressive regimen as well as some rare risk factors, such as cytomegalovirus infection, were evaluated in a population of 1200 kidney transplant recipients. Also we introduced methods for early detection, monitoring, and follow-up of proven risk factors of cardiovascular disease.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death after renal transplantation. Furthermore, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) attributable to coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for the majority of deaths due to cardiovascular disease posttransplant. Although renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, understanding the causes of graft and patient loss is exceedingly important to improve outcomes., Methods: This observational study included 1200 patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 1988 and 2003. The outcome was the occurrence of an ACS event within a maximum of 15 years after renal transplantation., Results: Of all 215 deaths, 28.3% were caused by complications of CAD, the most common cause of death at our center. On multivariate analysis, diabetes (P = .005), prior transplant (P = .047), body mass index (BMI) at the time of transplant (P = .01), cholesterol level (P = .012), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level (P = .007) during 3 years after transplant were associated with early ACS. In conclusion, diabetes, prior transplant, BMI, cholesterol, and LDL were significantly associated with early ACS highlighting the importance of improved screening and perioperative management.

In coping with the shortage of living-related and cadaveric donor groups for renal transplantation, and in the fear of organ marketing, spousal donors are considered an invaluable potential source. Survival rates have been reported to be as high as even some related groups. This study evaluated 1039 renal transplantations up to 2003. Patient survival rates in different donor groups were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. The 3-year patient survival rates were 93% for kidneys from 61 spouses; 92% for kidneys from 433 living-related donors; 91% for kidneys from 427 living-unrelated (excluding spouses) donors; and 90.5% for 118 cadaveric kidneys. Such results were consistent with many other reports which consistently showed that spousal donors were at least as good as living-related donors, representing a reliable source in cases of organ shortage. The high survival rate of spousal donors is probably related to their strong emotional support.

Chronic renal allograft dysfunction is the most common cause of graft loss, for which there are multiple risk factors, including obesity before transplantation, which is believed to lower long-term renal allograft survival. One hundred eighty-two kidney transplant recipients were studied. Body mass index (BMI) at the date of transplantation was calculated. BMI values were classified into 4 categories: (1) patients with BMI <20, (2) BMI between 20 and <25, (3) BMI between 25 and <30, and (4) BMI > or =30. The minimum follow-up period in this study was 3 years after transplantation. The link between categorized BMI and the presence of renal allograft dysfunction and mortality within 3 years posttransplantation was investigated using independent sample t test. BMI at the date of transplantation showed statistically significant association with presence of renal allograft dysfunction and mortality within 3 years posttransplantation (P = .008, P = .01, respectively). BMI at the date of transplantation has a strong association with outcomes after renal transplantation. The extremes of very high and very low BMI are important risk factors for chronic renal allograft dysfunction; therefore, weight adjustment before kidney transplantation can be useful in improving the function of a transplanted kidney and increasing patient's survival.

The Shiraz Organ Transplant Center in southern Iran has been performing all liver transplantations in Iran and certain neighboring countries for 12 years. This study evaluated the 140 operations performed from April 1993 through November 2004. Sixty-one percent of the recipients were men and 39% were women. The average recipient age was 29.9 +/- 14.0 years. One hundred twenty-eight patients has a full-size cadaveric transplant. Most frequent causes of cirrhosis were cryptogenic and viral. An acute rejection episode occurred in 47.5% of cases, and two episodes in 8%. Most frequent short-term complications included respiratory, neurologic, and biliary problems. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year patient survival rates were 92%, 89%, and 85%, respectively. The experience that the Shiraz Organ Transplant Center has had with liver transplantation indicated success comparable to that noted in other reports. The calculated trend suggests that a goal of 100 transplantations for 2005 is within reach.

Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a well-recognized complication of renal transplantation. PTDM is reported to contribute to major infections and cardiovascular complications and leads to increased posttransplantation morbidity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of PTDM in our center, to identify the role of immunosuppressive therapy and other risk factors in the genesis of PTDM, and to assess the impact of PTDM on graft and patient survival. From December 1998 to December 2003 we followed-up 1200 renal transplant recipients, including 121 recipients with pretransplantation diabetes mellitus and 1079 recipients without diabetes. PTDM occurred in 203 patients (mean age, 35.4 +/- 5.9 years); 131 (64.5%) were male. Graft loss and mortality were significantly higher in patients with PTDM versus those without. The overall reported incidence of PTDM worldwide varies from 3.4% to 46%. The incidence in our center is 18.8%. We also found a significantly higher incidence of PTDM among patients receiving grafts from living-related donors. This may be related to the higher cumulative doses of immunosuppressive drugs administered (in part, due to the greater number of acute rejections) in these patients.

Biliary tract complications, which occur in 5.8% to 24.5% of adult liver transplant recipients, remain one of the most common problems following transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of biliary complications and analyze methods of treatment. From 1993 to 2004, 14 cases (10%) among 140 patients who had undergone liver transplantation developed biliary complications, third to respiratory and neurologic complications. In addition to biliary leakage in six cases, obstruction/stenosis occurred in three cases. One case of biliary fistula and one vanishing bile duct syndrome were observed. There was no death or need for retransplantation; all cases were treated surgically without recurrence. Biliary complications remain an important problem in liver transplantation. Endoscopic and radiologic management are effective in the majority of cases. Surgical intervention is obligatory and safe in selected cases.