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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between family and institutional ownerships and corporate performance. Design/methodology/approach Using a panel data of 139 nonfinancial companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2013, this study used generalized least square model. Findings The results show that family ownership has a significant and positive impact on corporate performance, while institutional ownership has significantly and negatively influenced corporate performance. These results imply that family ownership leads to better corporate performance, while institutional ownership leads to lower corporate performance. Research limitations/implications Future research would extend to examine different ownership variables, e.g. domestic, foreign and black shareholders ownerships with different performance measures such as profit margin and return on investments (ROI). Then, their results could be compared to the result of this paper. Practical implications For shareholders and managers, the result of this study provides a base for shareholder on the importance to have the same understanding as management to improve return of capital invested by them (family capital) through firm’s long- and short-term business decision-making. It is possible for management for doing so because their interest is same. Therefore, this can be an interesting incentive for management. This result of this study also provides practical implication for investors (including international investors) with respect to their funds in the firm with family ownership share. By doing so, they will get better and stable ROI compared to nonfamily-owned business. Originality/value This study is original as studies on institutional and family ownerships and corporate performance are limited in the Indonesian context. The use of nonlinearity effect of family ownership and corporate performance in Indonesian case is the first attempt. Therefore, this study contributes to corporate governance literatures by investigating the relationship between family and institutional ownerships and market performance in Indonesian context using the improved methodology.

Purpose To explain actions the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought on August 27, 2018, against a group of affiliated investment advisers and broker-dealers for what the SEC considered misleading and insufficient representations and disclosures, insufficient compliance policies and procedures, and insufficient research and oversight concerning the use of faulty quantitative models to manage certain client accounts. Design/methodology/approach Explains the SEC’s findings concerning the advisers’ and broker-dealers’ failure to confirm that certain models worked as intended, to disclose the risks associated with the use of those models, to disclose the role of a research analyst in developing the models, to disclose the use of volatility overlays along with the associated risks, to determine whether a fund’s holdings were sufficient to support a consistent dividend payout without a return of capital, and to take sufficient steps to confirm the advertised performance of another investment manager whose products they were marketing. Provides insight into the SEC’s position and offers key takeaways. Findings These cases are significant for advisers who use quantitative models to implement their investment strategies in the management of client accounts and signal the SEC’s continued focus on investment advisers’ compliance with disclosure obligations to discretionary account investors. Practical implications Each manager should consider its own facts and circumstances, and should consult with counsel, in assessing how and to what extent to incorporate the SEC’s conclusions in crafting disclosure and other communications with investors on matters such as adequate representations, testing and validation of models, disclosure of errors, and verifying performance claims. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced securities lawyers.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether there is higher return rate of investment for poor farmers than for un-poor farmers and to discuss its implication for poverty reduction microcredit rate policy. Design/methodology/approach – By using the household-level data of six provinces of China, farmer household production function is used in this paper to estimate the investment return rate of farmer. Findings – The paper indicates that regardless which kind of grouping standard is adopted, the investment return rates of poor farmer households in general are far lower than the non-poor. In general, the richer a farmer household, the higher is the return rate of his household productive operations. Practical implications – The study of this paper reminds policy makers that poverty reduction microcredit rate should really take endurance capacity of poor farmers for credit rate into accounting because of the low return rate of their family investment. Exorbitant credit rate should be avoided to protect the credit right of poor farmers. Originality/value – There is seldom study on the comparison of return rates of family operation investment between poor and un-poor farmers; there is also unenough empirical study on the rationality of high interest rate on poor households from the return rate of investment point of view. The authors expect this paper will have some contribution on these two points.

PurposeThis research attempts to explain the decentralization of investment decision. To do so, it highlights the role of the internal capital market in the allocation of decision rights and control as a factor explaining the effectiveness of investment management. The authors aim to apply the theory of the organizational architecture to the investment decision to understand its complexity and its efficiency.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical test was realized on a sample of 63 Tunisian firms using the methods of canonical correlation and cross tabulations.FindingsEven if organizational complexity has a linear and negative impact (opposite sign to what is expected) on the investment decision decentralization, which creates value, it appears that there is a positive association with the uncertainty of the environment, and a negative one with the scarcity and sharing of financial resources between units on the internal capital market.Originality/valueThe authors show that the role played by the internal capital market in the value creating requires the setting of a centralized organizational structure.

PurposeMany countries have experienced, or are experiencing, urbanization. One such example is China. Even though the large‐scale rural‐urban migration seems chaotic on the surface, there are certain underlying forces driving individual decisions. The purpose of this paper is to provide some understanding of the relationship between human capital, migration, and occupational choices.Design/methodology/approachThe paper starts with an overlapping generations model. Human capital plays various roles across different occupations – it does not affect the income of farmers, it affects income of workers linearly, and it has increasing returns in rural non‐farm business. The paper then derives income profiles for individuals with heterogeneous human capital, and finds the human capital thresholds of occupations. The paper calibrates the model to China, and simulates the model to answer two questions: how does an improving human capital distribution affect rural wages, quantities of migrants and return migrants? How does a fast‐growing urban wage rate affect rural wages, quantities of migrants and return migrants?FindingsFirst, depending on the initial human capital level, policies aiming to enhance human capital may have different impacts on migration. If the initial human capital level is low, these policies will yield more permanent migrants; on the contrary, if the initial human capital is at a relatively high level, then a shrinking permanent migrant class with a growing entrepreneur class can be expected. This results in an inverted U‐shaped relation between the initial human capital level and the size of the permanent migrant class. Second, even though the non‐farm business of return migrants helps raise rural wages, the income inequality between rural and urban areas is not eliminated and migration is persistent. Third, borrowing constraints limit the size of rural non‐farm businesses and slow down the development of rural industry. The fourth and final point is that, migration costs discourage labor mobility and reduce the quantities of both permanent migrants and entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThis is an original paper on this subject.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify possible reasons for insurance companies' scant interest in real estate as investment asset in Poland. The authors attempt to determine the impact of real estate investment on insurance companies' profitability.Design/methodology/approachAfter collecting the aggregated data about insurance companies' financial results for the period 2000‐2008 the authors analyzed the relationship between real estate investment and profitability indicators such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and return on sales (ROS). This approach reflected the shareholders' point‐of‐view. Subsequently, the same kind of analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of real estate investments on the insurance companies' return on technical activity (RTA) and return on investment activity (RIA). These indicators are meant to assess business performance from the point‐of‐view of insured persons.FindingsThe analysis revealed some negative correlations: real estate investments may reduce the profitability of insurance companies. If this is true, the unwillingness of insurance companies to purchase property would not be surprising. Yet, this conclusion should be accepted with caution.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the short study period and changes in legal classification of investment categories, the available data were very imperfect and the study results may not be perceived as undisputable, hence, it is felt that further research is needed.Originality/valueThe paper is original, as previously no such research has been conducted in Poland.

PurposeThis article proposes an evaluation of capital investments that accounts for not only the initial assets, but also any potential growth options.Design/methodology/approachUsing a piecewise linear approximation, a robust valuation technique is demonstrated for analyzing capital investment opportunities containing expansion options in a finite time horizon.FindingsThis process not only recognizes the option‐like characteristics of the initial investment opportunity, but also recognizes the option‐creating characteristics of the investment. This analysis shows that the value of capacity expansion options created by the initial investment has different dynamic characteristics from the assets in place. Although the growth options do not appear in the early investment premium, its impact on the investment decision is embedded in the investment threshold. When the time to expiration is short and the cost to delaying the assets in place is low, this analysis suggests that the initial investment decision might be made by ignoring the growth options.Originality/valueThis real option methodology provides a continuous solution to the optimal investment threshold and is a viable alternative to the traditional finite difference approach.

New venture “startups” are financed via three standard methods: self‐funding, “friends and family” or possibly “angel” investors; seed capital from venture capitalists; and large corporations’ venture funds. Each of these financial structures has its own set of risk and reward trade‐offs. Corporate venture funding has been seen as the least risky funding method, but also the least likely to be available for the entrepreneur. Each of these funding methods is likely to engender a different kind of corporate culture that could impact the e‐commerce venture’s long‐term development. The self‐ or privately‐funded company must continuously scramble for scarce funds and may not be able to develop internally the necessary culture of knowledge creation. Companies supported primarily by venture capitalists may develop a culture that over‐focuses on quick return of capital to investors. Alternatively, the slow decision‐making processes of large corporations are often antithetical to Internet time.

Presents empirical evidence for a sample of 48 UK property company initial public offerings over the period 1986 to 1995. Several conclusions can be drawn. First, property companies in general show a significantly positive average first day return. Second, property investment companies’ average first day return is not significantly different from zero. Third, property trading companies’ average first day return is significantly positive. Fourth, the higher average first day return of property trading companies over property investment companies is significant.

Discusses previous research on the disincentive effects of some management performance measures on capital investment and the relationship between agency mechanisms (responsibility centre performance measures, tax incentives, compensation schemes and ownership influence) and investment behaviour. Uses a sample of US manufacturing firms in two industries to examine their investment behaviour from 1973‐1982 and relate it to the agency mechanisms applying to the investment decision makers. Finds the use of profit and net return on investment as management performance measures has a significant negative correlation with the investment; but that ownership influence and long‐term incentive compensation are positively related to it. Recognizes the limitations of the study and considers its implications for the use of performance measures, long‐term incentives and tax incentives.

Between 1981 and 1994, the UK commercial property market (IPD) delivered a total return of 9.9 per cent each year, 4.2 per cent each year in real terms. Over the same period, the real return on UK equities and UK gilts was 11.6 per cent and 6.9 per cent respectively, it is important to account for the poor performance of property. Other than a model which attributes performance to income return and capital return, there are few models that attempt to account for this. This model is simply descriptive. The responsiveness of the return on commercial property to inflation is crucial to pension funds, the liabilities of which are often wage‐linked. Establishes auto‐regressive expectations of real ERV growth and inflation. Presents a model of the simulated lease structure of the IPD. States the main cause of the under‐performance was the increase in the required return on property over the period. Between 1980 and 1994, long‐term expectations of inflation fell. Concludes by stating the existence of over‐rented properties, after the decline in rents in the early 1990s, had a large impact on he relative influence of inflation and real ERV growth. Over‐renting increases the impact of unexpected inflation and changes in expected inflation and reduces the impact of unexpected real ERV growth and changes in expected real ERV growth. In fact, the impact of unexpected inflation in an over‐rented environment is bigger than the impact of unexpected real ERV growth.

Given the rapid changes in economies, labour organisations and production processes and technologies, investment in training and in developing human resources becomes more important than ever. One of the core issues in the present debates, however, concerns the issue of the funding. The increasing pressure on public funds clearly delineates that expanding investments should not be expected from this side. Governments are already seeking alternative funding mechanisms for education to decrease costs and increase individual responsibility for one's own human resources. An increased investment should therefore come from enterprises and individuals. Disparities in investment between different categories of enterprises and in participation between different groups of (un)employed indicate, however, that there are still market imperfections. This raises the issue of the adequacy of existing instruments for stimulating investment in human resources and actually raising the level of investment.

In order to fully appreciate the issues within this paper, a definitive framework is necessary so as to ensure clear semantic interpretation. Estate refers to property, possessions, capital or the collective assets and liabilities of a person and refers to large landed property. Investment is the giving up of a capital sum now in exchange for benefits to be received in the future. These will usually take the form of an income flow and/or capital gain (Enever, 1989). Real property is by definition essentially tangible. It is a legal interest in land and buildings classified as residential, commercial and including land (Littlefair, 1991).

Suggests that the use of the geometric mean as a measure of average return on investment presents problems for estimating the variance as a measure of risk. Notes that the use of a measure based on the arithmetic mean seems an uncomfortable compromise. Shows that measures based on the geometric mean are also systematically biased in the case of log normal returns. Concludes that this can have major consequences for investment decision‐making and portfolio selection.

Evaluating capital investments for additions or modifications to warehouses, for replacement of equipment or for entirely new facilities is a complex activity which involves numerous financial, competitive and other considerations. The financial aspect of capital investments is addressed and it is shown how ten different investment criteria can be brought to bear on the capital investment issue. The ten investment criteria consist of five primary criteria and five secondary criteria. The primary criteria are payback period in years, non‐discounted rate of return on investment, internal rate of return, Baldwin rate of return, and benefit cost ratio. All ten criteria are described and suggestions are made when each criterion is appropriate.

The concept of a company's cost of capital is used in capital budgeting as a potential basic discount rate to be applied to expected future cash flows from a proposed investment project being subjected to evaluation for acceptance or rejection. Discounted‐cash‐flow capital budgeting techniques derive from valuation theory that determines present value of expected future cash flows by discounting them down to the present at a discount rate appropriate to the degree of risk involved. Conceptually, this is true with regard to both domestic investment and foreign direct investment. However, there is recognition in the literature that capital budgeting for foreign direct investment decisions may involve complexities not present in the domestic case. These include economic, financial, and political factors, and related risks, e.g., foreign exchange risk, blocked currencies, expropriation. On the other hand, foreign direct investment is thought to provide diversification benefits, so that risks that are not domestically diversifiable are internationally diversifiable, thereby eliminating some otherwise systematic risk. Complexities such as these place a considerable burden upon the concept of cost of capital as a discount rate appropriately reflective of the degree of risk involved in a foreign direct investment project. Furthermore, cost of capital may be affected by environmental factors associated with what country the parent corporation calls “home” (Stonehill and Dullum).

“Let it be said, right at the outset, that there is no magic formula which guarantees making the right decision in each investment case. Moreover, the fact that the answer has been disseminated from a computer in reams of paper enhances the quality of the decision not one bit. Garbage in garbage out should be written large on the wall of any capital project decision maker's office. It is sad to think of the time that is often wasted running and re‐running programmes in order that the Return on Investment percentage, to two decimal places, can be moved to what is considered an acceptable level. All this effort at a time when the inputs to the system are in round thousands!”

Based on the view that education is partly a superior consumption‐good generating the pleasure of higher status, indicates that the measured rate of return to education ignoring utility benefits from education is generally an underestimated indicator of the real rate of return. Further, indicates that, in developed countries where utility benefits are much larger, the rate of return is more heavily underestimated than in developing countries. Proposes this as another reason why the observed rate of return is much higher in LDCs than in developed countries.

Highlights marketing strategy and how capital investment decisions are characterized by large sums of money involved. Explores obstacles and opportunities involved in making headway in the treatment of marketing expenditure as investment. Specifies a framework to: measure the productivity of capital which might be employed; take into account that money has a time value ‐ near money is worth more than the same amount at some time further into the future; provide minimum standards for investments to achieve; provide a means of rationing capital between project which might compete in their claims for it. Covers promotion and effects of advertising and the use of planning ahead. Concludes that future research may provide detailed generalization as to the timing of future cash flows generated by present expenditure, but for now management can use long‐term intentions and broad guidelines.

This article stresses the importance of investment to the firm and the economy. The author argues that the level of investment is largely determined by the balance between the expected rate of return and the cost of capital.

The accounting rate of return on capital employed (RRCE) still enjoys extraordinary popularity as a criterion of achieved financial performance, as a divisional and corporate financial objective, and as a public policy index of relative profitability. Its popularity may in no small way lie in the presumption that the RRCE provides, in the form of a single magnitude, a comprehensive criterion for measuring the ex post and ex ante profitability of capital investment. Moreover, the components of the RRCE calculation can be taken directly from the traditional accounting records — the hallmark of respectability.

Examines the problem of multiple solutions in relation to the use of the internal rates of return (IRR) as a decision‐making criterion. Attempts to show that positive multiple IRRs occur only in a limited number of cases and in such cases the IRR is not the appropriate measure of return. Argues instead that the true rate of return for such projects is shown to be dependent on the cost of capital. Suggests two methods to deal with this problem: the extended yield method and the return on invested capital method.

This paper was originally published in Accountancy and is reproduced with kind consent, with modification.

Before we consider the subject matter of this paper we should briefly remind ourselves as to what investment is! Basically, this involves a sacrifice of something now for the prospect of a future gain. This will inevitably cause the individual or company to give up the purchase of goods or services today in order to achieve greater consumption in the future, despite the uncertainty of the return of the investment made.

Business planners have become increasingly aware of the need to take into account both the return on capital investment and the cost of capital. However, establishing appropriate rate of return targets is not a simple task. In particular, diversified firms must recognize the differing risk characteristics of their business units and employ different hurdle rates when allocating capital. Failure to account for differences in risk can lead to overinvestment in highly speculative projects and, as a likely outcome, substandard return on investment. This, in turn, will ultimately diminish the market value of the firm.

The corporate manager could easily be forgiven for assuming that capital budgeting is primarily concerned with the selection of an appropriate evaluation technique. Most texts on the subject are devoted almost entirely to such topics as comparisons of evaluation techniques, determining hurdle rates of return and incorporating risk into the equations. Only a few writers have suggested that this emphasis is misplaced. This article places evaluation within the whole capital investment process from the conception of an investment opportunity to its completion. It also considers the total investment programme and how it relates to organisational planning and control systems.