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This paper analyzes the use of Twitter by the candidates for the presidency of the Government of Spain of the five main parties at the national level -PSOE, PP, Vox, Podemos and Ciudadanos- of the general elections campaigns held in April and November 2019. The main purpose of our study is to determine the strategies used of the microblogging network by the leaders, both in terms of activity, interaction and notoriety and in terms of topics and discursive development, as well as their similarities and differences. The secondary objective is to study the evolution of these strategies both between the two campaigns and with respect to previous elections. To this end, the research is based on a content analysis methodology that studies quantitative, qualitative and discursive elements. The results reveal an uneven use of Twitter in terms of the frequency of updates, but similar in terms of its unidirectionality, with scarce interaction with other users and a predominance of tweets with their own content over retweets. The dissemination of other people's content was used almost entirely to promote the candidate's political party and, to a lesser extent, to interact with journalists. Dialogue with citizens was almost always residual, both in retweets and in responses. This utilitarian conception of the microblogging network was accompanied by a polarizing thematic selection, with an almost general preponderance of political issues over policy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transsexuality has found a place in both the Spanish collective mindset and media. To analyze the portrayal of this type of sexual diversity in the media, we evaluated its presence in cybermedia, its preeminence in journalistic texts, and the issues addressed in its media coverage. A quantitative content analysis (N = 24,363) of the journalistic texts published during the period 2000–2020 by 13 generalist Spanish cybermedia was carried out, using both rule-based classification and unsupervised topic modeling. The results highlight an increase in journalistic texts about transsexuality, in which three inflection points and four phases or distribution changes can be distinguished. The preeminence of this topic within the analyzed pieces has also increased, and the issues covered have diversified over the years. Overall, these data confirm the newsworthiness that this type of sexual diversity achieved throughout the first two decades of the twenty-first century. Media attention especially highlights the newsworthiness of aspects such as conflict, the protagonist’s notoriety, or periodicity through anniversary journalism. Likewise, the results also suggest that the media offer an increasingly complex portrayal that favors both the visibility and the understanding of the different dimensions and characteristics that intersect in these realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific literature on Covid-10 has seen unprecedented growth, being published so rapidly as to question its quality and the peer review process. This research analyzes the characteristics of the publications on Covid-19 with the greatest impact, mainly considering their content and the quality and level of evidence of the studies. The Web of Science Core Collection was searched for articles containing the terms "Covid-19" and "SARS-CoV-2," and the 100 most cited articles published in 2020 were selected. The data extracted included bibliographic data, journal submission, acceptance, and publication dates, the main topics covered, the type of study, and the level of evidence according to the SIGN scale, as well as the existence of corrections. Half of the articles were published in three journals, most of them in the early months of 2020. The most frequent types of studies were case series, narrative reviews, and expert opinions, with only one randomized controlled clinical trial. The articles focused mainly on the clinical characteristics and complications of patients, diagnostic and treatment methods, as well as the epidemiology and characteristics of the virus. The design of these studies reflects a low level of evidence, and data and scientific quality may be affected by how quickly they are published and the peer review process is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two main heritage news brands in Spain are the television networks Antena 3 and La sexta, belonging to Atresmedia, through which the group implements a double editorial line. The main objective of this work is to measure the presence of the watchdog, infotainment, and civic journalistic roles in the news programs of these two channels, in line with the strategies of differentiated audience acquisition for the two brands. A quantitative content analysis of news published in the midday editions of the programs La sexta noticias (N = 149) and Antena 3 noticias (N = 209) during the week of 3-9 February 2020 has been carried out. To measure the presence of the three roles in the news content, 42 indicators have been operationalized, following the proposal of Mellado (2015). La sexta showed a greater presence of the watchdog and civic roles than Antena 3. For both channels, there is a tendency to put in practice the vigilance, oriented by a certain political parallelism based on the ideological profile of their respective audience. La sexta has specialized in exercising the function of questioning power and in attending to citizen demands and social groups outside power. Antena 3 applies a flatter strategy, which stands out neither for its singular questioning of power nor for being a specific voice of social groups, which provides it with a more balanced position, although not uniform, in terms of penetration by ideological groups, in its necessary search for a massive audience because of commercial pressure. It has been concluded that each news brand of the Atresmedia group practices a differentiated journalism model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of campaigns to prevent the consumption of addictive substances and to favor road safety in Spain from 2011 to 2020 is carried out from a gender perspective. The results reveal how women have been represented in such campaigns in recent years. A quantitative methodology is applied based on longitudinal and categorical content analyses. The corpus used in the investigation comprises 81 pieces from 24 campaigns run by public and private institutions at the national, autonomous community, or local level of the Valencian Community. The methodological design is constructed around 20 variables, with gender considered as a cross-sectional variable. The results indicate the low presence of women in such campaigns, which can hinder their identification and reduce awareness in relation to the problems addressed. A masculinization of most of the campaigns aimed at a younger audience (25-35 years) is also observed, regarding both legal and illegal substances, which may influence their adequacy among the population at risk. In both emotional and rational messages, there is a greater presence of men, reinforced through real images and sounds, with creative strategies and resources of both an informative and emotional nature. The number of campaigns exhibiting gender parity had decreased by 80% as of 2016, in contrast to the increase in the consumption of substances such as alcohol and psychotropic drugs by women. This therefore does not follow the recommendations of the National Drug Strategies in recent years regarding the need to incorporate a gender perspective into such campaigns. In addition, reinforcement of gender stereotypes and traditional female roles is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representations of masculinity and femininity within the most listened-to commercial music and its evolution, based on a system of our own elaboration of 11 analytical categories of gender stereotypes that explore gender binarism, are examined. In so doing, qualitative and quantitative content analyses of 50 video clips of the most listened-to songs in two periods (2009 and 2019) are carried out. From a post-feminist critical perspective (Gill, 2007, 2017), the study verifies that gender binarism is maintained over time, albeit with important nuances in both years. The results conclude that the most prominent stereotypes are Western hegemonic femininity, associated above all with romantic narratives (mainly in 2009), and Western pariah femininity including dialogs with elements of greater sexualization (especially in 2019). On the other hand, Western Protestant masculinity is present in most of the songs associated with musical genres such as rap or hip-hop, in both periods; while Occidental assured masculinity, which is evident in 2019, is associated with the need to maintain the heteronormative and hegemonic representation of masculinity, even when not fitting the sexuality of the artist. The article concludes that, in ten years, there is an evolution of the heteronormativity among the most popular music videos, where dominant masculinity stereotype continues to be the heterosexual hegemonic masculinity model, in both the romantic and sexual context, while the representation of femininity shows some confrontation with the traditional model. This study contributes to other work on masculinities and femininities as it establishes categories that may be applied to different cultural products and social realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, the Internet, and the social networks in particular, have gained relevance as spaces for interaction and socialization. The multiplication and penetration of social media, as well as the volume and intensity of interactions, have led to a migration of the public sphere towards these platforms. In this (apparently neutral) virtual context, where social networks contribute to the construction or amplification of social relations, the Internet is configured as a space of inequality where power relations and patriarchal practices are reproduced, amplified by the sensation of anonymity and its disinhibiting effect. This paper analyzes the presence of hate speech and misogyny in the Twitter conversation around 50 Spanish women with public visibility online and in the real world, belonging to diverse professional fields: science, communication, culture, sports, business, and politics. Based on an automated search for insults and other hate terms, a content analysis of the direct interactions and indirect mentions received by these women on this social platform over a period of 1 year was carried out. The results of this study highlight the toxicity of the Twittersphere for female users. Thus, 15% of direct interactions and 10% of indirect interactions directed at these women included some kind of insult or disqualification, although not necessarily of a sexist or misogynist nature. This violence is especially evident against women representatives of those areas with greater visibility and social influence such as communication and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare diseases are extremely severe, disabling pathologies. In total, 7% of the world's population suffers from a rare disease. To publicize their plight, people suffering from such diseases and their families have turned to Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, among other social media platforms, as effective tools for sharing their problems, calling for greater investment in research and to cope with their day-to-day hardships. Symbols and representations defining rare diseases that have been established in the media and on social networking services have thus gained in prominence. This research asks what the emergence of the TikTok app, the second most downloaded in 2019 and the first in 2020, has meant for how these diseases are made visible. To answer this question, 2,750 TikTok posts with the 11 most popular hashtags related to rare diseases in six languages were analyzed between 1 January 2019 and 30 September 2020. The findings confirm that, against this highly personalized backdrop, the widespread use of TikTok is changing an already consolidated discourse of protest and fostering the creation of new codes with unpredictable results for the recognition and support needed by this marginalized community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world characterized by information overload and a multiplicity of channels and platforms, content curation is becoming increasingly important. First emerging approximately 400 years ago, newsletters remain a useful medium through which to disseminate specialized and personalized news. Over the last four years, an upward trend has been observed in the number of users who receive newsletters and informative alerts through their mobile devices. Publishers thus seek to drive more direct traffic to their websites to retain subscribers and attract an audience. Email communication acquired significant value after the state of alarm was declared as a result of the Covid-19 global pandemic. Various media outlets have created specific newsletters on this topic, summarizing and providing updates on the most relevant information and data on this subject on a daily basis. This article analyzes coronavirus-related newsletters from four leading international media: Eldiario.es (Spain), The New York Times (USA), The Guardian (UK), and Observador (Portugal). The content analysis is supported by the vision of five professionals, experts, and academics who have a connection with the topic of study. The aim is to assess the relevance of this format as a new business model in a context of crisis, in addition to analyzing how it relates to the growing trend in modern journalism towards specialization and personalization. The results reveal that the media use Covid-19-specialized newsletters with an informative-strategic purpose, where expert sources prevail and a personalized structure is apparent. Moreover, these are signature newsletters that work as excellent channels to promote user participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new evaluation and self-evaluation tool designed to measure the degree of visibility of the information literacy (infolit) services of Spanish academic libraries according to their websites is presented, together with the results of its application between October 2019 and February 2020. Building on the state of the art established by international organizations and the most prominent scholars in the field, the Metrics for Library Information Literacy (MeLIL) questionnaire also incorporates emerging problems in contemporary information literacy such as mobile learning, fake news, data literacy, transparency, and open science, among others. MeLIL is made up of six criteria and 38 indicators. After a pilot project with eight libraries to validate the questionnaire, the content of the websites on information literacy programs of the 78 Spanish academic libraries was analyzed. The results confirm the validity and transferability of the instrument to measure the level of development of infolit in Spanish academic libraries according to their websites. Furthermore, the progress made in the training and infolit services offered by Spanish academic libraries is systematically described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the female stereotypes presented in graphic advertisements for luxury fashion, perfume, and cosmetic brands in Spain. It identifies the beauty stereotypes with which women are portrayed. This empirical work represents a continuation of the studies carried out by Díaz-Soloaga since 2005, to analyze the evolution of the representation of women in graphic advertising. Content analysis of 168 advertisements published in the fashion titles Elle, Glamour, Telva, Vogue, and Woman Madame Figaro was carried out. The main result was the observation of six female profiles that are remarkably similar to those identified in previous studies, thus confirming the permanence of the same beauty stereotypes. Although some progress is observed, advertising of luxury fashion, perfume, and cosmetic brands continues to display stereotypes that contribute to an inaccurate image of women. It is paradoxical that, in the context of current feminine demands, instead of empowering their audience, fashion magazines contribute to their pigeonholing using dependent, narcissistic, and highly sexualized images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital age has brought about great changes in the practice and design of marketing and advertising campaigns. In recent years, the development of new strategies such as influencer marketing has increased dramatically, involving minors who have become true protagonists in the marketing of toys, video games, fashion, etc., with the Instagram and YouTube platforms being the most widely used. This activity has been highly criticized recently, despite its occurrence worldwide with the main aim of broadcasting audiovisual content by minors, often including product placement and/or promotions that are not duly announced. However, in most cases, it is very difficult to prove the existence of a contractual relationship between the promoted brands and the minors. For this reason, a novel method was developed in this work to analyze the audiovisual content based on assertions in the message, thus enabling a determination of the characteristics and specific circumstances of the content broadcast by kidsfluencers (aged 15 or under) that would constitute camouflaged acts of illicit advertising. The results are conclusive and demonstrate the repeated presence of advertising in the videos analyzed. In Spain, this would represent a clear violation of the current legal framework and an obvious danger to minors or followers of these influencers. This situation could also be extrapolated to other societies that are dominated by the use and impact of new technologies and the internet, which should be updated and developing in accordance with new trends in the practice of marketing and advertising online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most organizations face crisis situations that jeopardize the trust of their stakeholders. Crisis communication has become one of the most prominent areas both in practice and in public relations research. This study presents a quantitative analysis of recent scientific research in crisis communication to assess the situation and discover the main current advances in the area. Journal articles from six prominent international databases were selected: Proquest Research Library, ABI/Inform Collection, EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost Business Source Complete. EBSCOhost Communication & Mass Media Complete and Elsevier's Science Direct Journals Complete. Specifically, a total of 143 scientific articles published between 2008 and 2018 were collected and analyzed from six international peer-reviewed journals specialized in public relations and crisis communication, as well as the main crisis management journals included in the Web of Science and Scopus: Public Relations Review, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Corporate Communications, Journal of Public Relations Research, Journal of Communication Management and International Journal of Strategic Communication. The review of these texts led to the establishment of five hypotheses corresponding to the six stated objectives. Content analysis was used as the quantitative technique, focusing on the following elements: themes, theories, methods, results, and geocultural characteristics of the authors. The results reveal the research trends in the area over the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protocol figure of the first lady is subject to media exposure, whether for directing an organization, when accompanying her husband at events, or because she is involved in conflicts of interest. Literature indicates that her role generates a narrative of how an exemplary woman should be in her country. In this context, this paper aims to identify, using the model of Winfield (1997), the news frames used to cover the first ladies of three countries, namely Argentina, USA, and Mexico. For this, three groups of first ladies were selected: a first group of expert politicians, including those who had a political career prior to their position and later sought the presidency of their country (Cristina Fernández, Hillary Clin ton, and Margarita Zavala); a second group of novices who took the position without a previous career (Juliana Awada, Laura Bush, and Angélica Rivera); and a third group made up of those who currently hold the position (Fabiola Yáñez, Melania Trump, and Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller). The newspapers analyzed were La nación, Página/12, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Reforma, and La jornada. Content analysis and the framing model revealed that the most widely used frame was that of a political official, being more pronounced for expert politicians and in newspapers opposed to her husband's government. Moreover, this allows presidential wives to express themselves via direct quotes. It can thus be concluded that the first ladies are preferably covered from political news frames, which endows them with soft power that allows them to intervene in elections, makes their opinion relevant, and shapes their political career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the information coverage by the Spanish newspapers El país, El mundo, ABC, and La vanguardia in Twitter on the electoral campaign prior to the 10 November 2019 general elections. A content analysis of all tweets published by these media regarding the elections (n = 1,462) between Friday 1 and Saturday 9 November reveals that, although there are differences in the production patterns and features of the messages, the subject received notable attention in all the newspapers. The coverage gravitated around two main themes: the 4N electoral debate, and campaign events. The results reveal that, although most of the tweets had a neutral tone, messages with clear positioning corresponding to the editorial line of the newspaper were also published, albeit to a lesser extent. During the electoral period, the media agenda revolved around this issue, accounting for around one-fifth of all pieces published on Twitter. Newspapers do not take advantage of the dialogic nature or possibilities offered by this social network to create a community among their readers, limiting themselves to the dissemination of content from their digital edition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of the 847 papers presented by authors from Spanish universities at the six conferences of the Spanish Association for Communication Research (AE-IC) is analyzed. The six conferences were held in Santiago de Compostela (2008), Malaga (2010), Tarragona (2012), Bilbao (2014), Madrid (2016), and Salamanca (2018). The research variables of study are: author's profiles, geographic location, gender, home university, most commonly studied topics, and considered media. The results confirm that the gender divide no longer exist: in fact, there are more female than male authors. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona exhibit the highest rates of participation, and Madrid and Catalonia are the most active regions, followed by Andalusia and Valencia. The topics treated are quite diverse, with the study of media content standing out, mainly those focused on political communication. Other common topics are the impact of the digital age, and audiovisual media structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the news on Covid-19 published by okdiario.com and eldiario.es until the end of April 2020 is carried out considering interactions on Facebook (shares, comments, and reactions) as the consumption measure. The analysis includes the evolution of the news published; an analysis of the interactions on Facebook, including the top 10 news items with the most interactions for each media; and a content analysis based on the keywords extracted from the metatags of the digital news websites. The evolution of the publication volume is similar for both media, but okdiario.com achieves a greater number of interactions. Based on the content analysis, okdiario.com can be related to the Polarized Pluralist Model defined by Hallin and Mancini (2004), and eldiario.es with the Democratic Corporatist Model, at least concerning news on Covid-19. The results obtained will be useful for people to decide which media outlet is more appropriate to address their information needs, at least in relation to the topic analyzed. Finally, the value and originality of this work lie in the extraction of keywords from the metatags of the news published by the media, considered as the basis of the content analysis. This technique can be used in future research to produce thematic media maps, as it is done in other fields such as bibliometrics and science mapping analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the female stereotypes presented in graphic advertisements for luxury fashion, perfume, and cosmetic brands in Spain. It identifies the beauty stereotypes with which women are portrayed. This empirical work represents a continuation of the studies carried out by Díaz-Soloaga since 2005, to analyze the evolution of the representation of women in graphic advertising. Content analysis of 168 advertisements published in the fashion titles Elle, Glamour, Telva, Vogue, and Woman Madame Figaro was carried out. The main result was the observation of six female profiles that are remarkably similar to those identified in previous studies, thus confirming the permanence of the same beauty stereotypes. Although some progress is observed, advertising of luxury fashion, perfume, and cosmetic brands continues to display stereotypes that contribute to an inaccurate image of women. It is paradoxical that, in the context of current feminine demands, instead of empowering their audience, fashion magazines contribute to their pigeonholing using dependent, narcissistic, and highly sexualized images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital age has brought about great changes in the practice and design of marketing and advertising campaigns. In recent years, the development of new strategies such as influencer marketing has increased dramatically, involving minors who have become true protagonists in the marketing of toys, video games, fashion, etc., with the Instagram and YouTube platforms being the most widely used. This activity has been highly criticized recently, despite its occurrence worldwide with the main aim of broadcasting audiovisual content by minors, often including product placement and/ or promotions that are not duly announced. However, in most cases, it is very difficult to prove the existence of a contractual relationship between the promoted brands and the minors. For this reason, a novel method was developed in this work to analyze the audiovisual content based on assertions in the message, thus enabling a determination of the characteristics and specific circumstances of the content broadcast by kidsfluencers (aged 15 or under) that would constitute camouflaged acts of illicit advertising. The results are conclusive and demonstrate the repeated presence of advertising in the videos analyzed. In Spain, this would represent a clear violation of the current legal framework and an obvious danger to minors or followers of these influencers. This situation could also be extrapolated to other societies that are dominated by the use and impact of new technologies and the internet, which should be updated and developing in accordance with new trends in the practice of marketing and advertising online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the most internationally recognized data journalism projects, with the aim of providing an in-depth snapshot of the current situation as well as identifying the common elements in the exercise of this journalistic practice. A content analysis is carried out to dissect 42 projects nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2019, which were selected by the Global Editors Network for complying with the quality standards of this specialty. The pieces are examined from three different perspectives: the features of the story, the data, and the visualizations used. Among other findings, the results show the transversality of this treatment technique, which can be shaped to be applied in any subject area, and the prevalence of topics such as health, science, and the environment, partly due to circumstances related to the climate emergency together with the current environmental challenges. There is a wide variety of sources, but a strong dependence on documentaries from governments or public offices (59.52%) can be observed as well as widespread use of infographics as a form of visualization (45.24%), generally presented as scrollytelling. It is also deduced that quality is conditioned by the nature of the sources, the innovative character of the analysis carried out, the way in which the information is compiled, and the complexity of the visualizations involved. Data journalism is an ever-changing journalistic practice, hence the necessity to rethink its quality parameters as it evolves as a specialization to adapt them to the new forms of materializing information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the Internet, the reader can participate in journalistic information through comments, which have become an interesting source of data to analyze the opinion of the audiences on current scientific and health. The present work carries out a content analysis of a sample of 2,394 news comments about the relationship between red and processed meats and cancer in elpais.com. The comments do not contribute to a more complete version of the journalistic report. The debate is distorted towards other issues. Commenters rely on their personal experience and stereotypes to reject scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate how the Spanish digital press deals with information related to homeopathy. To carry out the research, a content analysis of the stories published on homeopathy was developed between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2016 in the three most read digital Spanish newspapers: elmundo.es, elpais.com and abc.es. The search retrieved 115 articles. The results reveal that the piece of news is the most used informative genre, prevailing the focus of controversy and conflict as the main framework. The informative value of the impact is placed before the analysis of the phenomenon and its health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, a growing number of scholars have evaluated the scientific progress of communication studies from a longitudinal and descriptive perspective, preventing a holistic understanding of the most relevant associations occurred in the discipline. Through a content analysis of 11 Spanish journals in communication, this article explores the probability of producing empirical science according to seven criteria: number of years, public funding, the journal, and the research topic, the number of authors and the gender and geographical origin of the authors. In general, the findings demonstrate a slow but continuous process to rule out non-evidence-based research from the most important spaces for academic diffusion and the growth of empirical research, especially through techniques such as content analysis. In conclusion, the culture and research practice in communication in Spain evolves towards international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the coverage of WAGs (wives and girlfriends of sportsmen) in online sports-media by analyzing 418 articles published in four major online sports' newspapers in Spain: Marca, As, Mundo deportivo, and Sport. A content analysis was used to create a card of analysis with ten fields. Thus, the paper analyzes the evolution of this phenomenon between 2000 and 2015; the sections, sport, type, and extension of such news; authorship, headlines, main theme, and information linked to negative facts about them; and the role played by women. Results show a significant increase in news coverage about WAGs in all newspapers. The coverage is mainly short news stories with abundant images; located in entertainment sections; associated with beauty, motherhood, male dependence, and subordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content analysis, the constructivist version of grounded theory and discourse analysis of discursive psychology are analyzed in the context of research on how users generate and share information on social media. For each of the three designs, the research question, methods of data analysis and research output are studied. This combination of three methodologies is valuable to gain knowledge about the user in that environment, defining the object of study from various aspects of user interaction with information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a content analysis of the research published on advertising creativity in Spanish communication journals of the first and second quartile of the In-Recs index (2011 edition): Anàlisi (from 1980 to 2012), Comunicar (from 1993 to 2012), Comunicación y sociedad (from 1988 to 2012), Doxa (from 2003 to 2012), Questiones publicitarias (from 1993 to 2012), Revista latina de comunicación social(from 1998 to 2012), Trípodos (from 1996 to 2012), and Zer (from 1996 to 2012). The authors analysed 3406 papers to determine the level of interest in advertising creativity evidenced in these scientific journals. Only 0.20% of the studies analyzed focused on advertising creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the mailing list IweTel is presented, including a description of its evolution and how it has been used by its subscribers, by analysing the content of the messages sent from 2001 to 2007. The study shows that the list is used mainly for professional communication and information exchange and, overall, by the academic community. However, a lack of active participation by its members is also revealed. On the other hand, list management has improved in recent years, and so has the quality of the debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theoretical model for the analysis of the contents of comics, taking into account the duality represented by the joint use of text and images. A set of procedures is given for both cases, with emphasis on the visual analysis of the document both from an iconic and an iconographic point of view and introducing semiotic models and image theory. In addition, the article reflects upon the reasons why comics have not been treated more seriously by the information professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The web is the internet's most important phenomenon, as demonstrated by its exponential growth and diversity. Hence, due to the volume and wealth of its data, search engines have become among the web's main tools. They are useful when he know what we are looking for. However, certainly the web holds answers to questions never imagined. The process of finding relations or interesting patterns within a data set is called "data mining" and in the case of the web, "web mining". In this article we present the main ideas behind web mining and some of its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]