1. Optimal sizing and placement of energy storage systems and on-load tap changer transformers in distribution networks
- Author
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Miguel Heleno, Gonçalo Cardoso, and José Iria
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Computer science ,Economics ,020209 energy ,Binary number ,02 engineering and technology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Energy storage ,law.invention ,Engineering ,Affordable and Clean Energy ,020401 chemical engineering ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,Transformer ,Energy ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Building and Construction ,Tap changer ,Sizing ,General Energy ,Distributed generation ,Second-order cone programming ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
The large-scale deployment of distributed energy resources will produce reverse power flows, voltage, and congestion problems in the distribution networks. This paper proposes a novel optimization model to support distribution system operators planning future medium voltage distribution networks characterized by high penetration of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources. The optimization model defines the optimal mix, placement, and size of on-load tap charger transformers and energy storage devices with the objectives of mitigating network technical problems and minimizing both investment and operation costs. The proposed optimization model relaxes the non-convex formulation of the optimal power flow to a constrained second-order cone programming model and exactly linearizes the non-linear model of the on-load tap changer transformer via binary expansion scheme and big-M method. These two transformations reduce the computational burden of the optimization allowing it to be applicable to real-scale distribution grids, as demonstrated by the results. The numerical results also show that the joint optimization of energy storage devices and on-load tap changer transformers produces a more affordable and flexible planning strategy than the individual optimization of the technologies.
- Published
- 2019