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In a paper presented at the 60th Annual International SEG Meeting in San Francisco, 1990, and also at the 53rd EAEG Meeting Florence Italy, 1991, Safar et al showed from the measured far field signatures radiated by a 4 x 40 cu.in. compact sleeve gun array (cluster), that higher values of Primary-to-Bubble ratio are achieved at the expense of radiating considerably lens energy flux. Consequently, it was suggested that the importante of the Primary-to-Bubble ratio as a design criterion should be reconsidered and the radiated energy flux should be given a serious consideration in the design of compact gun arrays. This is because the strength of the reflected signal is essentially determined by the radiated energy flux.

In a paper presented at the 37th EAEG Annual Meeting held in Bergen, June 1975, Safar proposed a method (UK Patent No. 1542261) for efficient design of compact airgun array. The proposed method (Safar, 1976) involves the damping of the bubble pressure pulses by exploiting the interaction between a number of properly spaeed identical airguns.