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This essay explores land and self-determination rights of the Sami people in Norway, Sweden and Finland in light of Anaya's UN Report, because this report offers a guideline to advance the difficult legal and political debate on land and self-determination rights in the Nordic states. The article will discuss these developments concerning the legal position of the Sami People(s) according to national and international law. Special focus is given to how national law and public administrations are able to sustain a balance between Sami land and selfdetermination rights and the interests of the majority population. A Sami Convention, as proposed by the Nordic states, could be a model for other countries with indigenous peoples living across borders. Therefore, the essay will also examine the rationale underlying land and self-determination rights in the Draft Sami Convention. With a view to using international instruments like the ILO Convention No. 169 as a basis for a Sami Convention, the focus is on how far land and self-determination rights of the Sami Convention secure the Sami an equivalent position against state institutions and non-Sami people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]