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The ability to generate entangled photon-pairs over a broad wavelength range opens the door to the simultaneous distribution of entanglement to multiple users of a network using a single source and wavelength-division multiplexing technologies. Here we show the design of a metropolitan optical network made of tree-type access networks where entangled photon-pairs are distributed to any pair of users, independently of their location. The resulting network improves the reach, number of users and capabilities of existing proposals. Moreover, it is made up of typical commercial components and uses the existing infrastructure, which allows for moderate deployment costs. Finally, we develop a channel plan and a network design that allow direct optical communications, quantum and classical, between any pair of users. Therefore, multiple quantum information technologies can make use of this network.

Cascade is an information reconciliation protocol proposed in the context of secret key agreement in quantum cryptography. This protocol allows removing discrepancies in two partially correlated sequences that belong to distant parties, connected through a public noiseless channel. It is highly interactive, thus requiring a large number of channel communications between the parties to proceed and, although its efficiency is not optimal, it has become the de-facto standard for practical implementations of information reconciliation in quantum key distribution. The aim of this work is to analyze the performance of Cascade, to discuss its strengths, weaknesses and optimization possibilities, comparing with some of the modified versions that have been proposed in the literature. When looking at all design trade-offs, a new view emerges that allows to put forward a number of guidelines and propose near optimal parameters for the practical implementation of Cascade improving performance significantly in comparison with all previous proposals.

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is maturing quickly. However, the current approaches to its network use require conditions that make it an expensive technology. All the QKD networks deployed to date are designed as a collection of dedicated point-to-point links that use the trusted repeater paradigm. Instead, we propose a novel network model in which QKD systems use simultaneously quantum and conventional signals that are wavelength multiplexed over a common communication infrastructure. Signals are transmitted end-to-end within a metropolitan area using optical components. The model resembles a commercial telecom network and takes advantage of existing components, thus allowing for a cost-effective and reliable deployment.

We study how to use quantum key distribution (QKD) in common optical network infrastructures and propose a method to overcome its distance limitations. QKD is the first technology offering information theoretic secret-key distribution that relies only on the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Point-to-point QKD devices have reached a mature industrial state; however, these devices are severely limited in distance, since signals at the quantum level (e.g. single photons) are highly affected by the losses in the communication channel and intermediate devices. To overcome this limitation, intermediate nodes (i.e. repeaters) are used. Both, quantum-regime and trusted, classical, repeaters have been proposed in the QKD literature, but only the latter can be implemented in practice. As a novelty, we propose here a new QKD network model based on the use of not fully trusted intermediate nodes, referred as weakly trusted repeaters. This approach forces the attacker to simultaneously break several paths to get access to the exchanged key, thus improving significantly the security of the network. We formalize the model using network codes and provide real scenarios that allow users to exchange secure keys over metropolitan optical networks using only passive components.

Current QKD designs try to keep the quantum channel as error free as possible by using a separate physical medium for this purpose. In the most common case, this means the exclusive use of an optical fiber for the quantum channel, precluding its use for any other purpose. In current optical networks, the fiber is the single most expensive element and this poses a major problem from a cost and availability point of view. Sharing the fiber is thus mandatory for the widespread adoption of QKD. The objective of this communication is to propose a general scheme and present some preliminary measurements of a metropolitan area network (MAN) designed to multiplex of the order of 64 addressable quantum channels and the associated QKD classical service signals on a single dark fibre. It uses as much existing components and infraestructure as possible in an attempt to simultaneously lower most of the practical barriers for the adoption of QKD.

Information reconciliation is a crucial procedure in the classical post-processing of quantum key distribution (QKD). Poor reconciliation e?ciency, revealing more information than strictly needed, may compromise the maximum attainable distance, while poor performance of the algorithm limits the practical throughput in a QKD device. Historically, reconciliation has been mainly done using close to minimal information disclosure but heavily interactive procedures, like Cascade, or using less e?cient but also less interactive ?just one message is exchanged? procedures, like the ones based in low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The price to pay in the LDPC case is that good e?ciency is only attained for very long codes and in a very narrow range centered around the quantum bit error rate (QBER) that the code was designed to reconcile, thus forcing to have several codes if a broad range of QBER needs to be catered for. Real world implementations of these methods are thus very demanding, either on computational or communication resources or both, to the extent that the last generation of GHz clocked QKD systems are ?nding a bottleneck in the classical part. In order to produce compact, high performance and reliable QKD systems it would be highly desirable to remove these problems. Here we analyse the use of short-length LDPC codes in the information reconciliation context using a low interactivity, blind, protocol that avoids an a priori error rate estimation. We demonstrate that 2×103 bits length LDPC codes are suitable for blind reconciliation. Such codes are of high interest in practice, since they can be used for hardware implementations with very high throughput.

Introducción a una red óptica metropolitana cuántica donde señales cuánticas y convencionales son multiplexadas en longitud de onda utilizando bandas separadas del espectro óptico. El enrutado se realiza con componentes pasivos para no perturbar los qubits. Se estudian dos redes: red de acceso WDM-PON y red metropolitana completa con backbone DWDM y redes de acceso WDM-PON.

En esta comunicación se plantea el estudio de redes para QKD donde sólo coexisten canales cuánticos compartiendo la misma fibra. Se han estudiado las redes de acceso basadas en la tecnología WDM-PON y DWDM (Dense WDM) en red central, lo que permitiría el direccionamiento mediante longitud de onda y abaratar la tecnología al compartir un solo sustrato físico, idéntico al usado en redes de telecomunicación, entre multitud de canales cuánticos. Además, hemos comprobado su funcionamiento de forma experimental en el laboratorio con equipos comerciales. En un futuro habrá que estudiar el comportamiento de los distintos componentes de la red y la compatibilidad de los distintos dispositivos QKD para integrarse dentro de un canal compartido en la misma red cuántica.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on quantum and classical procedures in order to achieve the growing of a secret random string -the key- known only to the two parties executing the protocol. Limited intrinsic efficiency of the protocol, imperfect devices and eavesdropping produce errors and information leakage from which the set of measured signals -the raw key- must be stripped in order to distill a final, information theoretically secure, key. The key distillation process is a classical one in which basis reconciliation, error correction and privacy amplification protocols are applied to the raw key. This cleaning process is known as information reconciliation and must be done in a fast and efficient way to avoid cramping the performance of the QKD system. Brassard and Salvail proposed a very simple and elegant protocol to reconcile keys in the secretkey agreement context, known as Cascade, that has become the de-facto standard for all QKD practical implementations. However, it is highly interactive, requiring many communications between the legitimate parties and its efficiency is not optimal, imposing an early limit to the maximum tolerable error rate. In this paper we describe a low-density parity-check reconciliation protocol that improves significantly on these problems. The protocol exhibits better efficiency and limits the number of uses of the communications channel. It is also able to adapt to different error rates while remaining efficient, thus reaching longer distances or higher secure key rate for a given QKD system.

Algunos trabajos recientes han desarrollado varias alternativas a Cascade, entre las cuales destacan aquellas basadas en el uso de técnicas de codificación modernas. Por ejemplo, a través del uso de códigos Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) hoy día encontramos varias propuestas que permiten mejorar la eficiencia de la reconciliación de clave para ratios de error elevados. Al utilizar códigos LDPC tan sólo se requiere un único uso del canal de comunicación. Estas propuestas se basan en una técnica conocida como “codificación de síndrome” que permite aplicar métodos de corrección de errores para reconciliar cadenas aleatorias correlacionadas. En una de estas propuestas aplicamos dos técnicas conocidas en codificación, cómo son la perforación y el acortado de símbolos, para adaptar en tiempo real el ratio de información proporcionado por el síndrome intercambiado.

To date, QKD development has mostly focused in non-shared point-to-point links. Despite its limitations, this is the only technology commercially available today, and this makes it even more expensive and not easily deployable. The integration of QKD with the commercial network infrastructure would open the possibility of a scalable deployment and without requiring a massive initial investment QKD could reach a broader market. Current metro area networks are evolving towards optical, passive infrastructures and this opens up a good window of opportunity for QKD integration, since an all-optical clear path among two points in the network is no longer unfeasible or extremely expensive. However, the simultaneous propagation of quantum and classical signals over a shared link poses important problems due to the spilling of photons coming from classical signals. In this talk I’ll present current architectures for all optical metro networks and discuss our results in the integration of QKD in commercial networks

During the 25 years of existence of the first protocol for Quantum Key Distribution, much has been said and expected of what came to be termed as Quantum Cryptography. After all this time, much progress has been done but also the reality check and analysis that naturally comes with maturity is underway. A new panorama is emerging, and the way in which the challenges imposed by market requirements are tackled will determine the fate of Quantum Cryptography. The present paper attempts to frame a reasonable view on the issues of the security and market requirements that QKD should achieve to become a marketable technology.

In order to deploy QKD in a cost effective and scalable way, its integration with already installed optical networks is a logical step. If, for the sake of security, we require that no intermediate trusted nodes would be needed, the maximum distance/absorptions allowed by QKD systems limit ourselves to metropolitan area networks. Current metro networks are mostly all optical and passive, hence a transparent link can be established among any two points and this link can be used to transport the quantum channel. In this poster we report on our findings studying the problems arising when integrating QKD systems in standard telecommunications networks.

Many macroscopic properties: hardness, corrosion, catalytic activity, etc. are directly related to the surface structure, that is, to the position and chemical identity of the outermost atoms of the material. Current experimental techniques for its determination produce a “signature” from which the structure must be inferred by solving an inverse problem: a solution is proposed, its corresponding signature computed and then compared to the experiment. This is a challenging optimization problem where the search space and the number of local minima grows exponentially with the number of atoms, hence its solution cannot be achieved for arbitrarily large structures. Nowadays, it is solved by using a mixture of human knowledge and local search techniques: an expert proposes a solution that is refined using a local minimizer. If the outcome does not fit the experiment, a new solution must be proposed again. Solving a small surface can take from days to weeks of this trial and error method. Here we describe our ongoing work in its solution. We use an hybrid algorithm that mixes evolutionary techniques with trusted region methods and reuses knowledge gained during the execution to avoid repeated search of structures. Its parallelization produces good results even when not requiring the gathering of the full population, hence it can be used in loosely coupled environments such as grids. With this algorithm, the solution of test cases that previously took weeks of expert time can be automatically solved in a day or two of uniprocessor time.

An attempt to study the temperature dependence of fission in heavy nuclei using a microscopic theory. Application to two test nuclei. Gogny force. Reasonably big configuration space Axially deformed base. Breaking of reflection symmetry allowed: octupole de formation.

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is the first technology derived from Quantum Information and Quantum Computation that is being marketed. To date, the commercial applications are in the encryption of point to point links. Now, the next logical step is about to be taken. Full quantum networks able to transport the keys to be used in symmetric key cryptography with a security level previously unattained are being designed. The proof of concept of many of the ingredients needed exist and networks with a few nodes have been implemented. The first networks will cover a metropolitan area and demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale QKD integrated with classical networks. If it succeeds in the marketplace, this could signal a major shift in how cryptography is used today.

En este artículo discutimos las limitaciones y ventajas de la distribución cuántica de claves y los primeros pasos hacia su inclusión dentro de la infraestructura de seguridad en las redes de comunicaciones convencionales.

La posibilidad de utilizar sistemas cuánticos para procesar y transmitir información ha impulsado la aparición de tecnologías de información cuántica, p. ej., distribución cuántica de claves. Aunque prometedoras, su uso fuera del laboratorio es actualmente demasiado costoso y complicado. En este trabajo mostramos como utilizarlas en redes ópticas de telecomunicaciones. Al utilizar una infraestructura existente y pervasiva, y compartirla con otras señales, tanto clásicas como cuánticas, el coste se reduce drásticamente y llega a un mayor público. Comenzamos integrando señales cuánticas en los tipos más utilizados de redes ópticas pasivas, por su simplicidad y alcance a usuarios finales. Luego ampliamos este estudio, proponiendo un diseño de red óptica metropolitana basado en la división en longitud de onda para multiplexar y direccionar las señales. Verificamos su funcionamiento con un prototipo. Posteriormente, estudiamos la distribución de pares de fotones entrelazados entre los usuarios de dicha red con el objetivo de abarcar más tecnologías. Para ampliar la capacidad de usuarios, rediseñamos la red troncal, cambiando tanto la topología como la tecnología utilizada en los nodos. El resultado es una red metropolitana cuántica que escala a cualquier cantidad de usuarios, a costa de una mayor complejidad y coste. Finalmente, tratamos el problema de la limitación en distancia. La solución propuesta está basada en codificación de red y permite, mediante el uso de varios caminos y nodos, modular la cantidad de información que tiene cada nodo, y así, la confianza depositada en él. ABSTRACT The potential use of quantum systems to process and transmit information has impulsed the emergence of quantum information technologies such as quantum key distribution. Despite looking promising, their use out of the laboratory is limited since they are a very delicate technology due to the need of working at the single quantum level. In this work we show how to use them in optical telecommunication networks. Using an existing infrastructure and sharing it with other signals, both quantum and conventional, reduces dramatically the cost and allows to reach a large group of users. In this work, we will first integrate quantum signals in the most common passive optical networks, for their simplicity and reach to final users. Then, we extend this study by proposing a quantum metropolitan optical network based on wavelength-division multiplexing and wavelengthaddressing, verifying its operation mode in a testbed. Later, we study the distribution of entangled photon-pairs between the users of the network with the objective of covering as much different technologies as possible. We further explore other network architectures, changing the topology and the technology used at the nodes. The resulting network scales better at the cost of a more complex and expensive infrastructure. Finally, we tackle the distance limitation problem of quantum communications. The solution offered is based on networkcoding and allows, using multiple paths and nodes, to modulate the information leaked to each node, and thus, the degree of trust placed in them.

El desarrollo de algoritmos ensambladores de genes y la utilización de estos está viviendo un aumento muy espectacular en los últimos años. Debido a las mejoras ofrecidas en los dispositivos hardware de los numerosos supercomputadores que existen hoy en día se pueden realizar experimentos científicos de una manera más asequible que hace unos años. Este proyecto servirá como introducción en el complejo mundo de algoritmos científicos, más concretamente en algoritmos ensambladores de genomas. Veremos de primera mano cómo utilizar estas nuevas tecnologías, con ejemplos sencillos, pero con un desarrollo lo bastante importante para darnos una idea del funcionamiento de todas las fases de experimentación que engloban los algoritmos ensambladores y la utilización de la programación paralela en supercomputadores. Concretamente en este proyecto se van a analizar exhaustivamente una serie de algoritmos ensambladores que serán probados en uno de los supercomputadores más potentes de España, el Magerit 2. En estas pruebas vamos a proceder al ensamblado de genomas de tres tipos de organismos como bacterias (Staphylococcus Aureus, y Rhodobacter Sphaeroides) y una prueba gran escala con el genoma del Cromosoma 14 del Homo Sapiens Sapiens (Ser humano). Después procederemos a la comparación de todos los resultados obtenidos para poder comprobar que algoritmos realizan mejor su trabajo y ajustar dicha decisión a las necesidades que tenemos actualmente para buscar un algoritmo eficaz.

We consider in this thesis the problem of information reconciliation in the context of secret key distillation between two legitimate parties. In some scenarios of interest this problem can be advantageously solved with low density parity check (LDPC) codes optimized for the binary symmetric channel. In particular, we demonstrate that our method leads to a significant efficiency improvement, with respect to earlier interactive reconciliation methods. We propose a protocol based on LDPC codes that can be adapted to changes in the communication channel extending the original source. The efficiency of our protocol is only limited by the quality of the code and, while transmitting more information than needed to reconcile Alice’s and Bob’s sequences, it does not reveal any more information on the original source than an ad-hoc code would have revealed.---ABSTRACT---En esta tesis estudiamos el problema de la reconciliación de información en el contexto de la destilación de secreto entre dos partes. En algunos escenarios de interés, códigos de baja densidad de ecuaciones de paridad (LDPC) adaptados al canal binario simétrico ofrecen una buena solución al problema estudiado. Demostramos que nuestro método mejora significativamente la eficiencia de la reconciliación. Proponemos un protocolo basado en códigos LDPC que puede ser adaptado a cambios en el canal de comunicaciones mediante una extensión de la fuente original. La eficiencia de nuestro protocolo está limitada exclusivamente por el código utilizado y no revela información adicional sobre la fuente original que la que un código con la tasa de información adaptada habría revelado.

El mundo de la tecnología impregna cada día más la sociedad actual, hasta el punto de que siempre que utilizamos el término información lo relacionamos directamente con un ordenador o un dispositivo de almacenamiento. Aunque este uso sea válido, podemos ver que la información está asociada a muchos otros campos de la naturaleza. La genética o, como veremos en este proyecto, la física, son algunos de esos campos. Podemos afirmar, en consecuencia, que la teoría de la información no es una disciplina exclusiva de la ingeniería, siendo también una herramienta fundamental para otras ramas de la ciencia. Pero existe algo todavía más interesante en la implementación física de la información, y es la posibilidad real de extender el átomo básico de información, bit, al qubit, una nueva magnitud que contiene a la antigua y evoluciona con nuevas reglas dictadas por la física cuántica. Su uso nos conduce a los ordenadores cuánticos y más concretamente a lo que será el tema de este proyecto: los sistemas de criptografía.