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The use of herbal medicine (phytopharmaca) has increased manifold because of the safety. Red fruit extract is one of the supplements that has many advantages for health. The efficacy of pre-clinical trial using the rats induced by iodine deficient ration has proven that 1-2 ml of red fruit extract supplementation with/without KIO3 fortification for 30, 60 and 90 days has potency as anti-goitrogenic herbal medicine. For standarization, however, the extract red fruit has to be tested for the safety in the important organs like livers and kidneys. The research results have proven that in the normal Sprague Dawley rats, supplementation of 2 ml/day/rat of red fruit extract for 135 consecutive days has.no toxic effect in the livers and kidneys. In hyperplastic goiter Sprague Dawley rats induced by goitrogenic ration, the red fruit extract supplementation has to be in a combination with KIO3 to overcome iodine deficiency disorders and has no-toxic effect to the livers. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on pre-clinical studies using Sprague Dawley rats, the red fruit extract can be categorized as standardized anti-goitrogenic herbal medicine.

An increasing number of smokers who tend to rise rapidly from year to year has become a major focus of public health issues. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, containing toxic chemicals can trigger acute or chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the eyes. To overcome this condition, phytotherapeutic and/or phytopreventive approaches which are efficatious, safe and cheap is needed. One of spices from Indonesia which is greatly possible to be promoted as a herbal medicine, is a phytochemical curcumin in turmeric. This present study was conducted to identify and determine the effects of turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica Val.) as phytotherapeutic and/or phytopreventive in the eyes lesion of Wistar rats induced by cigarette smokes. Twenty male Wistar rats at 3 months old were divided randomly into four groups of five each. Those were the control group (KI), the group given 9 cigarettes smoke/day (K II), the group given turmeric extract 1 ml 0, 25% /day (K III) and the group given 9 cigarettes smoke/day and 0, 25% turmeric extract 1 ml /day (K IV) for 60 days. Water and feed was given ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, all rats were euthanized with ether, necropsied andeyes balls were collected, fixed formalin 10% and stained with routine hematoxylin-eosin. The results of the present study indicated that 9 cigarettes smoke/day increased mitotic activity and caused hyperplasia in the corneal epithelial cells (K II), and addition of turmeric extract 0, 25% 1 ml per oral for 60 days prevented both mitotic activity and hyperplasia in the corneal epithelial cells (K IV). Extract of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) has been proved to have herbal therapeutic and/or preventive effects againts the pathotoxicological cigarette smokes. Further study needs to be done to more evaluate pathogenesis of the eyes lesions and phytotherapeutic and/or phytopreventive effects of turmeric extract as well.

The objective of the research was to study the responses of bones, kidneys and parathyroid glands of calcium homeostasis in the Wistar rats fed containing variation of phosphor levels. Twenty female Wistar rats at 40 days of age were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) of five each. The group A was fed diet containing Ca:P ratio = 1.5:1 (diet I/control). The ratio of calcium and phosphorus was 1.5:3 (diet II), 1.5:6 (diet III) and 1.5:9 (diet IV) and were given to the rats in groups B, C, and D, respectively. Each of the rats was placed into individual cages. All of rats were fed diet for 12 weeks and water was provided ad libitum. At the end of the study, blood was collected from the heart for calcium and phosphor analysis, while parathyroid glands, kidneys and left femurs were collected and routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. In the present study, the diet containing Ca:P = 1.5:6 caused decrease of blood calcium, whereas the diet containing Ca:P = 1.5:9 caused decrease of blood calcium and increase of blood phosphorus. Histopathological examination of the parathyroid glands of the rats in group A showed normal structure. The parathyroid glands of the rats in groups B, C and D showed vacuoles in principle cells of the parathyroid glands. The increase of the vacuoles in the principle cells of the parathyroid glands was higher than that of rats in groups B, C and D, respectively. Histopathological examination of kidneys of rats in group A showed normal structure, whereas kidneys of rats in groups B and C and D showed metastatic calcification of renale tubules. The kidneys of rats in groups C and D showed metastatic calcification of the inner and outer layers of tubule lumen, atrophy and necrosis in the epithelial cells of renal tubules, fibroblasts proliferation in interstitial cells, and infiltration of mesangial cells. The kidneys of rats in group D showed proliferation in the epithelial cells of the glomeruli as well. Histopathological examination of metaphysis of proximal femurs of rats in group A showed normal structure, whereas metaphysis of proximal femurs of the rats in groups B, C and D had osteoclasts infiltration, and fibroblasts were predominantly seen in the bone cortex. The increase of osteoclasts in the bone cortex in rats in groups B, C and D was higher than that of rats in group A. The fibroblasts proliferation in the bone cortex was higher in rats in groups C and D. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that the diet containing Ca:P = 1.5:3 caused decrease of blood calcium and . The diet containing Ca:P = 1.5:6 caused decrease of blood calcium, hyperplasia of parathyroid glands, , acute nephrosis, and fibrous osteodystrophy. The diet containing Ca:P = 1.5:9 caused decrease of lood calcium and increased of blood phosphorus, hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands, chronic glomerulonephritis and fibrous osteodystrophy.