Search

The purpose of the research is carrying out ecological and epidemical monitoring of helminthosis of cattle of public and private sectors in Vologda region.Materials and methods. Statistical analysis of veterinary reports was conducted according to the form 1Vet-A of the Veterinary medicine administration with State veterinary inspectorate in Vologda region for the period of 2013–2018. The degree of infection by helminths was also analyzed in animals of public and private sectors.Results and discussion. Cattle helminthosis is widely distributed in Vologda region. Helminthosis, which are recorded in cattle constantly and which have high rate of prevalence, were adjusted. Fasciolosis, paramphistomatosis, moniezosis, dictyocaulosis, strongyloidosis are registered in public and private sectors practically annually. What is more, the degree of infection is differing in public and private sectors; the highest parameter of incidence rate is registered in private sector. In conclusion, epizootological monitoring shows specific view on epidemic situation in Vologda region on major cattle helminthosis.

The purpose of the research is to forecast the epizootic situation in main helminthosis of farm livestock in the Russian Federation for 2019.Annual preventive dehelminthizations reduce the infection to some extent but full recovery of the livestock from helminths is not achieved. A means of integrated influence on the effectiveness of helminthosis control is annual forecasts made subject to the impact of environmental factors. Monitoring and forecasting as localized as possible allow for assessing infection risks of the specific livestock subject to the number of susceptible animals. A forecast throughout the Russian Federation is synoptic as biology of different types of helminths varies significantly depending on the habitat. Forecasts have their own aspects in different areas of the Russian Federation due to different weather conditions, the number and species composition of intermediate hosts (for biohelminths) and animal living conditions in a specific area.

Purpose of the research — to conduct analysis of the status and perspective of application of prolonged forms of anthelmintic drugs in veterinary.Materials and methods. On the topic of development and application of prolonged forms of anthelmintic in veterinary was conducted the analysis of 27 literature sources including 23 foreign authors. Were analyzed the data about kinetics of avermectins and praziquantel in the animals body and comparative results about dependence and correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters with their anthelmintics efficiency.The results and discussion. Prolonged forms of avermectins which prevent the infections for long period are developing to prevent infection of animals during grazing season. Attempts to create prolonged dosage forms of praziquantel to prevent the Schistosoma japonicum infections are currently in progress. Was shown the possibility of obtaining polymeric microspheres, which contains ivermectins in the form of implants. As solvents are used N-methylpyrrolidone, triacetin, benzyl benzoate etc. Mixes of composite based on sucrose, acetate isobutyrate and polylactic acid is offered for prolongation of the action of ivermectin, which is provides release of ivermectin within 80 days. Were described prolonged forms of praziquantel as the implants on a base of polycaprolactone and it’s mix with polyethylene glycol, which is obtained by extrusion of a melt of a mixture of praziquantel and polymers.

The exact mechanisms of secondary immunosuppression caused by parasite infection has not yet been clarified. Even less explored is the ability of helminths antigens to induce apoptosis in immuno-competent mammalian cells during the invasion. The aim of this study was to establish the possible relationship between the immuno-competent cells apoptosis, the dynamics of changes in the leucocyte count of peripheral blood and development of immunosuppression during chronization of helminthosis in mice infected with Syphaciaobvelata.Materials and methods. Eighty five albino mice with a mean body weight of 18-20 g were used in the experiment. Animals were divided into the following experimental groups: 1) intact animals (control group), 2) animals infected Syphaciaobvelata (Rudolphi, 1802), Seurat, from 1916 n / a Oxiurata.Mice were decapitated after 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 weeks after infection by raush-anesthesia and blood was collected from the tail vein. Blood smears were stained with Giemsa-Romanovsky method. Light microscopy was used to determine leukocyte formula, and to count the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes with morphological signs of varying degrees of apoptosis.Lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll — verografin density gradient separation, their total concentration was counted in Goryaev camera and adjusted with medium to 2 x106/ml. The obtained data were statistically processed using STATISTICA software (version 8.0 for Windows) and the SPSS (version 11.0).Results and discussion. Helminthiases in the acute stage (1, 2, 3 weeks) promoted eosinophilia formation and reduction of geterofilov and lymphocytes number, while did not change significantly the percentage of other forms of white blood cells. In blood smears morphological features of apoptosis were observed in a small amount in geterofily lymphocytes.Thus, it was found that in the acute stage of infection the activation of cellular immunity occures, expressed mainly in the form of eosinophilia and indicating the development of hypersensitivity.During the 8 weeks development of helmithasis (mice syphaciosis) and its conversion into chronic stage the activity of leukocytes apoptosis increased. This is apparently an essential link in the pathogenesis of helminthiasis in general and developing immunosuppression in particular. The most important role belong to the apoptosis of immunocompetent cells such as lymphocytes and geterophyls.

It is established dictyocaulosis, protostrongylosis, muelleriosis, cystocaulosis, ostertagyosis, trichostrongylosis, nematodirosis, haemonchosis, fasciolosis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis (larva) in sheep in Moscow region. Efficiency of ELISA in diagnostics of helminthosis of sheep has made 75,5–100 %. The most essential deviations in chemical compound of sheep’s meat are marked at pulmonary nematodosis, echinococcosis and fasciolosis.

Methodological guidelines for application of immunomodulatory agents in combination therapy of helminthosis have been developed. The list of immunomodulatory drugs recommended for combination therapy of animal helminthosis includes T-activin, Ribotan, Ronkoleikin, Polyoxidonium. The isolated drug application reveals the selective mechanism of their immune-biological effects. T-activin directly affects the cellular immune response in primary and secondary disorders of immune system and in drug-induced immunodeficiency diseases. Ribotan stimulates production of antibodies against specific antigens as well as interferon and lymphokines synthesis. Ribotan has a bioregulatory activity influencing the functional status of the liver monooxygenase system. Biological effects of Ronkoleikin are directed at growth, definition and activation of T- and B-lymphocytes, synthesis of different isotypes of immunoglobulins in plasma cells, production of interferons α, β, γ. Pilot injections of Polyoxidonium prevent negative effects of the anthelmintic drug on the functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes and stabilize the immune system.

Features of main infectious diseases in animals of Yakutia are presented. The research was conducted in horse, cattle and deer ranches of Yakutia. 45 horses, 23 cattle, 51 northern deer were investigated in 2001–2010 by the method of complete and incomplete helminthological postmortem examination of intestines and muscles. 3924 fecal samples including 2523 – from horses, 963 – from cattle and 438 – from northern deer were examined by the method of copro- and larvoscopy. 193 helminth species related to 60 genera, 26 families, 10 units, 4 classes, 3 types were detected in domestic animals in Yakutia. Helminthosis take a leading position in general pathology of horses, northern deer and cattle. Northern deer are infected with 37 helminth species, 9 of which are cestode species, 25 – nematode species, 3 – trematode species as well as with gad-fly larvae. For the first time at dehelmintization of herd horses we applied anthelmintic drugs in combination with the probiotic Sakhabactisubtil. A concomitant use of the Equisect and probiotic Sakhabactisubtil contributes to a quicker recovering of qualitative and quantitative composition of intestinal microorganisms and has a positive effect on immune and fermentation systems as well as metabolic functions of growing horses.

Traditional methods of control of parasitic diseases in animals with large dosages of chemotherapeutic drugs (anthelmintics) are losing popularity due to helminths developing resistance to them, while public becomes more sensitive to chemical residues in animal products. Recent studies show, however, that many helminth-caused diseases can be effectively controlled through use of less conventional methods such as plant extracts, natural enemies of helminths and other ecological features

Objective of research: to study the efficacy of new broad spectrum anthelmintic drugs for tre ating main helminthosis in cattle. Materials and methods: 4 experiments were conducted to test the anthelmintic drugs used against helminthosis in cattle in conditions of Vologda region. In the fist experiment were involved 125 animals with fasciolosis divided into different groups by 25 animals in each group which got the single doses of: fascocide at a dose of 10 mg/kg, helmicide - 5,25 mg/kg according to the active ingredient, albendazole - 15 mg/kg, fezol - 14 mg/kg, alben - 10 mg/kg The efficacy of preparations was registered according to the results of coproovoscopy before and 45 days after dehelmintization. The second experiment was performed at paramphistomosis in cattle with the use of the same preparations. In the 3, 4 and 5 experiments we used the same preparations at moniesiosis, strongylatozis of the digestive tract and dictyocaulosis in young cattle, respectively. Results and discussion: at fasciolosis of cattle the drug efficacy was: for fascocide and helmicide - 100 %, fezol - 92, alben - 76 %, at paramphistomosis 100 %, 84, 80 and 68 %, respectively. The drug efficacy at cattle moniesiosis was: of helmicide and fezol - 100 %, alben - 92 %, and at gastro-intestinal strongylatozis: of fezol- 100 %, helmicide - 92 and alben - 84 %. At dictyocaulosis the efficacy was: of helmicide - 88 %, fezol – 92 and alben - 80 %.

Efficacy of ricobendazole in 10 % solution for injection against the most helminthosis of cattle are studied. Therapeutic dosis of ricobendazole (4 mg/kg) were determined. The drug was showed 98–100% efficacy against dictyocaulosis, gastrointestinal nematodosis, monieziosis. Fasciola hepatica, Trichocephalis ovis were more resistant to action of ricobendazole.

As the test objects served elks and dappled deer infested with helminthes. The purpose of this work is to study the efficacy of a new antiparasitic drug Ivirsaltused for prevention measures against helminths in wild hoofed animals. The therapeutic efficacy of new anthelmintic drug Ivirsalt used for treatment of nematodosis in wild hoofed animals was tested on 120 dappled deer, 7 elks and 1 roe deer in national Park «Losiny Ostrov». Ivirsalt are briquettes (licks) with a mass of 5 kg containing the active ingredient ivermectine and sodium chloride in the proportion 0,1 : 99,9. Salt lick briquettes were put in the feed-troughs on feeding places and saline soils based on the average daily salt consumption. The preparation was given within 14 days taking into account that the animals approach salt lick briquettes not less that 1 time a week. To determine the efficacy of preparation by the method of co-proscopy the fecal samples are collected before and every 10 days after distribution of salt lick briquettes. Standard life-time and post-mortem helminthological examinations of animals (coproovoscopy, K. I. Skryabin method of full post-mortem helminthological examination, 1928) are used. The research results show that the intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infections in dappled deer aged 1,5 to 3 years has decreased by 5,4 times, in deer older by 3 years – by 3,1 times.

The epizootic situation on main animal helminthosis which we have observed in Russian Federation in the period from 1990 to 2014 allows us to come to the conclusion that the development of epizootic process is affected by ecological components such as: conditions of pastures and water reservoirs, weather and climate especially in current pasture season; therefore it is necessary to conduct the antiparasitic treatment.

42 scientific Institutions and High Schools were involved in fulfillment of In- terdepartmental and Interstate programs in 2013. In all regions of Russian Federa- tion and CIS countries were conducted regular monitoring studies on epizootic sit- uation in relation to parasitosis in domestic and wild animals, birds, fish and bees. Based on information system of collecting and analysis of data a monitoring me- thodology of parasitic diseases is elaborated that allows to forecast the develop- ment of epizootic situation and to optimize the struggle against parasitic diseases within particular region. Forecast of epizootic situation on main helminthosis of animals made for 2013 is basically confirmed. Compared to the previous year the epizootic situation got worse in relation to paramphystomatosis in Yakutia, strongi- latosis of gastrointestinal tract and lungs in Southern Siberia and in the Far East as well as in regions infected with eurytremosis and orientobilharciosis. Parasitic fau- na, spread of parasitosis and features of parasitosis course in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats and deers) are studied on the territory of Moscow, Kalinigrad, Ryasan, Samara and Tyumen regions, Altai, South Ural, North Caucasus, Yakutia, West Kazakhstan, Central and South-Eastern Tajikistan. Features of parasitosis course in carnivorous in Black Earth and Non-Black Earth zones, Krasnodar Krai and Altai are studied. Continuous monitoring studies in regions unfavorable for trichinellosis are being conducted. Features of circulation of trichinellosis in natural biocenosis of Central region of Russia are investigated and methodical guidelines for its pre- vention in hunting farms are developed where a wide range of issues is embraced. A new patented device «Gelmi» is destined for release of eggs and larvae from helminths using peptolysis of muscle tissue samples; a digestion technique for the detection of trichenellosis and opisthorchosis is developed. Furthermore for the first time metacercariae opisthorchis, mesocercariae alaria and larvae of trematodes using a method of peptolysis are released. Techniques for axonomic identifying of genotype of northern isolates of Trichinella spp. on the territory of RF are devel- oped that allows to complete the system characteristic and to detect phylogenetic relationship inside different taxonomic groups. Helminthophauna of predators on the territory of Central Black Earth State Biosphere Reserve are analyzed. Age- related and season infection dynamics are revealed in main commercial fish in Tsimlyansk, Varvarovka, Karpovka reservoirs as well as in Volga and Lena rivers. Monitoring of spread of invasions and infections in honey bees in the South of Tyumen region is conducted

Efficacy of the injective anthelmintic drug Ritril produced on the base of Ricobendazole and Triclabendazole used in treatment of different types of helminthosis in cattle has been studied. It was determined that Ritril has a high anthelmintic efficacy when administered at a dose of 0,8 ml/10 kg of body weight. The drug shown a 100% efficacy in treatment of dictyocaulosis and strongylatosis of gastrointestinal tract. Fasciola spp. and Trichocephala spp. were more resistant to the effect of Ritril. Therefore it is recommended to use the drug at a higher dose – 1,6 ml/10 kg of body weight.

Efficacy of injection form of the combined drug Avertel applied against helminthosis and arachno-entomosis in dogs and cats is studied. Investigations were carried out on dogs and cats spontaneously and experimentally infected by cestodes and nematodes, ticks Sarcoptes scabiei, Otodectes cynotis, Notoedres cati, fleas Ctenocephalides felis, lice Linognathus setosus, biting louses Trichodectes canis. Avertel was applied to the animal's skin surface in the forearm and shoulder joint singly at helminthosis, twice at arachno-entomosis at a dose of 1 ml/kg or 0,5 mg/kg of aversectine C1 and 5 mg/kg of praziquantel per kg. Singly applied to the skin in the tested dose Avertel shown a 100 % efficacy against cestodes in dogs and cats. Efficacy of this drug against nematodes in cats was 100 %, in dogs – 96,9 %. Applied twice to the skin with the interval of 14 days Avertel shown a 100 % efficacy against otodectosis in dogs and cats, sarcoptosis in dogs, notoedrosis in cats, linognatosis and trichodectosis in dogs. At ctenocephalosis in dogs the efficacy was 83,3, in cats – 87,5 %. The preparation was well tolerated by animals, no side effects were observed.

The influence of alvet-suspension on cats organism is defined and its efficiency at helminthoses are studied. Alvet-suspension doesn't render negative influence on animals organism and is highly effective against helminthosis. Hematological picture essentially does not change, insignificant fluctuations of activity of enzymes are marked. Efficiency at toxocarosis and toxascariosis has made 100 %, at uncinariosis – 95,7 and dipylidiosis – 94,1 %.

Observance of epizootic situation in Russian Federation within 1990-2014 in relation to main helminthosis in animals enable to make a conclusion that epizootic process of helminthosis is affected by ecological components: condition of pas- tures, water basins, weather and climate, especially in current pasture season, there- fore it is necessary to carry out antiparasitic treatment.