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Back pain is a common complaint, clinical finding and performance limiting factor in sport horses. This study sought to gather current veterinary trends in the diagnosis, treatment and management of primary equine back pain in the United States. A 22 question survey was distributed electronically to equine practitioners through AAEP and ACVSMR listservs and through closed social media groups. The survey was open from April 20, 2022 to July 5, 2022. Responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel pivot tables. Ninety-seven survey responses were obtained and analyzed. Respondents reported the clinical signs most frequently relayed to them by the owner/rider/trainer of horses diagnosed with primary back pain were behavioral issues and poor performance. Most common diagnostic tests reported were radiography of the spinous processes, thoraco-lumbar vertebral bodies, and transcutaneous ultrasound of the thoraco-lumbar region. Most common pathologies reported were impinging dorsal spinous processes, degenerative sacro-iliac joint disease, and osteoarthritis in lumbar or thoracic articular process joints. In regards to impinging spinous process ("kissing spine") treatments, 72.2% of respondents recommended surgery only after non-surgical treatments failed, and 14.6% of respondents never recommended surgery. The majority (82%) of respondents reported some level of improvement in clinical signs of primary back pain with rehabilitation alone. To date, there has been no consensus or discussion about common abnormalities, diagnostic tests, treatments or management options for primary equine back pain in the United States. Results of this survey are a starting point showing current trends in diagnosis, treatment and management of primary equine back pain among equine practitioners in the United States showing 82% of practitioners using rehabilitation as a component of treatment., Competing Interests: DF is employed by Summit Equine Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Marshall-Gibson, Durham, Seabaugh, Moorman and Ferris.)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common problem in horses. Several oral supplements have been proposed as treatments for horses with OA. The object of this study was to evaluate the use of the oil extract from the seeds of Biota orientalis (BO) for the treatment of experimentally induced OA in horses. OA was induced in 16, 2-5 year old horses in one middle carpal joint on Day 0; the other limb underwent a sham operation. Once daily oral treatment with BO or placebo was initiated on Day 0 and continued to Day 70. All horses were exercised 5 days a week starting on Day 14 through Day 70. The horses were evaluated every other week for lameness and serum GAG concentration as well as weekly synovial fluid assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on Day 7 and 70. Radiographic changes were assessed on Day 0, 14, and 70. On Day 70 tissue from the middle carpal joint was assessed macroscopically and histologically. All outcome parameters were compared between treatment groups to identify effects of treatment. Compared to placebo a significant decrease was found in synovial fluid prostaglandin E2 concentration and white blood cell counts in horses treated with BO. There was a significant reduction in radiographic scores for subchondral lysis of the radial carpal bone, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis of the radial carpal bone, and total radiographic score for the horses treated with BO. There was no significant difference between treatment groups in clinical lameness findings, MRI findings, macroscopic grading or histologic grading. This study suggests a significant anti-inflammatory effect from oral BO that should be further investigated in clinical OA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Seabaugh, Barrett, Rao, McIlwraith and Frisbie.)

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are common treatments for soft tissue injuries in horses. Shockwave triggers cell specific responses to promote healing. Growth factors released from PRP also promote healing. It has been hypothesized that greater growth factor release would amplify the healing process. The combination of ESWT and PRP could promote healing in injured tendons and ligaments in the horse. The objective of this study was to determine if application of shockwaves to PRP samples increases the concentration of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) and platelet-derived growth factor ββ (PDGF-ββ) released from the platelets in vitro ., Materials and Methods: PRP was produced from blood drawn from six horses. The PRP from each horse was exposed to the following treatments: (1) positive control (freeze-thaw cycle), (2) untreated negative control, or shockwaves with either (3) a "standard probe" (ESWT-S) with a 2 cm focal width and medium energy density or (4) a "power probe" (ESWT-P) with a 1 cm focal width and high energy density. After each treatment, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was harvested. The supernatant was then used for growth factor quantification via commercially available ELISA kits for TGF-β 1 and PDGF-ββ., Results: Concentrations of TGF-β 1 and PDGF-ββ in PRP that underwent a freeze-thaw cycle were significantly increased compared with all other treatments. Both ESWT-S and ESWT-P resulted in significantly increased TGF-β 1 concentrations, 46 and 33%, respectively, when compared with the negative control. Both ESWT-S and ESWT-P resulted in significantly increased PDGF-ββ concentrations, 219 and 190%, respectively, when compared with the negative control., Discussion: These data indicate that the application of ESWT to PRP increases the expression of growth factors in vitro . This suggests that the combination therapy of local PRP injection followed by ESWT may stimulate release of growth factors from platelets after they have been injected into the area of injury., Conclusion: The combination of PRP and ESWT might result in synergism of two modalities previously utilized individually for tendon and ligament injuries in horses.