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Human lifestyle and its relationship with the human microbiome has been a line of research widely studied. This is because, throughout human history, civilizations have experienced different environments and lifestyles that could have promoted changes in the human microbiome. The comparison between industrialized and nonindustrialized human populations in several studies has allowed to observe variation in the microbiome structure due to the population lifestyle. Nevertheless, the lifestyle of human populations is a gradient where several subcategories can be described. Yet, it is not known how these different lifestyles of human populations affect the microbiome structure on a large scale. Therefore, the main goal of this work was the collection and comparison of 16S data from the gut microbiome of populations that have different lifestyles around the world. With the data obtained from 14 studies, it was possible to compare the gut microbiome of 568 individuals that represent populations of hunter-gatherers, agricultural, agropastoral, pastoral, and urban populations. Results showed that industrialized populations present less diversity than those from nonindustrialized populations, as has been described before. However, by separating traditional populations into different categories, we were able to observe patterns that cannot be appreciated by encompassing the different traditional lifestyles in a single category. In this sense, we could confirm that different lifestyles exhibit distinct alpha and beta diversity. In particular, the gut microbiome of pastoral and agropastoral populations seems to be more similar to those of urban populations according to beta diversity analysis. Beyond that, beta diversity analyses revealed that bacterial composition reflects the different lifestyles, representing a transition from hunters-gatherers to industrialized populations. Also, we found that certain groups such as Bacteoidaceae, Lanchospiraceae, and Rickenellaceae have been favored in the transition to modern societies, being differentially abundant in urban populations. Thus, we could hypothesize that due to adaptive/ecological processes; multifunctional bacterial groups (e.g., Bacteroidaceae) could be replacing some functions lost in the transition to modern lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has gradually become the primary cause of fatty liver disease. Betel nuts have been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Methods: In the present study, we analyzed the pathology, serology, gut flora, and metabolites in a rat model of NAFLD, with and without betel nut alkaloid treatment, using an integrated approach involving pathology, serological testing, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. Results: Two rats were used for model validation. Thirty SD rats were included and divided into the normal group (C group), NAFLD model group (M group), low-dose group, medium-dose group (T group), and high-dose group with intraperitoneal injection of arecoline. The expression of blood lipids was significantly downregulated at all three arecoline concentrations (p < 0.05). Alpha-diversity analysis of the intestinal flora showed significant differences among the three groups, with a significant reduction in population diversity in the M group and a recovery of population diversity after arecoline treatment. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in the T group and Proteobacteria in the M group. The KEGG metabolic pathways included polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Thirty-three significantly different metabolites were identified among the groups. Significantly different metabolites between groups T and M included indolepyruvate, 2-deoxystreptamine, sakuranetin, glycyl-leucine, and riboflavin. The KEGG metabolic pathway suggested a potential role for arachidonic acid metabolism, serotonergic synapses, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, tyrosine metabolism, and regiomelanin. Vitamin digestion and absorption, as well as regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, were the main metabolic pathways that distinguished the T vs. M groups. PGE2 is involved in several metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis showed that 29 bacterial species were significantly associated with PGE2 levels in the M and T groups. Vagococcus, Lawsonia, Christensenella, unidentified Erysipelotrichaceae, unidentified Coriobacteriaceae, and five other bacterial groups are unique in the PGE2 metabolic pathway regulated by arecoline. Discussion: Arecoline has lipid-lowering effects and may exert therapeutic effects in NAFLD through intestinal metabolites and intestinal flora, as well as through the Butyricicoccus/Christensenella/Coriobacteriaceae-COX2/PGE2 pathway. Thus, arecoline may represent a potential drug or target for NAFLD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a corrigendum for an article titled "Human gut microbiome across different lifestyles: from hunter-gatherers to urban populations." The corrigendum addresses errors in the affiliations of one of the authors and in the funding and acknowledgment statements. The errors have been corrected, and the authors state that they do not affect the scientific conclusions of the article. The corrigendum also includes a note from the publisher stating that the views expressed in the article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the publisher or affiliated organizations. [Extracted from the article]

Human lifestyle and its relationship with the human microbiome has been a line of research widely studied. This is because, throughout human history, civilizations have experienced different environments and lifestyles that could have promoted changes in the human microbiome. The comparison between industrialized and non-industrialized human populations in several studies has allowed to observe variation in the microbiome structure due to the population lifestyle. Nevertheless, the lifestyle of human populations is a gradient where several subcategories can be described. Yet, it is not known how these different lifestyles of human populations affect the microbiome structure on a large scale. Therefore, the main goal of this work was the collection and comparison of 16S data from the gut microbiome of populations that have different lifestyles around the world. With the data obtained from 14 studies, it was possible to compare the gut microbiome of 568 individuals that represent populations of hunter-gatherers, agricultural, agropastoral, pastoral, and urban populations. Results showed that industrialized populations present less diversity than those from non-industrialized populations, as has been described before. However, by separating traditional populations into different categories, we were able to observe patterns that cannot be appreciated by encompassing the different traditional lifestyles in a single category. In this sense, we could confirm that different lifestyles exhibit distinct alpha and beta diversity. In particular, the gut microbiome of pastoral and agropastoral populations seems to be more similar to those of urban populations according to beta diversity analysis. Beyond that, beta diversity analyses revealed that bacterial composition reflects the different lifestyles, representing a transition from hunters-gatherers to industrialized populations. Also, we found that certain groups such as Bacteoidaceae , Lanchospiraceae , and Rickenellaceae have been favored in the transition to modern societies, being differentially abundant in urban populations. Thus, we could hypothesize that due to adaptive/ecological processes; multifunctional bacterial groups (e.g., Bacteroidaceae) could be replacing some functions lost in the transition to modern lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human lifestyle and its relationship with the human microbiome has been a line of research widely studied. This is because, throughout human history, civilizations have experienced different environments and lifestyles that could have promoted changes in the human microbiome. The comparison between industrialized and non-industrialized human populations in several studies has allowed to observe variation in the microbiome structure due to the population lifestyle. Nevertheless, the lifestyle of human populations is a gradient where several subcategories can be described. Yet, it is not known how these different lifestyles of human populations affect the microbiome structure on a large scale. Therefore, the main goal of this work was the collection and comparison of 16S data from the gut microbiome of populations that have different lifestyles around the world. With the data obtained from 14 studies, it was possible to compare the gut microbiome of 568 individuals that represent populations of hunter-gatherers, agricultural, agropastoral, pastoral, and urban populations. Results showed that industrialized populations present less diversity than those from non-industrialized populations, as has been described before. However, by separating traditional populations into different categories, we were able to observe patterns that cannot be appreciated by encompassing the different traditional lifestyles in a single category. In this sense, we could confirm that different lifestyles exhibit distinct alpha and beta diversity. In particular, the gut microbiome of pastoral and agropastoral populations seems to be more similar to those of urban populations according to beta diversity analysis. Beyond that, beta diversity analyses revealed that bacterial composition reflects the different lifestyles, representing a transition from hunters-gatherers to industrialized populations. Also, we found that certain groups such as Bacteoidaceae, Lanchospiraceae, and Rickenellaceae have been favored in the transition to modern societies, being differentially abundant in urban populations. Thus, we could hypothesize that due to adaptive/ecological processes; multifunctional bacterial groups (e.g., Bacteroidaceae) could be replacing some functions lost in the transition to modern lifestyle.

The microorganisms of the reproductive tract have been implicated to affect in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. However, studies on the reproductive tract microbiota of infertile women are limited and the correlation between cervical microbiota and IVF outcome remains elusive. This study aimed to characterize the cervical microbiota of IVF patients undergoing embryo transfer (ET) and assess associations between the cervical microbiota and pregnancy outcomes while exploring the underlying contributing factors. We launched a nested case-control study of 100 patients with two fresh or frozen-thawed cleavage embryos transferred per IVF cycle. Cervical swabs were collected on the day of ET and divided into four groups according to clinical pregnancy outcomes. Variable regions 3 and 4 (V3-V4) of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. In fresh IVF-ET cycles, the clinical pregnancy group (FP, n = 25) demonstrated higher α diversity (P = 0.0078) than the non-pregnancy group (FN, n = 26). Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant difference in β diversity between the two groups (R = 0.242, P = 0.001). In frozen-thawed ET cycles, though not significant, similar higher α diversity was found in the clinical pregnancy group (TP, n = 27) compared to the non-pregnancy group (TN, n = 22) and ANOSIM analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups (R = 0.062, P = 0.045). For patients in fresh IVF-ET groups, Lactobacillus , Akkermansia , Desulfovibrio , Atopobium , and Gardnerella showed differentially abundance between pregnant and non-pregnant women and they accounted for the largest share of all taxa investigated. Among them, Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with the other genera and positively correlated with serum estradiol levels. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the composition of the cervical microbiota on the day of ET was associated with the clinical pregnancy in fresh IVF-ET cycles (P = 0.030). Our results indicate that cervical microbiota composition has an impact on the outcome of assisted reproductive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microorganisms of the reproductive tract have been implicated to affect in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. However, studies on the reproductive tract microbiota of infertile women are limited and the correlation between cervical microbiota and IVF outcome remains elusive. This study aimed to characterize the cervical microbiota of IVF patients undergoing embryo transfer (ET) and assess associations between the cervical microbiota and pregnancy outcomes while exploring the underlying contributing factors. We launched a nested case-control study of 100 patients with two fresh or frozen-thawed cleavage embryos transferred per IVF cycle. Cervical swabs were collected on the day of ET and divided into four groups according to clinical pregnancy outcomes. Variable regions 3 and 4 (V3-V4) of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. In fresh IVF-ET cycles, the clinical pregnancy group (FP, n = 25) demonstrated higher α diversity (P = 0.0078) than the non-pregnancy group (FN, n = 26). Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant difference in β diversity between the two groups (R = 0.242, P = 0.001). In frozen-thawed ET cycles, though not significant, similar higher α diversity was found in the clinical pregnancy group (TP, n = 27) compared to the non-pregnancy group (TN, n = 22) and ANOSIM analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups (R = 0.062, P = 0.045). For patients in fresh IVF-ET groups, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Desulfovibrio, Atopobium, and Gardnerella showed differentially abundance between pregnant and non-pregnant women and they accounted for the largest share of all taxa investigated. Among them, Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with the other genera and positively correlated with serum estradiol levels. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the composition of the cervical microbiota on the day of ET was associated with the clinical pregnancy in fresh IVF-ET cycles (P = 0.030). Our results indicate that cervical microbiota composition has an impact on the outcome of assisted reproductive therapy.