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Al-Li alloy was prepared by electrodeposition on solid aluminum electrode in a urea-LiCl (77.5:22.5, mol%) molten salt system at 353–393 K. The results of cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry show that underpotential deposition of Li occurs on the Al electrode and forms phases of Al(α) and AlLi(δ) which are confirmed by XRD measurements. Scanning electron microscopy observation of deposits indicates that Al-Li alloy with the thickness of 143 µm was obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis at −0.5 V vs. Li+/Li. The Li content in the alloy obtained at 373 K can reach 6.9 wt%. Galvanostatic electrolysis at 20 A demonstrated that Al-Li alloy coating on aluminum plate can be obtained from urea-LiCl electrolyte at 373 K in the atmosphere.

A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consists of two or more types of energy storage components and the power electronics circuit to connect them. Therefore, the real-time capacity of this system highly depends on the state of the system and cannot be simply evaluated with traditional battery models. To tackle this challenge, an equivalent state of charge (ESOC) which reflects the remaining capacity of a HESS unit in a specific operation mode, is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, the proposed ESOC is applied to the control of the distributed HESS which contains several units with their own local targets. To optimally distribute the overall power target among these units, a sparse communication network-based hierarchical control framework is proposed. This framework considers the distributed control and optimal power distribution in the HESS from two aspects - the power output capability and the ESOC balance. Based on the primary droop control, the total power is allocated according to the maximum output capacity of each unit, and the secondary control is used to adjust the power from the perspective of ESOC balance. Therefore, each energy storage unit can be controlled to meet the local power demand of the microgrid. Simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink verify the effectiveness of the application of the proposed equivalent SOC.

This article proposes a sliding mode observer based dynamic equivalent state of charge (ESOC) estimation method for hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Since different types of energy storage components and power electronics circuit are coupled in the HESS, the traditional SOC estimation method cannot reflect the real-time operation characteristics of the HESS. To tackle this problem, a sliding mode observer based on the model of the HESS is built in this article. By collecting the corresponding voltage and current signals, the internal parameters of energy storage elements can be observed accurately in real time. The dynamic ESOC is further defined with the idea of real-time charge balance to reflect the accurate available capacity of the HESS. Finally, the simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink model are given to verify the feasibility of the proposed dynamic ESOC.

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an interferon-induced membrane protein, which has been identified as a functional gene in multiple human cancers. The role of IFITM3 in cancer has been preliminarily summarized, but its relationship to antitumor immunity is still unclear. A pancancer analysis was conducted to investigate the expression pattern and immunological role of IFITM3 based on transcriptomic data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Next, correlations between IFITM3 and immunological features in the bladder cancer (BLCA) tumor microenvironment (TME) were assessed. In addition, the role of IFITM3 in estimating the clinical characteristics and the response to various therapies in BLCA was also evaluated. These results were next confirmed in the IMvigor210 cohort and a recruited cohort. In addition, correlations between IFITM3 and emerging immunobiomarkers, such as microbiota and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) genes, were assessed. IFITM3 was enhanced in most tumor tissues in comparison with adjacent tissues. IFITM3 was positively correlated with immunomodulators, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), cancer immunity cycles, and inhibitory immune checkpoints. In addition, IFITM3 was associated with an inflamed phenotype and several established molecular subtypes. IFITM3 expression also predicted a notably higher response to chemotherapy, anti-EGFR therapy, and immunotherapy but a low response to anti-ERBB2, anti-ERBB4, and antiangiogenic therapy. In addition, IFITM3 was correlated with immune-related microbiota and m6A genes. In addition to BLCA, IFITM3 is expected to be a marker of high immunogenicity in most human cancers. In conclusion, IFITM3 expression can be used to identify immuno-hot tumors in most cancers, and IFITM3 may be a promising pancancer biomarker to estimate the immunological features of tumors.