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Mounting studies demonstrated both chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection might be associated not only with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma but also extrahepatic malignancies, i.e., gastric cancer (GC). However, a quantitative result addressing the association between HBV/HCV infection and GC development is scarce. A systematic search to identify the eligible studies was performed in four databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the PsychINFO. The relationship between HBV/HCV infection and the risk of GC was quantified by calculating the hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). More methodologies of this study were available in the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021243719). Thirteen included studies involving 7,027,546 individuals (mean age, 42.6-71.9 years) were enrolled in the pooled analyses. Two articles provided the clinical data of both HBV and HCV infections. The proportion of high methodological quality studies was 76.9% (10/13). Synthetic results from 10 eligible studies of HBV showed that HBV infection was associated with a significantly higher risk of GC when compared with the healthy controls without HBV infection (pooled HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.08–1.47; P = 0.003; heterogeneity, I2 = 89.3%; P< 0.001). In line with this finding, the combined effect derived from five included studies of HCV also supported a significant positive association between chronic HBV infection and GC development (pooled HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.28–2.76; P = 0.001; heterogeneity, I2 = 74.7%; P = 0.003). In conclusion, both chronic HBV and HCV infections were related to a high risk of GC. The plausible mechanisms underlying such association might be correlated to HBV/HCV infection-induced persistent inflammation, immune dysfunction, and cirrhosis.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO), identifier (CRD42021243719).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer type in the digestive tract. Chemotherapy drugs, such as oxaliplatin, are frequently administered to CRC patients diagnosed with advanced or metastatic disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying CRC tumorigenesis and the identification of optimal biomarkers for assessing chemotherapy sensitivity are essential for the treatment of CRC. Various microRNAs, constituting class of non-coding RNAs with 20-22 nucleotides, have served as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in CRC. We analyzed miR-1278 expression in clinical samples by qRT-PCR. We then explored the role of miR-1278 in CRC growth in vitro and in vivo as well as sensitivity to oxaliplatin via RNA-seq and gain- and loss-of-function assays. We found that miR-1278 was downregulated in CRC samples, correlating with advanced clinical stage, and overexpression of miR-1278 led to tumor growth arrest and increased sensitivity to oxaliplatin via enhanced apoptosis and DNA damage. Suppression of KIF5B by miR-1278 through direct binding to its 3′UTR was the mechanism for the miR-1278-mediated effects in CRC, miR-1278 inhibits metastasis of CRC through upregulation of BTG2. Additionally, we also found that the expression of CYP24A1, the main enzyme determining the biological half-life of calcitriol, was significantly inhibited by miR-1278, according to data from clinical, RNA-seq and functional assays, which allowed miR-1278 to sensitize CRC cells to vitamin D. In summary, our data demonstrated that miR-1278 may serve as a potential tumor suppressor gene and biomarker for determining sensitivity to oxaliplatin and vitamin D in CRC.