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In order to address the challenges of inefficiency and insufficient accuracy in the manual identification of young citrus fruits during thinning processes, this study proposes a detection methodology using the you only look once for complex backgrounds of young citrus fruits (YCCB-YOLO) approach. The method first constructs a dataset containing images of young citrus fruits in a real orchard environment. To improve the detection accuracy while maintaining the computational efficiency, the study reconstructs the detection head and backbone network using pointwise convolution (PWonv) lightweight network, which reduces the complexity of the model without affecting the performance. In addition, the ability of the model to accurately detect young citrus fruits in complex backgrounds is enhanced by integrating the fusion attention mechanism. Meanwhile, the simplified spatial pyramid pooling fast-large kernel separated attention (SimSPPF-LSKA) feature pyramid was introduced to further enhance the multi-feature extraction capability of the model. Finally, the Adam optimization function was used to strengthen the nonlinear representation and feature extraction ability of the model. The experimental results show that the model achieves 91.79% precision (P), 92.75% recall (R), and 97.32% mean average precision (mAP)on the test set, which were improved by 1.33%, 2.24%, and 1.73%, respectively, compared with the original model, and the size of the model is only 5.4 MB. This study could meet the performance requirements for citrus fruit identification, which provides technical support for fruit thinning., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ang, Zhiwei, Wei, Yuepeng, Longlong, Yuliang, Jianping and Lijia.)

Apple leaf diseases without timely control will affect fruit quality and yield, intelligent detection of apple leaf diseases was especially important. So this paper mainly focuses on apple leaf disease detection problem, proposes a machine vision algorithm model for fast apple leaf disease detection called LALNet (High-speed apple leaf network). First, an efficient sacked module for apple leaf detection, known as EALD (efficient apple leaf detection stacking module), was designed by utilizing the multi-branch structure and depth-separable modules. In the backbone network of LALNet, (High-speed apple leaf network) four layers of EALD modules were superimposed and an SE(Squeeze-and-Excitation) module was added in the last layer of the model to improve the attention of the model to important features. A structural reparameterization technique was used to combine the outputs of two layers of deeply separable convolutions in branch during the inference phase to improve the model's operational speed. The results show that in the test set, the detection accuracy of the model was 96.07%. The total precision was 95.79%, the total recall was 96.05%, the total F1 was 96.06%, the model size was 6.61 MB, and the detection speed of a single image was 6.68 ms. Therefore, the model ensures both high detection accuracy and fast execution speed, making it suitable for deployment on embedded devices. It supports precision spraying for the prevention and control of apple leaf disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Ang, Han, Yuepeng, Longlong, Yue and Xiang.)