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Introduction: There are three major categories of waterfowl parvoviruses, namely goose parvovirus (GPV), Muscovy duck parvovirus, and novel goose parvovirus (NGPV). NGPV can infect both Cherry Valley ducks and mule ducks, resulting in short beaks and dwarfism syndrome, and the incidence of short beaks and dwarfism syndrome rises annually, posing a significant threat to the waterfowl breeding and the animal husbandry. Therefore, clarifying the biological characteristics and genetic evolution of NGPV is very important for the prevention and control of NGPV., Methods: Ducks with short beaks and dwarfism syndrome from Shandong and Henan Province were investigated by dissection and the tissue samples were collected for study. The NGPV genome was amplified by PCR, and the genome was analyzed for genetic evolution., Results: Eight strains of NGPV were isolated, which were designated as HZ0512, HZ0527, HZ0714, HZ0723, HZ0726, HZ0811, HZ0815, and HN0403. The nucleotide homology among these strains ranged from 99.9% to 100%. The eight strains, along with other NGPVs, belong to GPV. The eight strains showed a 92.5%-98.9% nucleotide homology with the classical GPV, while a 96.0%-99.9% homology with NGPV.Therefore, it can be deduced that there have been no major mutations of NGPV in Shandong and Henan provinces in recent years., Discussion: This study lays a theoretical foundation for further studying the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of NGPV, thereby facilitating the prevention and control of NGPV., Competing Interests: GZ was employed by Xintai Jianyuan Breeding Poultry Limited Company, Jiangsu Yike Food Group Limited Company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhan, Liu, Fan, Jiang, Yuan, Liu and Dong.)

Background: The activation patterns and functional network characteristics between stroke survivors and healthy individuals based on resting-or task-state neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques have been extensively explored. However, the discrepancy between stroke patients at different recovery stages remains unclear., Objective: To investigate the changes in brain connectivity and network topology between subacute and chronic patients, and hope to provide a basis for rehabilitation strategies at different stages after stroke., Methods: Fifteen stroke survivors were assigned to the subacute group (SG, N  = 9) and chronic group (CG, N  = 6). They were asked to perform hand grasping under active, passive, and MI conditions when recording EEG. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity subscale (FMA_UE), modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Manual Muscle Test (MMT), grip and pinch strength, modified Barthel Index (MBI), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were measured., Results: Functional connectivity analyses showed significant interactions on frontal, parietal and occipital lobes connections in each frequency band, particularly in the delta band. The coupling strength of premotor cortex, M1, S1 and several connections linked to frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes in subacute subjects were lower than in chronic subjects in low alpha, high alpha, low beta, and high beta bands. Nodal clustering coefficient (CC) analyses revealed that the CC in chronic subjects was higher than in subacute subjects in the ipsilesional S1 and occipital area, contralesional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal area. Characteristic path length (CPL) analyses showed that CPL in subacute subjects was lower than in chronic subjects in low beta, high beta, and gamma bands. There were no significant differences between subacute and chronic subjects for small-world property., Conclusion: Subacute stroke survivors were characterized by higher transfer efficiency of the entire brain network and weak local nodal effects. Transfer efficiency was reduced, the local nodal role was strengthened, and more neural resources needed to be mobilized to perform motor tasks for chronic survivors. Overall, these results may help to understand the remodeling pattern of the brain network for different post-stroke stages on task conditions and the mechanism of spontaneous recovery., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Lin, Jiang, Zhan, Su, Kang and Jia.)

Introduction: Brain atrophy is a critical biomarker of disease progression and treatment response in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Confounding factors such as inconsistent imaging acquisitions hamper the accurate measurement of brain atrophy in the clinic. This study aims to develop and validate a robust deep learning model to overcome these challenges; and to evaluate its impact on the measurement of disease progression., Methods: Voxel-wise pseudo-atrophy labels were generated using SIENA, a widely adopted tool for the measurement of brain atrophy in MS. Deformation maps were produced for 195 pairs of longitudinal 3D T1 scans from patients with MS. A 3D U-Net, namely DeepBVC, was specifically developed overcome common variances in resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and contrast ratio between baseline and follow up scans. The performance of DeepBVC was compared against SIENA using McLaren test-retest dataset and 233 in-house MS subjects with MRI from multiple time points. Clinical evaluation included disability assessment with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and traditional imaging metrics such as lesion burden., Results: For 3 subjects in test-retest experiments, the median percent brain volume change (PBVC) for DeepBVC and SIENA was 0.105 vs. 0.198% (subject 1), 0.061 vs. 0.084% (subject 2), 0.104 vs. 0.408% (subject 3). For testing consistency across multiple time points in individual MS subjects, the mean (± standard deviation) PBVC difference of DeepBVC and SIENA were 0.028% (± 0.145%) and 0.031% (±0.154%), respectively. The linear correlation with baseline T2 lesion volume were r = -0.288 ( p < 0.05) and r = -0.249 ( p < 0.05) for DeepBVC and SIENA, respectively. There was no significant correlation of disability progression with PBVC as estimated by either method ( p = 0.86, p = 0.84)., Discussion: DeepBVC is a deep learning powered brain volume change estimation method for assessing brain atrophy used T1-weighted images. Compared to SIENA, DeepBVC demonstrates superior performance in reproducibility and in the context of common clinical scan variances such as imaging contrast, voxel resolution, random bias field, and signal-to-noise ratio. Enhanced measurement robustness, automation, and processing speed of DeepBVC indicate its potential for utilisation in both research and clinical environments for monitoring disease progression and, potentially, evaluating treatment effectiveness., Competing Interests: GZ, DW, KK, and CW are a part-time employee at the Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre. MB has received institutional support for research, speaking and/or participation in advisory boards for Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme, and is a research consultant to RxPx and research director for the Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhan, Wang, Cabezas, Bai, Kyle, Ouyang, Barnett and Wang.)

Sleep plays an essential role in all studied animals with a nervous system. However, sleep deprivation leads to various pathological changes and neurobehavioral problems. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain and are involved in various important functions, including neurotransmitter and ion homeostasis, synaptic and neuronal modulation, and blood-brain barrier maintenance; furthermore, they are associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases, pain, and mood disorders. Moreover, astrocytes are increasingly being recognized as vital contributors to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, both locally and in specific neural circuits. In this review, we begin by describing the role of astrocytes in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms, focusing on: (i) neuronal activity; (ii) metabolism; (iii) the glymphatic system; (iv) neuroinflammation; and (v) astrocyte-microglia cross-talk. Moreover, we review the role of astrocytes in sleep deprivation comorbidities and sleep deprivation-related brain disorders. Finally, we discuss potential interventions targeting astrocytes to prevent or treat sleep deprivation-related brain disorders. Pursuing these questions would pave the way for a deeper understanding of the cellular and neural mechanisms underlying sleep deprivation-comorbid brain disorders., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Que, Li, Wang, Zhan, Luo and Zhou.)

Background and Introduction: Federated learning (FL) has been widely employed for medical image analysis to facilitate multi-client collaborative learning without sharing raw data. Despite great success, FL's applications remain suboptimal in neuroimage analysis tasks such as lesion segmentation in multiple sclerosis (MS), due to variance in lesion characteristics imparted by different scanners and acquisition parameters., Methods: In this work, we propose the first FL MS lesion segmentation framework via two effective re-weighting mechanisms. Specifically, a learnable weight is assigned to each local node during the aggregation process, based on its segmentation performance. In addition, the segmentation loss function in each client is also re-weighted according to the lesion volume for the data during training., Results: The proposed method has been validated on two FL MS segmentation scenarios using public and clinical datasets. Specifically, the case-wise and voxel-wise Dice score of the proposed method under the first public dataset is 65.20 and 74.30, respectively. On the second in-house dataset, the case-wise and voxel-wise Dice score is 53.66, and 62.31, respectively., Discussions and Conclusions: The Comparison experiments on two FL MS segmentation scenarios using public and clinical datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method by significantly outperforming other FL methods. Furthermore, the segmentation performance of FL incorporating our proposed aggregation mechanism can achieve comparable performance to that from centralized training with all the raw data., Competing Interests: EK is employed by NVIDIA Corporation, Singapore. DW, GZ, YL, KK, LL, JY, C-CS, AN, and CW are employees at Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Liu, Cabezas, Wang, Tang, Bai, Zhan, Luo, Kyle, Ly, Yu, Shieh, Nguyen, Kandasamy Karuppiah, Sullivan, Calamante, Barnett, Ouyang, Cai and Wang.)

Objective: To investigate the role of gut microbiota and metabolites in POCD in elderly orthopedic patients, and screen the preoperative diagnostic indicators of gut microbiota in elderly POCD., Method: 40 elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery were enrolled and divided into Control group and POCD group following neuropsychological assessments. Gut microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing, and metabolomics of GC-MS and LC-MS was used to screen the differential metabolites. We then analyzed the pathways enriched by metabolites., Result: There was no difference in alpha or beta diversity between Control group and POCD group. There were significant differences in 39 ASV and 20 genera bacterium in the relative abundance. Significant diagnostic efficiency analyzed by the ROC curves were found in 6 genera bacterium. Differential metabolites in the two groups including acetic acid, arachidic acid, pyrophosphate etc. were screened out and enriched to certain metabolic pathways which impacted the cognition function profoundly., Conclusion: Gut microbiota disorders exist preoperatively in the elderly POCD patients, by which there could be a chance to predict the susceptible population., Clinical Trial Registration: [http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=133843&htm=4], identifier [ChiCTR2100051162]., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Bi, Xu, Li, Zhan, Hua, Tan, Chi, Xiang, Guo and Luo.)

An online platform is a setting where users may express their attitude in text or visual content. The doctrine thinking in consumer psychology is that greater perceived product value (e.g., more product features or lower price) gives more positive consumer attitude. Because of different types of platforms, however, online users might form their product/brand attitudes in different ways. We gathered 7,264 lines of online reviews about two famous brands on two types of social media platforms: online text-based forums and live-streaming platforms. The data were collected through a web crawler, and semantic analysis was employed to process the data before hypothesis testing. The findings of this study indicate that users' perception of product features, price levels and brand culture significantly influence user attitude. The more product characteristics communicated on online platforms, the more difficult to formulate a positive user attitude, and users tend to have more positive attitude with higher perceived price. Compared with traditional text-based platforms, contents in live-streaming platforms (e.g., Tik Tok) with less product features, wider culture distance and lower perceived price are favored among users., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Zhan, Li and Ren.)

Schizophrenia is an unexplained, complex and serious mental illness. Blonanserin (BNS) is a new antipsychotic drug widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, large-scale clinical studies have not been conducted in China. A multi-center, prospective, open-label, 12-week surveillance was carried out to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of BNS in patients with schizophrenia in China. Safety assessments included adverse drug reactions (ADRs), extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), akathisia, concomitant medications for EPS by the end of treatment, and the changes in body weight from baseline by the end of treatment. The effectiveness was evaluated by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). From September 2018 to May 2020, of the 1,060 patients enrolled, 1,018 were included in the full analysis set (FAS) and safety set (SS), respectively. ADRs were developed in 205 patients among the included, the incidence being 20.1%. ADRs of EPS occurred in 169 patients, the incidence being 16.6%, ADRs of akathisia occurred in 90 patients, the incidence being 8.8%; concomitant therapeutic and prophylactic agents for EPS accounts for 19.2%; 4.0% of patients had a ≥7% increase in body weight from baseline at 12 weeks after initiating treatment. Using the last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) method, the changes in total BPRS scores were -11.2 ± 10.17 ( N = 1,018), -16.8 ± 12.69 ( N = 1,018) and -20.6 ± 13.99 ( N = 1,018) after 2/4, 6/8, or 12 weeks, respectively. 53.5% (545/1,018) patients showed response to blonanserin treatment in week 12. The post-marketing surveillance results of BNS demonstrates safety profile and effectiveness of the drug., Competing Interests: The authors declare that this study received funding from Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. and Sumitomo Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. The funder had the following involvement in the study: the study design and the analysis., (Copyright © 2022 Wu, Wang, Liu, Sang, Bo, Yang, Xun, Li, Zhang, Sun, Cai, Deng, Zhao, Li, Liu, Zhan and Chen.)

Traditional rehabilitation strategies become difficult in the chronic phase stage of stroke prognosis. Brain-computer interface (BCI) combined with external devices may improve motor function in chronic stroke patients, but it lacks comprehensive assessments of neurological changes regarding functional rehabilitation. This study aimed to comprehensively and quantitatively investigate the changes in brain activity induced by BCI-FES training in patients with chronic stroke. We analyzed the EEG of two groups of patients with chronic stroke, one group received functional electrical stimulation (FES) rehabilitation training (FES group) and the other group received BCI combined with FES training (BCI-FES group). We constructed functional networks in both groups of patients based on direct directed transfer function (dDTF) and assessed the changes in brain activity using graph theory analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (i) after rehabilitation training, the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA) score was significantly improved in the BCI-FES group ( p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the FES group. (ii) Both the global and local graph theory measures of the brain network of patients with chronic stroke in the BCI-FES group were improved after rehabilitation training. (iii) The node strength in the contralesional hemisphere and central region of patients in the BCI-FES group was significantly higher than that in the FES group after the intervention ( p < 0.05), and a significant increase in the node strength of C4 in the contralesional sensorimotor cortex region could be observed in the BCI-FES group ( p < 0.05). These results suggest that BCI-FES rehabilitation training can induce clinically significant improvements in motor function of patients with chronic stroke. It can improve the functional integration and functional separation of brain networks and boost compensatory activity in the contralesional hemisphere to a certain extent. The findings of our study may provide new insights into understanding the plastic changes of brain activity in patients with chronic stroke induced by BCI-FES rehabilitation training., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhan, Chen, Ji, Xu, Song, Wang, Niu, Bin, Kang and Jia.)

Plant height is one of the most important agronomical traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Introducing the semidwarf rice in the 1960s significantly enhanced the rice yield potential in Asia. Implementing near-isogenic lines (NILs) is the most powerful tool for the identification and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study, 176 NILs were produced from the crossing and back-crossing of two rice cultivars. Specifically, the indica rice cultivar Jiafuzhan served as a recipient, and the restorer japonica cultivar Hui1586 served as a donor. Using the 176 NILs, we identified a novel major QTL for reduced plant height in the NIL36 line. The qph12 QTL was mapped to a 31 kb genomic region between the indel markers Indel12-29 and Indel12-31 . The rice genome annotation indicated the presence of three candidate genes in this genomic region. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we confirmed that LOC&#95;Os12g40890 ( qPH12 ) is the target gene in the NIL36 line. Further analysis showed that the qph12 QTL is caused by a 1 bp deletion in the first exon that resulted in premature termination of the qPH12 . Knockout experiments showed that the qph12 QTL is responsible for the reduced plant height phenotype of the NIL36 line. Although the qph12 gene from the NIL36 line showed a shorter panicle length, fewer spikelets per panicle and a lower plant grain yield, the plant also exhibited a lower plant height. Taken together, our results revealed that the qph12 have good specific application prospects in future rice breeding., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 He, Zhan, Huang, Abou-Elwafa and Yang.)

Innate immunity is the front line for antiviral immune responses and bridges adaptive immunity against viral infections. However, various viruses have evolved many strategies to evade host innate immunity. A typical virus is the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry worldwide. PRRSV engages several strategies to evade the porcine innate immune responses. This review focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by PRRSV to evade pattern recognition receptors signaling pathways, type I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR)-JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and interferon-stimulated genes. Deciphering the antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by PRRSV will enhance our understanding of PRRSV's pathogenesis and help us to develop more effective methods to control and eliminate PRRSV., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wang, Sun, Zhang, Wang, Zhan, Tian, Cai, Su and Tang.)

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat and has been largely managed using demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide triadimefon in China. To determine the sensitivity of Pst , a Chinese Pst isolate and its sexually produced progeny isolates were tested with triadimefon using the detached leaf method. The half maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) values varied greatly among the progeny isolates, ranging from 0.06 mg L -1 to 7.89 mg L -1 . Twenty-six of the 56 tested progeny isolates were less sensitive to triadimefon than the parental isolate. A single-nucleotide mutation at the 401 position resulting in an amino acid change from tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) in the 134th codon (Y134F) of the cytochrome P450 sterol 14a-demethylase enzyme ( CYP51 ), the target gene of DMI fungicide, was identified in the parental isolate. The 87 tested progeny isolates segregated into 19 homozygous wild type (AA), 40 heterozygous (AT), and 28 homozygous mutant (TT) genotypes, fitting a 1:2:1 ratio (χ 2 = 2.43; P = 0.30). The mutant isolates had higher EC 50 values than the wild type isolates. Significant differences in logEC 50 were found between the mutant isolates and the wild type isolates ( P = 2.2e -16 ). However, homozygous and heterozygous mutant isolates were not significantly different ( P = 0.21), indicating dominant mutation. Twenty-two progeny isolates were used to inoculate a susceptible wheat variety, and latency period and lesion growth were recorded to compare wild type and mutant isolates for the pathogenicity fitness components. A moderate but significant negative correlation was detected between lesion growth and sensitivity to triadimefon ( r = -0.53; P = 0.01). No significant variation in lesion growth was found between homozygous and heterozygous mutant isolates ( P = 0.83). In the case of latency period and triadimefon sensitivity, no significant correlation was found ( P = 0.17). These results are useful for understanding reduced sensitivity in the pathogen population and improving stripe rust management., (Copyright © 2019 Tian, Meng, Zhao, Chen, Ma, Xu, Huang, Kang and Zhan.)

Characterization of newly isolated mycoviruses may contribute to understanding of the evolution and diversity of viruses. Here, a deep sequencing approach was used to analyze the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycoviruses isolated from field-collected P. striiformis samples in China. Database searches showed the presence of at least four totivirus-like sequences, termed Puccinia striiformis virus 1 to 4 (PsV1 to 4). All of these identified sequences contained two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) which encode a putative coat protein (CP) and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) showing similar structures to members of the genus Totivirus . Each PsV contained a -1 ribosomal frameshifting region with a slippery site and a pseudoknot structure in the overlapped regions of these ORFs, indicating that the RdRp is translated as a CP-RdRp fusion. Phylogenetic analyses based on RdRp and CP suggested that these novel viruses belong to the genus Totivirus in the family Totiviridae . The presences of these PsVs were further validated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and RT-PCR. Taken together, our results demonstrate the presence of diverse, novel totiviruses in the P. striiformis field populations.

The obligate bitrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ) causes stripe (yellow) rust on wheat worldwide. Here, we report a novel fungal strain able to hyperparasitize Pst . The strain was isolated from gray-colored rust pustules, and was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.: Fr.) keissler based on a combination of morphological characteristics and multi-locus (ITS, GAPDH, and RPB2) phylogeny. Upon artificial inoculation, the hyperparasite reduced the production and viability of urediniospores, and produced a typical gray-colored rust pustule symptom. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the strain could efficiently penetrate and colonize Pst urediniospores. This study first demonstrates that A. alternata could parasitize Pst and indicates its potential application in the biological control of wheat stripe rust disease.

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ), is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in China. Rapid change to virulence following release of resistant cultivars necessitates ongoing discovery and exploitation of new resistance resources. Considerable effort has been directed at non-host resistance (NHR) which is believed to be durable. In the present study we identified rice mutant crr1 (compromised resistance to rust 1) that exhibited compromised NHR to Pst . Compared with wild type rice variety Nipponbare, crr1 mutant displayed a threefold increase in penetration rate by Pst , and enhanced hyphal growth. The pathogen also developed haustoria in crr1 mesophyll cells, but failed to sporulate. The response to the adapted rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae was unchanged in crr1 relative to the wild type. Several defense-related genes involved in the SA- and JA-mediated defense pathways response and in phytoalexin synthesis (such as OsPR1a , OsLOX1 , and OsCPS4 ) were more rapidly and strongly induced in infected crr1 leaves than in the wild type, suggesting that other layers of defense are still in effect. Genetic analysis and mapping located the mutant loci at a region between markers ID14 and RM25792, which cover about 290 kb genome sequence on chromosome 10. Further fine mapping and cloning of the locus should provide further insights into NHR to rust fungi in rice, and may reveal new strategies for improving rust resistance in wheat.

Chronic sleep disruption (CSD) is a cardinal feature of sleep apnea that predicts impaired wakefulness. Despite effective treatment of apneas and sleep disruption, patients with sleep apnea may have persistent somnolence. Lasting wake disturbances in treated sleep apnea raise the possibility that CSD may induce sufficient degeneration in wake-activated neurons (WAN) to cause irreversible wake impairments. Implementing a stereological approach in a murine model of CSD, we found reduced neuronal counts in representative WAN groups, locus coeruleus (LC) and orexinergic neurons, reduced by 50 and 25%, respectively. Mice exposed to CSD showed shortened sleep latencies lasting at least 4 weeks into recovery from CSD. As CSD results in frequent activation of WAN, we hypothesized that CSD promotes mitochondrial metabolic stress in WAN. In support, CSD increased lipofuscin within select WAN. Further, examining the LC as a representative WAN nucleus, we observed increased mitochondrial protein acetylation and down-regulation of anti-oxidant enzyme and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA. Remarkably, CSD markedly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha within WAN, and not in adjacent neurons or glia. Thus, CSD, as observed in sleep apnea, results in a composite of lasting wake impairments, loss of select neurons, a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative mitochondrial stress response in WAN, consistent with a degenerative process with behavioral consequences.