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Objective: Epidemiologic and clinical features of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may show substantial differences among countries. The primary goal in the management of T1DM is to prevent micro- and macrovascular complications by achieving good glycemic control. The present study aimed to assess metabolic control, presence of concomitant autoimmune diseases, and of acute and long-term complications in patients diagnosed with T1DM during childhood and adolescence. The study also aimed to be a first step in the development of a national registry system for T1DM, in Turkey., Methods: Based on hospital records, this cross-sectional, multicenter study included 1 032 patients with T1DM from 12 different centers in Turkey, in whom the diagnosis was established during childhood. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded. Metabolic control, diabetes care, complications, and concomitant autoimmune diseases were evaluated., Results: Mean age, diabetes duration, and hemoglobin A1c level were 12.5 ± 4.1 years, 4.7 ± 3.2 years, and 8.5 ± 1.6%, respectively. Acute complications noted in the past year included ketoacidosis in 5.2% of the patients and severe hypoglycemia in 4.9%. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was noted in 12%, Graves' disease in 0.1%, and celiac disease in 4.3% of the patients. Chronic complications including neuropathy, retinopathy, and persistent microalbuminuria were present in 2.6%, 1.4%, and 5.4% of the patients, respectively. Diabetic nephropathy was not present in any of the patients. Mean diabetes duration and age of patients with neuropathy, retinopathy and microalbuminuria were significantly different from the patients without these long-term complications (p<0.01). A significant difference was found between pubertal and prepubertal children in terms of persistent microalbuminuria and neuropathy (p=0.02 and p<0.001, respectively). Of the patients, 4.4% (n:38) were obese and 5% had short stature; 17.4% of the patients had dyslipidemia, and 14% of the dyslipidemic patients were obese., Conclusions: Although the majority of the patients in the present study were using insulin analogues, poor glycemic control was common, and chronic complications were encountered.

Background: Insulin glargine provides effective glycemic control when administered at bedtime in adults., Objective: This study aims to investigate whether insulin glargine is equally effective if administered in the morning or at bedtime in combination with preprandial anologue insulin., Methods: Twenty-eight patients that have been treated with an intensified insulin regimen for at least one year were randomized to insulin glargine injection at breakfast (06:00-09:00) (12 patients) or bedtime (21:00-24:00) (16 patients), plus meal-time anologue insulin in the two groups. Glucose data from each day were analyzed at four different times: between 9:00 and 21:00 (t1), between 21:00 and 24:00 (t2), between 24:00 and 04:00 (t3),04:00 and 09:00 (t4) by the Minimed continuous glucose monitoring system., Results: Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. The sensor values were lower before breakfast in the bedtime group (180.5 ± 49.0 vs 223.8 ± 47.3 mg/dl, p=0.03). There were 13.7 events.patient (-1).day(-1) in the bedtime group and 6.9 events.patient (-1).day(-1) in the breakfast group in which glucose levels fell below 60 mg/dl (p=0.3). There were 121.6 events.patient (-1).day(-1) in the bedtime group and 162.4 events.patient (-1).day(-1) in the breakfast group in which glucose levels exceeded 180 mg/dl (p=0.05). Nighttime hypoglycemia only reached to a statistical significance between the two groups between 24:00 and 04:00. There were no significant correlations between the duration of nocturnal hypoglycemia, age, duration of diabetes, gender and HbA1c levels., Conclusion: Breakfast group is hyperglycemic during the day and hyperglycemia starts in the morning at 04:00. There is no significant difference in the frequency or duration of hypo/hyper glycemia during the day and night irrespective of the timing of glargine injection except pre-breakfast levels are significantly better in the bedtime group and hypoglycemia occurs between midnight and 04:00 in the bedtime group.