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Objective:In this study, it was aimed to retrospectively evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM and avidity index results of patients who were requested for Toxoplasma serology in our hospital between 01.01.2017 and 31.12.2021.Methods:Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies are studied with Abbott Architect İ2000 SR device that using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method (CMIA), according to the company's recommendations. The age, gender, nationality, sending clinic/polyclinic, and pregnancy status information of patients were scanned from the hospital system.Results:In the five-year period between 2017 and 2021, 29.58% of anti-Toxoplasma IgG tests requested from 12694 patients and 0.94% of anti-Toxoplasma IgM tests sent from 12546 patients were found positive. It is striking that the number of test requests is higher in women. IgG positivity is highest in women in the age group of 30-39 (9.97%), and in men in the age group of 60-69 (6.97%). IgM positivity is higher in both women and men in the 20-29 age group (0.48% and 0.38%, respectively). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG was positive in 27.78% and IgM in 0.64% of the pregnant women. IgG positivity in Turkish and Syrian pregnant women were determined as 25.88%; 47.10% and IgM positivity as 0.49% and 1.83%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p

Tularemia is a rare zoonosis that is caused by Francisella tularensis and manifests with masses in the head and neck region. The most common form of tularemia is ulceroglandular form; the other clinical forms of tularemia are glandular, oculoglandular, pharyngeal, typhoidal, and pneumonic. The diagnosis of F. tularensis infection is made by serological, culture, or molecular methods. The epidemiological history should be thoroughly questioned and the necessary investigations should be planned with suspicion of tularemia for patients with lymphadenopathy (LAP) and history of contact with unregulated water sources. Although Trabzon is not an endemic area, we present two sporadic cases of oculoglandular and ulceroglandular tularemia in two brothers aged 59 and 57 years. Treatment with streptomycin for 14 days resulted in clinical improvement. Tularemia outbreaks associated with natural water sources in Turkey between January 1, 2000 and August 1, 2017 were screened and scrutinized using by the keywords "tularemi", "kaynak suyu", "LAP", "water resource", "tularemia", "lymphadenopathy" in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. We determined that serologic methods are the most commonly used diagnostic method, the oropharyngeal form was the most common clinical form, and aminoglycosides were the most commonly used treatments, while ciprofloxacin and doxycycline are rarely used. There was no mortality except for one patient and there were not enough data about recurrence. Two cases of tularemia associated with natural water resources have been presented in this report. Even if patients do not come from endemic areas, tularemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of LAP and targeted therapy should be planned.

Hantavirus is an enveloped virus with an RNA genome comprised of three negative-sense, single-stranded segments and belongs to the genus Hantavirus in family Bunyaviridae. Human infections are seen in two different clinical presentations: "Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome" and "Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome". However, the main pathogenic mechanism is vascular endothelial dysfunction; viral properties and host immunogenetic factors both play a role in pathogenesis. Early diagnosis and supportive treatment are crucial to prevent mortality. Fluid/electrolyte and oxygen therapy, renal replacement, regulation of blood pressure, and blood or blood products replacement are the main components of supportive treatment. Although ribavirin is controversial in the specific treatment, some studies have suggested that it may be beneficial, especially during the oliguric phase. Favipiravir and icatibant are other effective drugs in the treatment, and the use of αvβ3 integrin inhibitors is also suggested. In recent years, monoclonal antibodies have been proposed for treatment as well as prophylaxis. DNA vaccines prepared with new technologies have good efficacy, enhancing the neutralizing antibody response. The next major breakthrough in Hantavirus immunization will be a vaccine that is effective against all viral subtypes.

Cyclospora cayetanensis one of the coccoidian parasite which presenting by gastrointestinal symptoms like prolonged wet diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, weakness and nausea gastrointestinal diseases. Infections are mostly seen in immunocompromised hosts such HIV/AIDS patients. The clinical spectrum of the diseases can vary from asymptomatic infection to life-threating infections in immunocompromised patients. Differantial diagnosis should be made carefully and proper antibiotic treatment should be given in symptomatic cases. It should pay attention to distinguish C. cayetanensis from Cryptosporidium cysts on stool exams especially. In our study, 22 and 88 years-old symptomatic male patients with C. cayetanensis infection had been presented. Diagnosis is made by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and ultraviole microscopy in addition to direct microscopy in our patients. Both of the patients had no history of travel and antibiotic consumption however young patient had fast-food habits. Anti-HIV antibodies were found as negative in sera samples. Our patients were evaluated as immunocompetent individuals. The patient which had prolonged symptoms been treated successfully by trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole (TMP-SMX) 2 x 160/800 mg/day orally during one week. In other patient, succesfull response was achieved by moxifloxacin 1 x 400 mg/day IV which mainly starting for treatment of cellulitis and the treatment was continued for one week. Cyclopora cayatensis cycts were completely disappeared on control stool examinations in addition to improvement of clinical findings in our cases. Relapse was not observed in the three month follow-up of patients. C. cayetanensis should also take into consideration for immunocompetent patients with complaint of enteritis or nausea, abdominal pain. If these patients have prolonged complaints they should also treat such as immunocompromiseds.

The aim of this study, is to examine the orthodontic patients for the carrier incidence of Candida and to determine the effects of geographical and gender differences to the Candida incidence. One hundred and nine children, who do not have any systemic disease, who were not treated with removable orthodontic appliances before, who do not smoke, were investigated. As a result of this study, the incidence of Candida was %28.44 and the most three identifed Candida species were C. Albicans, C. Tropicalis and C. Guillermondii. As an istatisticaly, no significant differences were found in Candida incidence between the patients living in İsparta, Antalya and Burdur. Furtennore there is no significant difference between genders.