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The chronic pyelonephritis is an unspecific, bacterial, focal, interstitial nephritis with faculative participation of the pyelon. It is differentiated between an obstructive (secondary) and non-obstructive (primary) form. It is referred to the importance of risk factors and risk groups deriving themselves from this. Without doubt, the chronic pyelonephritis is the most frequent renal disease which is confirmed by new statistics of morbidity. The diagnostics still renders difficulties. In a course poor in symptoms it is not thought of the existence of the disease. For the rational dignostics in practice a step plan is recommended. In every case diagnostics should precede therapy. A therapeutic nihilism is to be avoided. A schematic treatment used without criticism and without taking into consideration individual peculiarities, secondary diseases, pregnancy and so on is to be abandoned. Short-term therapy and long-term prevention must be tuned one to another and possibly rationally combined. A plan for the long-term control in the renal dispensary is proposed.