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With the increasing need for minimally invasive procedures based on lower complication rates, higher patient acceptance, and technical developments, there is a growing focus on the sound interventional training of young radiologists. This survey aimed to analyze the current situation in interventional radiology (IR) training in Germany to detect shortcomings and identify areas for improvement.From November 1-30, 2020, an online questionnaire was distributed to representative radiological associations and societies with the request to forward it to radiology residents and radiologists 40 years. The 44 questions covered six distinct areas from personal working conditions to the characterization of the IR department, training conditions, role of women in IR, and attendance at congresses/external training.A total of 330 participants completed the questionnaire. 77 % of participants expressed a high interest in IR, and 47 % could even imagine subspecializing in interventional radiology. Most institutions provided the necessary learning conditions and infrastructure. The rate of overall satisfaction with IR training conditions was 45 % (vs. a dissatisfaction rate of 39 %). However, females showed a lower satisfaction rate with their training environment than male participants (28 % vs. 51 %; P = 0.06). Positive correlations with work satisfaction were found for the presence and duration of the IR rotation, the number of partly independently/mentored performed interventions, and structured feedback. Moreover, the need for a structured training curriculum was expressed by 67 % of participants.Radiological residents and young radiologists expressed a high interest in interventional radiology, and they rate the infrastructure of German hospitals regarding IR as sufficient. However, they expressed the need for consistent IR rotations and better-structured resident and postgraduate education (curriculainterviews).Interest in interventional radiology among radiological residents and young radiologists in Germany is high, but satisfaction with interventional radiology training leaves room for improvement. The most frequently mentioned aspects that can improve IR training were · organized rotations of at least 6 months. · structured curriculums with face-to-face feedback. · structured guidance by senior interventionists during procedures. CITATION FORMAT: · Sieren M, Katoh M, Mahnken AH et al. Work and Training Conditions of German Residents and Young Radiologists in Interventional Radiology - A Nationwide Survey. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 1346 - 1357.Die fundierte interventionelle Ausbildung junger RadiologInnen gerät durch den zunehmenden Bedarf an minimal-invasiven Prozeduren immer mehr in den Fokus. Ziel dieser Umfrage war es, die aktuelle Situation der Ausbildung in der Interventionellen Radiologie (IR) in Deutschland zu analysieren, um Defizite aufzudecken und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren.Vom 1. bis 30. November 2020 wurde ein Online-Fragebogen an repräsentative radiologische Verbände und Gesellschaften versandt mit der Bitte, ihn an AssistenzärztInnen und RadiologInnen 40 Jahre weiterzuleiten. Die 44 Fragen deckten 6 verschiedene Bereiche ab, von den persönlichen Arbeitsbedingungen bis zur Charakterisierung der IR-Abteilung, den Ausbildungsbedingungen, der Rolle der Frauen in der IR und der Teilnahme an Kongressen/externen Fortbildungen.Insgesamt haben 330 TeilnehmerInnen den Fragebogen ausgefüllt. 77 % der TeilnehmerInnen bekundeten ein hohes Interesse an der IR und 47 % konnten sich sogar eine Subspezialisierung in der interventionellen Radiologie vorstellen. Die Mehrheit der Institutionen stellten die notwendigen Rahmenbedingungen und Infrastruktur bereit. Insgesamt lag die Zufriedenheit über die interventionsradiologische Weiterbildung bei 45 % (vs. 39 % Unzufriedenheit), wobei die Zufriedenheit mit den Ausbildungsbedingungen bei Teilnehmerinnen geringer ausfiel als bei den Teilnehmern (28 % vs. 51 %; P = 0,06). Positive Korrelationen mit der Arbeitszufriedenheit wurden für das Vorhandensein und die Dauer der IR-Rotation, die Anzahl der teilweise selbstständig/supervidiert durchgeführten Eingriffe und ein institutionalisiertes, strukturiertes Feedback festgestellt. Darüber hinaus äußerten 67 % der Teilnehmer den Wunsch nach einem strukturierten Ausbildungscurriculum.AssistenzärztInnen und junge RadiologInnen zeigen ein hohes Interesse an der Interventionellen Radiologie und bewerten die Infrastruktur deutscher Krankenhäuser im Bereich der IR als ausreichend. Sie äußerten jedoch den Bedarf an konsistenten IR-Rotationen und einer besser strukturierten grundlegenden und weiterführenden Ausbildung (CurriculaInterviews).Das Interesse an der Interventionellen Radiologie ist bei Assistenzärzten und jungen Radiologen in Deutschland hoch, die Zufriedenheit mit der Ausbildung in der Interventionellen Radiologie ist geringer. Die am häufigsten genannten Aspekte, die die IR-Ausbildung verbessern können, waren · organisierte Rotationen von mindestens 6 Monaten Dauer. · strukturierte Curricula mit persönlichem Feedback. · strukturierte Anleitung durch erfahrene Interventionisten während der Eingriffe.

Radiology reports mostly contain free-text, which makes it challenging to obtain structured data. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques transform free-text reports into machine-readable document vectors that are important for creating reliable, scalable methods for data analysis. The aim of this study is to classify unstructured radiograph reports according to fractures of the distal fibula and to find the best text mining method.We established a novel German language report dataset: a designated search engine was used to identify radiographs of the ankle and the reports were manually labeled according to fractures of the distal fibula. This data was used to establish a machine learning pipeline, which implemented the text representation methods bag-of-words (BOW), term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), principal component analysis (PCA), non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), and document embedding (doc2vec). The extracted document vectors were used to train neural networks (NN), support vector machines (SVM), and logistic regression (LR) to recognize distal fibula fractures. The results were compared via cross-tabulations of the accuracy (acc) and area under the curve (AUC).In total, 3268 radiograph reports were included, of which 1076 described a fracture of the distal fibula. Comparison of the text representation methods showed that BOW achieved the best results (AUC = 0.98; acc = 0.97), followed by TF-IDF (AUC = 0.97; acc = 0.96), NMF (AUC = 0.93; acc = 0.92), PCA (AUC = 0.92; acc = 0.9), LDA (AUC = 0.91; acc = 0.89) and doc2vec (AUC = 0.9; acc = 0.88). When comparing the different classifiers, NN (AUC = 0,91) proved to be superior to SVM (AUC = 0,87) and LR (AUC = 0,85).An automated classification of unstructured reports of radiographs of the ankle can reliably detect findings of fractures of the distal fibula. A particularly suitable feature extraction method is the BOW model. Key Points: Citation Format

Purpose To investigate the effect of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on interventional radiology (IR) in Germany in 2020 and 2021. Materials und Methods This retrospective study is based on the nationwide interventional radiology procedures documented in the quality register of the German Society for Interventional Radiology and Minimally Invasive Therapy (DeGIR-QS-Register). The nationwide volume of interventions in the pandemic years 2020 and 2021 was compared with the pre-pandemic period (Poisson-test, Mann-Whitney test). The aggregated data were additionally evaluated by intervention type with differentiated consideration of the temporal epidemiological infection occurrence. Results During the two pandemic years 2020 and 2021, the number of interventional procedures increased by appr. 4 % compared to the same period of the previous year (n = 190 454 and 189 447 vs. n = 183 123, respectively, p Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic in Germany led to a significant short-term decrease in interventional radiology procedures in the initial phase. A compensatory increase in the number of procedures was observed in the subsequent period. This reflects the adaptability and robustness of IR and the high demand for minimally invasive radiological procedures in medical care. Key points: Citation Format

To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 on the radiological imaging volume in Germany.In this retrospective multicenter study, we analyzed CT and MRI examinations of 7 radiology institutes across Germany from January to December 2020. The imaging volume was compared to 2019 (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Modality, patient service locations, and examined body parts were assessed in consideration of time periods of the pandemic. In addition, correlation with the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 cases and associated death was performed (Spearman-test).In total, in 2020, imaging volume declined by 4 % (n = 8314) compared with 2019 (p 0.05). The hard lockdown during the first pandemic wave (calendar week 12-16, March 22 - April 19) revealed the highest decrease with 29 % (n = 894, p 0.01), with the greatest decrease in CT (36 % vs. MRI 26 %), outpatients (38 %, p 0.01), and imaging of the spine and extremities (51-72 %, 0.05 - p 0.01). Examinations referred from the emergency department (-13 %, p 0.05) and CT of the chest (-16 %, p 0.05) were least affected. With the end of the first wave, gradual normalization of the imaging volume was observed and persisted until the end of the observation period. A reduction of imaging volume negatively correlated with the incidence of SARS-CoV-2-positive cases and associated deaths (r = 0.28 and 0.49, p 0.05 and p 0.001).The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant temporary decline in imaging volume. After the first lockdown period, a quick recovery was observed with radiologic imaging examinations steadily approaching prior-year figures.· This study assesses the impact of dynamic pandemic activity on radiological imaging in a multicenter analysis in Germany.. · The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a temporary decline in CT and MRI scans.. · Relaxation of restrictions was associated with fast normalization of imaging volumes to prior-year levels, which persisted until the end of the year.. · Significant catch-up effects were not observed..· Schmidbauer M, Grenacher L, Juchems MS et al. Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Radiological Imaging in Germany. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 625 - 633.ZIEL: Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Durchführung radiologischer Bildgebung in Deutschland.In dieser retrospektiven multizentrischen Studie wurden die durchgeführten CT- und MRT-Bildgebungen 7 deutschlandweiter radiologischer Zentren von Januar bis Dezember 2020 analysiert. Das Untersuchungsvolumen wurde mit dem Vorjahreszeitraum verglichen (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-Test). Die Auswertung der aggregierten Daten erfolgte differenziert nach Modalität, Zuweiser, Körperregion und unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der zeitlichen Pandemieentwicklung. Die Untersuchungszahlen wurden zudem mit der Inzidenz von SARS-CoV-2-positiven Fällen und assoziierten Todesfällen korreliert (Spearman-Test).Im Pandemiejahr 2020 wurden insg. 4 % (n = 8314) weniger CT- und MRT-Untersuchungen durchgeführt als im Vorjahr (p 0,05). Die Differenz ist vornehmlich auf den Zeitraum des harten Lockdowns (Kalenderwoche 12–16, 22. März bis 19. April 2020) zurückzuführen, welcher im Vergleich zum Vorjahreszeitraum zu einem Rückgang der Untersuchungen um 29 % geführt hat (n = 894, p 0,01). MRT-Untersuchungen waren dabei stärker betroffen als CT-Untersuchungen (36 % vs. 26 %). Der größte Rückgang war mit –38 % (p 0,01) bei ambulanten Patienten zu verzeichnen und bei Untersuchungen von Wirbelsäule und Extremitäten (–51 % bis –72 %, p 0,05 bis p 0,01). Am geringsten tangiert waren Untersuchungen aus den Zentralen Notaufnahmen (–13 %, p 0,05) sowie CT-Untersuchungen des Thorax (–16 %, p 0,05). Das Ende des harten Lockdowns ging mit einer sukzessiven Normalisierung des Untersuchungsvolumens auf das Vorjahresniveau einher, die auch mit Beginn der zweiten Pandemiewelle und des milderen Lockdowns am Jahresende anhielt. Der Rückgang der Untersuchungen 2020 korrelierte dabei negativ mit der Inzidenz an SARS-CoV-2-positiven Fällen und assoziierten Todesfällen (r = 0,28 und 0,49; p 0,05 und p 0,001).Die COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland führte 2020 temporär zu einem signifikanten Rückgang radiologischer CT- und MRT-Untersuchungen. Nach Ende des ersten Lockdowns im Frühjahr zeigte sich eine rasche Erholung der Untersuchungszahlen mit weitgehender Stabilisierung des Untersuchungsvolumens auf das Vorjahresniveau.· Die Studie zeigt die pandemiebedingten Veränderungen radiologischer Bildgebung in einer multizentrischen, deutschlandweiten Analyse.. · Im Jahr 2020 kam es während des ersten Lockdowns zu einem temporären quantitativen Rückgang an CT- und MRT-Untersuchungen.. · Mit Beginn der ersten Lockerungen trat eine zügige Normalisierung der Untersuchungsvolumina auf Vorjahresniveau ein, die bis zum Jahresende anhielt.. · Signifikante Nachholeffekte wurden nicht beobachtet..· Schmidbauer M, Grenacher L, Juchems MS et al. Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Radiological Imaging in Germany. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 625 – 633.

Background MRI is attractive for guiding and monitoring interventional procedures due to its high intrinsic soft tissue contrast and the possibility to measure flow and cardiac function. Methods Technical solutions have been developed for all procedural steps including imaging guidance, MR-safe catheters and instruments and patient monitoring. This has led to widening of the clinical applications. Interventional MRI is becoming increasingly important for the treatment of patients suffering from malignant diseases. The detectability of masses and consequently their accessibility for biopsy is higher, compared to other modalities, due to the high intrinsic soft tissue contrast of MRI. Temperature-dependent sequences allow for minimally invasive and tissue-sparing ablation (A-0 ablation). Conclusion Interventional MRI has become established in the clinical routine for a variety of indications, including biopsies and tumor ablation. Since the economic requirement of covering costs by reimbursement is met and interventional MRI decreases the mortality and morbidity of interventional procedures, broader application of interventional MRI can be expected in the clinical routine in the future. Key points Citation Format

Background MRI is attractive for the guiding and monitoring of interventional procedures due to its high intrinsic soft tissue contrast and the possibility to measure physiologic parameters like flow and cardiac function. Method The current status of interventional MRI for the clinical routine was analyzed. Results The effort needed for the development of MR-safe monitoring systems and instruments initially resulted in the application of interventional MRI only for procedures that could not be performed by other means. Accordingly, biopsy of lesions in the breast, which are not detectable by other modalities, has been performed under MRI guidance for decades. Currently, biopsies of the prostate under MRI guidance are established in a similar fashion. At many sites blind biopsy has already been replaced by MR-guided biopsy or at least by the fusion of MR images with ultrasound. Cardiovascular interventions are performed at several centers for ablation as a treatment for atrial fibrillation. Conclusion Interventional MRI has been established in the clinical routine for a variety of indications. Broader application can be expected in the clinical routine in the future owing to the multiple advantages compared to other techniques. Key points Citation format

Purpose An animal model is used to investigate whether MR angiography combined with super-paramagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO) is suitable for detecting thromboses. Methods 42 rats in groups of 7 each were examined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11, respectively, after mechanical/chemical thrombus induction in a 1.5 Tesla magnet with a FISP sequence (TR/TE/FA 50 ms/6 ms/40 degrees). Imaging was performed before and up to 90 minutes after intravenous injection of 30 mumol FE/kg BW of the experimental SPIO (hydrodynamic diameter, 34 +/- 17 nm LLS; R1 and R2 relaxivity at 0.47 T, 31 and 57 L/(mmol*s)). MIP reconstructions of MR angiographies were submitted to consensus assessment by two examiners. using histology as the gold standard. Results The image quality of MIP reconstructions was rated as good in 38 of 42 cases. With regard to thrombotic vessel occlusion, MR angiography coincided with histology in 17 of 42 cases and differed in 25, lumen narrowing being overestimated by MRI in 4 cases and underestimated in 21. In these 21 cases, the histologically observed recanalization could not be detected by MR angiography. Conclusions SPIO-enhanced MR angiography achieves adequate vessel contrast and reliable thrombus detection in animal experiments. Partial volume effects prevent microscopically observed recanalization from being detected by clinical MRI.

Historically, the combination of relatively long imaging times and restricted patient access has made MRI-guided intervention an impractical technique. Recent developments in MR hardware, pulse sequence improvements that have allowed the development of rapid imaging, and the availability of instruments that can be used under MR guidance have helped to overcome many of the disadvantages of MRI. Parallel to the development of MRI, image-guided percutaneous and endovascular interventions are becoming increasingly complex and require progressively more sophisticated imaging techniques to guide and control such interventions. These initially parallel trends have converged in the last couple of years. The ability of MRI to provide both unprecedented morphology and functional information has created a growing interest in both percutaneous and endovascular MRI-guided interventions. The goal of this review is to describe the technical prerequisites for MR-guided endovascular interventions, to discuss experimental and clinical applications, and to explain safety aspects of this technique.

Purpose The goal of this study was to evaluate translumbar and transhepatic placement of hemodialysis (HD) catheters for patients with occlusion of the veins that are commonly used for hemodialysis access. Method Over a 12-month period three translumbar and one transhepatic hemodialysis catheters were placed in 4 patients suffering from end-stage renal disease, who had thrombosis of the upper and lower extremity veins as well as the jugular veins. The percutaneous access was performed under fluoroscopic guidance. After successful passage of a guidewire into the right atrium and creation of a subcutaneous tunnel at the skin entry site, all patients received a 14 F double-lumen catheter that was placed with its tip in the right atrium. Results Percutaneous translumbar and transhepatic placement of the HD catheters was successful in all patients. No intervention-associated complications were observed. Hemodialysis could be started 1 to 20 hours after initial catheter placement in all patients. During an observation period of 3 to 7 months, 3 patients underwent hemodialysis without any complications. In one patient, an occlusion of an translumbar HD catheter was observed after 5 months. This catheter could be temporarily recanalized using rTPA injection and was then exchanged after 6 months. Conclusion Transhepatic and translumbar placement of HD catheters is a safe and viable alternative for patients who have exhausted conventional venous access sites.

Purpose The aim of this study is to introduce a fast, T2 weighted true FISP keyhole sequence implemented on an open C arm low field magnetic resonance (MR) scanner for interventional procedure guidance. Method Following the acquisition of a reference data set using a true FISP (fast Imaging with Steady Precision) sequence, only the 32 central raw data lines (keyhole) are acquired in a fluoroscopic-like mode enabling continuous image reconstruction and update. The keyhole true-FISP sequence was tested in animal experiments and used in MR-guided interventions in 10 patients. Results The described true FISP keyhole sequence is characterized by an image frame rate of 2.5 images per second and a T2-like contrast. Due to system constraints with respect to the reconstruction, the actual displaying of images was delayed by up to 180 ms. Conclusions The use of the described keyhole sequence enabled a fluoroscopy-like guidance of interventional devices in an open, low-field system.

AIM: To evaluate MR cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) using an open low magnetic field apparatus in normals and in patients with mechanical cholestasis. METHODS: MRCP was performed on five normals and on 30 patients, using both an 0.2 Tesla and 1.5 Tesla apparatus. With the low field system, rapid acquisition by relaxation enhancement was used, for the high field system, half Fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin-echo sequences were used. In all patients, sonography and ERCP or PTC was performed; 23 underwent surgery. RESULTS: In all normals it was possible to show the bile duct, hepatic duct, gall bladder and intrahepatic ducts of the first order. Using the high field system, second order ducts could be shown and sometimes third order ducts. In the patients, MRCP, using either system, demonstrated all 21 obstructive sites due to tumours or stenoses. Stones were shown in 69% by the low field system and in 88% by the high field system. CONCLUSION: MRCP can be successfully carried out using the low field system. In the presence of mechanical cholestasis, image quality is adequate for the localisation of stenoses and occlusions, and, using an open magnet, is suitable for planning further intervention.

UNLABELLED The aim of this prospective MRI study was the analysis of the post-operative signals derived from two techniques for cruciate ligament reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS Group 1 consisted of 15 patients who had undergone conventional plastic repair by patellar tendon transplant and group 2 was made up of 15 patients with arthroscopic reconstruction with semitendinosus grafts. They were examined at 6 weeks and 6 months post-operatively. RESULTS Typical appearances of normal transplants were found in 19 patients. After 6 months 8 of the patellar tendon transplants and three of the semitendinosus transplants could not be clearly defined. At this time there was a significant increase in signal intensity in the middle third of the transplant in group 1. CONCLUSION Bearing in mind the different operative techniques, there was a higher impingement rate in group 1. The post-operative MRI findings at 6 months after surgery allowed differentiation between pathological changes (impingement) and revascularisation (remodelling).

In a patient suffering from malignant obstructive jaundice and thrombocytopenia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to guide percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, to avoid blind puncture of the bile ducts using fluoroscopy. The first puncture approach was successful, and an MRI-visible guide wire and drainage catheter were inserted successfully within 35 min. The course after the intervention was uneventful, and the patient's fever and itching improved. MRI guidance facilitated optimal procedure planning and high puncture accuracy.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate metabolic changes in the small joints of the hand due to rheumatoid arthritis by means of 31-phosphorus spectroscopy. Suitable measurements were developed and 11 normals and 12 patients were then examined during the course of treatment. Relative concentration of low energy phosphorus metabolites was increased in arthritic joints. The phospholipid quotient (phosphomonoester/phosphodiester) and the relationship of inorganic phosphate and beta-nucleoside triphosphate were significant factors during the course of individual treatments.

In a prospective study, the right knee of 21 symptom free juvenile footballers was examined by MRT (group I) and the results were compared with 12 juveniles of similar age but who did not take part in any special sporting activities (group II). A 1.5 Tesla Magnetome with an extremity coil was used. There were no abnormal changes in either group in the cruciate ligaments. The hyaline cartilage medially was about 10% thicker than laterally in both groups but in group I it was, on average, 24.8% thicker than in group II. Increased signals in the centre of the menisci were observed in 8 members of group I and two in group II. 5 of the 8 in group I, but none in group II, also showed an increase in the joint fluid.