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A 74-year-old male presented with dysphagia for 2 months. Computed tomography revealed irregular wall thickening of the esophagus at T3 to T5 level. He underwent gastroscopy which revealed a submucosal bulge with normal mucosa at 25 cm from incisors. Repeated biopsies were taken, all were negative for malignancy. The patient underwent endoscopic ultrasound, and fine-needle aspiration was taken which was suggestive for squamous cell carcinoma.

A 59-year-old male was diagnosed as carcinoma gallbladder around 1 year back and underwent radical cholecystectomy. He also received four cycles of chemotherapy. Now, he complained upper abdominal heaviness; positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was done which showed PET-avid 8.5 mm sized lymph node at aortocaval region. There was no safe route, so endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was advised. However, FNA was not possible without crossing inferior vena cava and further management depended on FNA report. The EUS-FNA was done, and cytopathological smears were consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma. There was no complication.

stinal lymphadenopathy diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration A 41-year-old man from Afghanistan presented with pyrexia of unknown origin and weight loss for 2 months. His work-up revealed anemia (hemoglobin 7.7g/dL) and leukopenia (2990 cells/μL), and he was positive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1). A contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest and abdomen was performed, and showed small mediastinal lymph nodes with normal abdominal imaging. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) of the mediastinal nodes showed a few small nodes at the subcarinal window, the largest of whichmeasured 1.2×0.6cm. These lymph nodes had defined borders, were triangular in shape, and some had a hyperechoic center suggestive of reactive change (●" Fig.1). Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of a larger lymph node (●" Fig.2) was performed because the patient did not want to undergo bone marrow examination. One needle pass with suction was made using an EchoTip 22-gauge needle (Wilson-cook Medical, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States). Cytopathology of the lymph node revealed numerous Leishmania donovani bodies inside and outside histiocytes (●" Fig.3). The patient was offered amphotericin B treatment, but preferred to receive treatment in his home country due to financial difficulties. This case illustrates the safety of performing EUS-FNA of small lymph nodes in the mediastinum where numerous vascular structures are located, and the importance of obtaining a tissue diagnosis even from small lymph nodes if it is indicated (the present case had pyrexia of unknown origin and immunocompromised status). Autopsy studies of the mediastinum have shown that lymph nodes that are up to 1cm in the short axis are reactive in nature [1,2]. The present case also demonstrates the limitation of morphological EUS criteria for differentiating between reactive and pathological lymph nodes. The Leishmania parasite can be isolated from bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients may present atypically, as in the present case in which no organomegaly was seen [3]. Leishmaniasis presenting as isolated lymphadenitis is rare and should be included in the differential diagnosis in immunocompromised patients [3,4]. Fig.3 Cytopathology image showing numerous Leishmania donovani bodies inside and outside histiocytes (Giemsa stain,×100). Fig.1 Endoscopic ultrasound image showing two small lymph nodes at the subcarinal window (labeled as 1 and 2). LA, left atrium; PA, pulmonary artery.