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Venous malformations (VMs) represent the most common type of congenital vascular anomalies, characterized by slow-flow lesions arising from disorganized angiogenesis. These malformations can vary widely in size, location, and clinical impact, presenting significant challenges in diagnosis and management. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimizing care, with goals centered on symptom relief and functional preservation. Diagnostic evaluation typically involves clinical examination, imaging, and, in complex cases, genetic testing. Interventional radiology, particularly sclerotherapy and endovascular embolization, has become the first-line treatment, complemented by surgical and emerging molecular therapies, particularly targeting the mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the genetics, clinical presentation, and key diagnostic imaging aspects of VMs, along with a detailed discussion of current treatment modalities, emerging therapeutic techniques, and future directions for improving patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular anomalies (VAs) are a heterogeneous group of vascular malformations and tumors that are frequently encountered in daily practice. While most are benign, malignant vascular tumors exist, as do other nonvascular soft-tissue malignancies that may masquerade as a benign VA. The subtleties of arriving at an accurate diagnosis can be intimidating, as new entities are described and names of conditions have been modified. Therefore, the goal of this article is to describe the classic imaging findings of VAs so that the interventional radiologist can confidently and competently contribute to management decisions, with special attention to ominous imaging features that should prompt biopsy or further imaging workup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic classification of vascular disease as proposed and refined by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) divides vascular pathology first into tumors and malformations. Malformations are described as simple and complex, where simple malformations contain a single vascular system and complex malformations comprised of multiple vascular systems. Arteriovenous malformations are considered in terms of inflow characteristics which are primarily responsible for the key management challenges. Management utilizing endovascular embolization and/or surgical resection is often employed; however, recurrence can occur, particularly in diffuse cases. There may be an increasing role for systemic antiangiogenic therapy in such cases. Lymphaticovenous malformations are divided into the principle components on the lymphatic and venous sides for clarity of discussion. Lymphatic malformations are described morphologically as macrocystic and microcystic, and physiologically in terms of the processes responsible for growth. In both cases, surgical options are challenging and local therapeutics intended to close large luminal spaces in the case of macrocystic and to slow biological signaling for growth in microcystic. Venous malformations are described physiologically in terms of flow and distensibility, as volume plays a critical role in the limited space of the orbital cavity. Combined embolic-surgical approaches can be effective for management. More complicated, combined lesions can be managed by dividing the lesion into principal components and treating each appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular malformations of the head and neck are complex lesions that are notoriously difficult to manage. Treatment of these lesions often requires a multispecialty and multimodal approach. In the modern era of evidence-based medicine, it has become imperative for clinicians to incorporate evidence-based treatment algorithms into their everyday practices. With general widespread inundation of the literature with levels IV and V clinical evidence, however, it is often difficult to drawmeaningful conclusions that can be practically applied to the clinical question at hand. When asking how best to manage themost common vascularmalformations, we are faced with this large volume of lower level studies conducted in drastically different ways without consistency in outcomes reporting, thus making direct comparison nearly impossible. Furthermore, much of the evidence shows mixed results, adding to confusion over what the optimal evidence-based treatment approaches truly are. In attempt to derive consensus from available literature discussing the management of vascular malformations, we reviewed the current literature detailing modern-day treatment approaches for lymphatic malformations, venous malformations, and arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascularmalformations (VMs) comprise a wide spectrum of lesions that are classified by content and flow characteristics. These lesions, occurring in both focal and diffuse forms, can involve any organ and tissue plane and can cause significant morbidity in both children and adults. Since treatment strategy depends on the type of malformation, correct diagnosis and classification of a vascular lesion are crucial. Slow-flow VMs (venous and lymphaticmalformations) are often treated by sclerotherapy, whereas fastflow lesions (arteriovenous malformations) are generally managedwith embolization. In addition, some cases of VMs are best treated surgically. This review will present an overview of VMs in the female pelvis as well as a discussion of endovascular therapeutic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a 16-year-old intelligent and sportive boy with the cutaneous findings of phacomatosis pigmentovascularis unclassifiable type.The skin anomaly was lateralised to his left body side since birth, fading over the years. Because of headache and dizziness, brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which revealed an impressive enlargement of subependymal, deep and superficial medullary veins on the right side combined with a mild atrophy of the ipsilateral parietal region. We propose to investigate patients with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis for associated venous brain malformations with adequate imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]