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Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Codonopsis pilosula., Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques (NMR) and physicochemical properties., Results: The compounds were isolated as hesperidin(I), n-hexyl beta-sophoroside(II), atractylenolide III (III), lobetyolin(IV), lobetyolinin(V), taraxerol(VI), taraxeryl acetate(VII), alpha-spinasterol(VIII),9,10,13-trihydroxy-(E)-11-octadecenoic acid (IX),beta-sitosterol(X),beta-daucosterol(XI)and sugar(XII)., Conclusion: Compounds 1 -2 and 9 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Objective: To determine the contents of hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeretin in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' from various habitats and different collecting periods (from October to December) and study the dynamic change of three flavonoids constituents., Methods: The HPLC method was used for analysis the contents of flavonoids in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. The system used a Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol (80:20)-2% acetic acid. The monitoring wavelength was at 283 nm and 330 nm and the column temperature was at 25 degrees C with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min., Results: The contents of hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeretin in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' collecting from various habitats descended gradually with the mature of fruit, especially in nobiletin and tangeretin., Conclusion: The method was simple, convenient and can be used to provide some foundation for the quality control of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'.

Objective: To study the flavonoids constituents of Trachelospemum jasminoides., Methods: The compounds were separated and purified by column chromatography with silica gel, and identified by IR, MS, NMR and 2D-NMR., Results: Six flavonoids were identified as apigenin (I), apigenin 7-O-beta-glucoside (II), apigenin 7-O-beta-neospheroside (III), luteoloside (IV), narngin (V) 6,8-di-C-glucopyanosylapigenin (VI), respectively., Conclusion: Compounds V and VI are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Objective: To study the optimal extraction process of chaihushugan powder by orthogonal design., Methods: RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of saikosaponin a, ferulic acid, hesperidin and paeoniflorin in chaihushugan powder. The contents of the components and the extraction yield were selected as assessment indices. Four factors were study by L9 (3(4)), including the alcohol concentration, amount of alcohol, duration of extraction and times of extraction., Results: The optimal extracting condition was 80% alcohol consumed as 10 times of crude herb amount, and extracting two times for 90 min each time., Conclusion: This study supplies theoretical base for the development of chaihushugan powder formulation.

Objective: To investigate chemical constituents of Portulaca oleracea., Methods: The constituents were isolated by various column chromatography methods, and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis., Results: Five compounds were isolated from 70% ethanol extract and their structures were elucidated as oleracein A(1), oleracein B(2), oleracein E(3), hesperidin (4) and caffeic acid (5)., Conclusion: Compound 4 and 5 are isolated from Portulaca oleracea for the first time.

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was studied for the extraction of Hesperidin from the pericarpium citri reticulate. Several factors, such as the concentration of extraction solvent, MAE time, MAE temperature, microwave power and liquid/ solid ratios were investigated, and the optimal conditions were obtained. The extraction percentage of hesperidiin was obtained by 2.40%, under 14 minutes extraction in 70% methanol water solvent at 65 degrees C , and the liquid/solid ratios of 25:1 (ml/g). Furthermore, compared with the other extraction methods, the MAE was more timesaving and effective. The result indicated that the MAE method is fast, efficient and energy saving, which is useful for active compounds extraction from orange peel.

The chemical constituents from the flower of Citrus aurantium were studied. 11 compounds were isolated and identified including neohesperidin(I), synephrin(II), 5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3 beta-ol(III), adenosine(IV), asparagine(V), tyrosine(VI), valine(VII), isoleucine(VIII), alanine(IX),beta-sitosterol(X) and beta-daucosterol(XI).