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Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands second in terms of mortality and third among the highest prevalent kinds of cancer globally. CRC prevalence is rising in moderately and poorly developed regions and is greater in economically advanced regions. Despite breakthroughs in targeted therapy, resistance to chemotherapeutics remains a significant challenge in the long-term management of CRC. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been involved in growing cancer therapy resistance, particularly in CRC, according to an increasing number of studies in recent years. CircRNAs are one of the novel subclasses of non-coding RNAs, previously thought of as viroid. According to studies, circRNAs have been recommended as biological markers for therapeutic targets and diagnostic and prognostic purposes. That is particularly notable given that the expression of circRNAs has been linked to the hallmarks of CRC since they are responsible for drug resistance in CRC patients; thereby, circRNAs are significant for chemotherapy failure. Moreover, knowledge concerning circRNAs remains relatively unclear despite using all these advanced techniques. Here, in this study, we will go over the most recent published work to highlight the critical roles of circRNAs in CRC development and drug resistance and highlight the main strategies to overcome drug resistance to improve clinical outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest, (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have essential roles in the etiology of breast cancer and are regarded as possible markers in this malignancy. In order to find new markers for breast cancer, the current study has measured expression level of four miRNAs, namely miR-125a, miR-106b, miR-96 and miR-92a-3p in the paired breast samples. Expression levels of miR-125a and miR-106b were higher in tumoral tissues compared with control tissues (Expression ratios (95% CI) = 4.01 (1.96-8.19) and 3.9 (1.95-7.81); P values = 0.0005 and 0.0003, respectively). miR-106b and miR-125a differentiated between malignant and non-malignant tissues with AUC values of 0.7 and 0.67, respectively. We detected association between expression of miR-106b and clinical stage (P = 0.03), in a way that its expression was the lowest in the advanced stages. Finally, significant relationships were found between miR-96 and miR-125a in both tumoral and non-tumoral specimens (ρ = 0.76 and 0.69, respectively). This nonparametric measure of rank correlation also showed relationship between miR-106b and miR-96 in both sets of samples (ρ = 0.63 and 0.61, respectively). Cumulatively, the assessed miRNAs, particularly miR-125a and miR-106b are putative targets for further expression and functional assays in breast cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest. Competing interests The authors declare they have nothing to report., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

FOXD2 adjacent opposite strand RNA 1 (FOXD2-AS1) is a long non-coding RNA being transcribed from a locus on chromosome 1p33. This transcript has been found to be up-regulated in tumor samples of almost all types of malignancies in association with a significant increase in malignant features. FOXD2-AS1 can affect activity of PI3K/AKT, AKT/mTOR, Hippo/YAP, Notch, NRf2, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-ƙB and ERK/MAPK pathways. Furthermore, it can enhance stem cell properties in cancer cells and prompt epithelial-mesenchymal transition. It is also involved in induction of resistance to a variety of anticancer agents such as adriamycin, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, temozolomide and gemcitabine. This article summarizes the impact of FOXD2-AS1 in diverse human disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of transcripts generally known to be non-coding transcripts, but occasionally producing short peptides. Circ_Ttc3/miR-148a, circ_TLK1/miR-106a-5p, circ_VMA21/miR-9-3p, circ_0068,888/miR-21-5p, circ_VMA21/miR-199a-5p, circ_AFF2/miR-375, circ_0008360/miR-135b-5p and circ-FBXW7/miR-216a-3p are examples of circRNA/miRNA pairs that contribute in the pathogenesis of immune-related conditions. CircRNAs have been found to regulate function of immune system and participate in the pathophysiology of immune-related disorders. In the current study, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases until July 2022 with the key words "circRNA" OR "circular RNA" AND "inflammation". Then, we assessed the abstract of retrieved articles to include original articles that assessed contribution of circRNAs in the pathoetiology of inflammation and related disorders. Finally, we went through the main texts of the articles and tabulated the available information. Therefore, the current study summarizes the role of circRNAs in the pathoetiology of sepsis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, immune-related cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and nervous system disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that contributes in a variety of human pathologies. This lncRNAs acts as molecular sponge for various miRNAs, namely miR-200c-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-195, miR-133b, miR-199a/b-5p, miR-320b, miR-16, miR-15a, miR-218-5p, miR-320 and a number of other miRNAs. Through this mechanism, SNHG12 can affect activity of HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, VEGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PTEN, NF-κB and ERK-1/2 signaling. SNHG12 can affect pathogenesis of several disorders, including those arising from genitourinary, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, central nervous and cardiovascular systems. These effects have been best characterized in the context of cancer where it can be used as a possible diagnostic and prognostic marker. In order to summarize the role of this lncRNA in human disorders, particularly cancer and highlight its potential application in biomedical studies, we designed the current review. We also emphasized on its diagnostic and prognostic roles., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

MicroRNA-328 (miR-328) is an RNA gene that is primarily associated with lung cancer, and its encoding gene is located on 16q22.1. Expression of miR-328 has been observed in lung and esophagus tissues based on RNAseq data. Although several studies have aimed at the detection of miR-328 levels in tumor tissues, there is an obvious discrepancy between the results of these studies. Even in a certain type of cancer, some studies have reported up-regulation of miR-328 in cancerous tissues versus control tissues, while others have reported its down-regulation. This discrepancy might be attributed to different stages/grades of tumor tissues or other clinical characteristics. This review article focuses on the available literature to explore the functions of miR-328 in the development of human carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Pituitary adenomas are slow-growing tumors originated from the anterior part of pituitary gland. These tumors are associated with dysregulation of a number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). PVT1, TUG1, MALAT1, NEAT1 and GAS5 are among lncRNAs with important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation and cell cycle transition. In the current study, we assessed expression levels of PVT1, TUG1, MALAT1, NEAT1 and GAS5 in the pituitary adenoma samples compared with adjacent non-cancerous samples to find their relevance with this type of tumors and their potential as diagnostic markers in these tumors. Expression of NEAT1 was significantly higher in total adenoma tissues (Expression ratio (95% CI)= 7.06 (2.31-21.4), P value= 0.02) and in non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) samples (Expression ratio (95% CI)= 8.5 (2.17-33.12), P value= 0.04) compared with corresponding controls. Although both lncRNAs had appropriate sensitivity values for discrimination of NFPAs from adjacent non-cancerous tissues (0.84 and 0.90 for PVT1 and NEAT1, respectively), the calculated AUC values were not adequate for either lncRNAs (0.63 ± 0.04 and 0.58 ± 0.04 for PVT1 and NEAT1, respectively). Therefore, NEAT1 and PVT1 lncRNAs are dysregulated in NFPA. The current study suggests the role of NEAT1 and PVT1 in the pathogenesis of NFPA., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer that is usually diagnosed at late stages. This highly aggressive tumor is resistant to most therapeutic approaches, necessitating identification of differentially expressed genes to design new therapies. Herein, we have analyzed single cell RNA-seq data with a systems biology approach to identify important differentially expressed genes in PDAC samples compared to adjacent non-cancerous samples. Our approach revealed 1462 DEmRNAs, including 1389 downregulated DEmRNAs (like PRSS1 and CLPS) and 73 upregulated DEmRNAs (like HSPA1A and SOCS3), 27 DElncRNAs, including 26 downregulated DElncRNAs (like LINC00472 and SNHG7) and 1 upregulated DElncRNA (SNHG5). We also listed a number of dysregulated signaling pathways, abnormally expressed genes and aberrant cellular functions in PDAC which can be used as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets in this type of cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are a group of pituitary tumors lacking manifestations linked to high hormone production, such as acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome. NFPA carcinogenesis depends on several molecular players. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of molecular players whose role in tumorigenesis has just recently been recognized. In the current study, we appraised expressions of 5 lncRNAs, namely FGD5-AS1, ATP6V0E2-AS1, ARHGAP5-AS1, WWC2-AS2 and EPB41L4A-AS1 in NFPAs versus their corresponding non-tumoral samples. Expressions of ATP6V0E2-AS1, EPB41L4A-AS1, FGD5-AS1 and WWC2-AS2 were significantly increased in NFPA samples compared with adjacent non-tumoral samples (P values = 0.037, 0.007, 0.008 and 0.03, respectively). However, expression of ARHGAP5-AS1 was not different between NFPA samples and controls (P value = 0.62). EPB41L4A-AS1 and FGD5-AS1 could discriminate between NFPA samples and adjacent non-tumoral samples (P values = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). However, the AUC values were not appropriate. There was a significant positive association between age of NFPA patients and invasiveness of NFPA (χ 2 = 4.24, P value = 0.039). Moreover, there was a significant positive association between diseases duration and CSF leak (χ 2 = 11.4, p value = 0.023). Finally, there was a significant positive association between tumor size and Knosp classification (χ 2 = 11.5, p value = 0.02) and invasiveness of NFPA (χ 2 = 6.12, p value = 0.04). The current study provides information about dysregulation of lncRNAs in NFPAs and warrants additional studies in this field., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

LINC00174 is an example of long intergenic non-coding RNAs with important functions in the development of human cancers. The gene encoding this lincRNA is located on 7q11.21. LINC00174 has been demonstrated to play an oncogenic role in a variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma, thymic carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, breast cancer and non-functioning pituitary adenoma. In lung cancer, there is an obvious discrepancy between different studies regarding the role of this lincRNA. This lincRNA is also involved in the determination of prognosis of different cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. In the current review, we discuss the role of this lincRNA in human carcinogenesis based on the available data in the literature and bioinformatics tools., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

MINCR (MYC-Induced Long Non-Coding RNA) is classified as an lncRNA. It has a significant correlation with MYC gene. MINCR has important roles in the carcinogenesis. It has been approved that this lncRNA can act as molecular sponge for miR-28-5p, miR-708-5p, miR-876-5p and miR-146a-5p. Dysregulated levels of MINCR has been observed in different types of cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition to malignant conditions, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are associated with dysregulation of expression patterns of MINCR. This review outlines MINCR molecular mechanisms of action in different disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

miRNAs represent appropriate candidates for treatment of several disorders. However, safe and efficient delivery of these small-sized transcripts has been challenging. Nanoparticle-based delivery of miRNAs has been used for treatment of a variety of disorders, particularly cancers as well as ischemic stroke and pulmonary fibrosis. The wide range application of this type of therapy is based on the important roles of miRNAs in the regulation of cell behavior in physiological and pathological conditions. Besides, the ability of miRNAs to inhibit or increase expression of several genes gives them the superiority over mRNA or siRNA-based therapies. Preparation of nanoparticles for miRNA delivery is mainly achieved through using protocols originally developed for drugs or other types of biomolecules. In brief, nanoparticle-based delivery of miRNAs is regarded as a solution for overcoming all challenges in the therapeutic application of miRNAs. Herein, we provide an overview of studies which used nanoparticles as delivery systems for facilitation of miRNAs entry into target cells for the therapeutic purposes. However, our knowledge about miRNA-loaded nanoparticles is limited, and it is expected that numerous therapeutic possibilities will be revealed for miRNA-loaded nanoparticles in future., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 472 (LINC00472) has been shown to regulate diverse cellular functions and contribute to the etiology of human disorders. LINC00472 gene is located on 6q13 and has different alternatively spliced transcripts. Expression pattern and function of LINC00472 have been evaluated in different types of cancers and some other disorders, including atherosclerosis, sepsis-induced acute hepatic injury, atrial fibrillation, neuropathic pain, primary biliary cholangitis and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. This lincRNA can serve as a sponge for miR-24-3p, miR-196b-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-4311, miR-455-3p and a number of other miRNAs. LINC00472 is able to regulate several pathways, including MEK/ERK, NF-kB, PTEN/PI3K/AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways. This raises some concerning aspects that need to be investigated further and clarified in relation to diseases. Increasing our understanding of LINC00472's crucial roles will open new doors for creating effective therapeutic approaches against cancer and related diseases. The current study aims at providing an overview of functions of LINC00472 in malignant and non-malignant disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflicts of interest exist., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Gastric cancer High Expressed Transcript 1 (GHET1) is an RNA gene located on chromosome 7q36.1. This non-coding RNA is involved in the pathology of different cancers. It can regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle transition. Moreover, it induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Up-regulation of GHET1 has been correlated with poor prognosis of patients with different malignancies. Besides, its up-regulation has been mostly detected in later stages and advanced grades of cancers. This review summarizes recent studies on the expression of GHET1, its in vitro functions, and its impact on the beginning and progression of cancer based on xenograft models of cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

MAGI2 Antisense RNA 3 (MAGI2-AS3) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) transcribed from a locus on 7q21.11. This lncRNA has been described to be abnormally expressed in a variety of malignancies in correlation with many clinical characteristics. Moreover, it might participate in the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Alzheimer's disease and intervertebral disc degeneration. Mechanistically, MAGI2-AS3 can serve as a molecular sponge for miR-142-3p, miR-424-5p, miR-15b, miR-233, miR-452-5p, miR-629-5p, miR-25, miR-155, miR-23a-3p, miR-519c-3p, miR-374b-5p, miR-374a, miR-31-5p, miR-3163, miR-525-5p, miR-15-5p, miR-374a-5p, miR-374b-5p, miR-218-5p, miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p to regulate expression of their mRNA targets. The current review summarizes the role of MAGI2-AS3 in different disorders to highlight its importance in their pathophysiology., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Wilms tumor (WT) as the most frequent pediatric tumor of kidney has been shown to be associated with dysregulation of non-coding RNAs. miR-200c, miR-155-5p, miR-1180, miR-22-3p, miR-483-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-483-3p, miR-572, miR-539 and miR-613 are among dysregulated miRNAs in this tumor. Moreover, a number of long non-coding RNAs such as CRNDE, XIST, SNHG6, MEG3, LINC00667, MEG8, DLGAP1-AS2 and SOX21-AS1 have been shown to be dysregulated in WT. Finally, distinct studies have reported down-regulation of circCDYL and up-regulation of circ0093740 and circSLC7A6 in this tumor. Dysregulation of these transcripts represents a new avenue for identification of the pathetiology of this pediatric tumor as well as design of targeted therapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Cell cycle regulation is an important cellular function. Abnormal regulation of this process can cause cancer. Several genes are involved in this process. There is no comprehensive study on expression pattern of cell cycle related lncRNAs in breast cancer patients. In the current study, we evaluated expressions of LINC00668, PRDM16-DT, SNHG7 and CDKN2A in 42 pairs of breast cancer tissues and adjacent non-tumoral tissues. Expression of SNHG7 was significantly lower in tumoral tissues compared with non-tumoral tissues. However, expressions of LINC00668, PRDM16-DT and CDKN2A were not significantly different between these two sets of samples. Expression levels of SNHG7 could separate tumoral tissues from non-tumoral tissues with AUC value= 0.66, sensitivity= 61% and specificity= 73%. Expression of CDKN2A was associated with clinical stage (P value=0.01). Expression levels of LINC00668, PRDM16-DT, SNHG7 and CDKN2A were higher in estrogen receptor (ER) positive samples compared with ER negative ones (P values=0.044, 0.008, 0.002 and 0.022, respectively). Moreover, expression of SNHG7 was higher in progesterone receptor (PR) positive samples compared with PR negative ones (P value=0.02). Finally, expressions of PRDM16-DT, SNHG7 and CDKN2A were higher in HER2/neu positive samples compared with HER2/neu negative ones (P values=0.017, 0.02 and 0.021, respectively). Taken together, our study demonstrates possible roles of these genes in breast cancer and warrants further functional studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

NCK1 Antisense RNA 1 (NCK1-AS1), alternatively named as NCK1-DT, is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) with important roles in the carcinogenesis. Multiple studies verified its oncogenic role in different types of cancer, including gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, glioma, prostate cancer and cervical cancer. NCK1-AS1 functions as a sponge for several microRNAs, including miR-137, miR-22-3p, miR-526b-5p, miR-512-5p, miR-138-2-3p and miR-6857. In this review we present an outline of NCK1-AS1 function in malignant conditions as well as atherosclerosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

ZEB1 Antisense RNA 1 (ZEB1-AS1) is a type of RNA characterized as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). This lncRNA has important regulatory roles on its related gene, Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1). In addition, role of ZEB1-AS1 has been approved in diverse malignancies such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. ZEB1-AS1 serves as a sponge for a number of microRNAs, namely miR-577, miR-335-5p, miR-101, miR-505-3p, miR-455-3p, miR-205, miR-23a, miR-365a-3p, miR-302b, miR-299-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-342-3p, miR-214, miR-149-3p and miR-1224-5p. In addition to malignant conditions, ZEB1-AS1 has functional role in non-malignant conditions like diabetic nephropathy, diabetic lung, arthrosclerosis, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, pulmonary fibrosis and ischemic stroke. This review outlines different molecular mechanisms of ZEB1-AS1 in a variety of disorders and highlights its importance in their pathogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 8 (SNHG8) is a long non-coding RNA that has physiological roles in epithelial and muscle satellite cells. This lncRNA has been reported to be over-expressed in a variety of cancer cell lines. Its silencing has attenuated tumor growth in animal models of cancers. SNHG8 can be served as a molecular sponge for some miRNAs to regulate their target genes. miR-634/ZBTB20, miR-335-5p/PYGO2, miR588/ATG7, miR-152/c-MET, miR-1270/BACH1, miR-491/PDGFRA, miR-512-5p/TRIM28, miR-149-5p/PPM1F, miR-542-3p/CCND1/CDK6, miR-656-3p/SERBP1, miR-656-3p/SATB1, miR-1270/S100A11 and miR-384/HOXB7 are examples of molecular axes being regulated by SNHG8 in the context of cancer. Moreover, it can affect pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, chronic cerebral ischemia, acute gouty arthritis, ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction through modulation of a number of molecular axes such as SNHG8/miR-384/Hoxa13/FAM3A and miR-335/RASA1 as well as NF-κB signaling pathway. The current review aims at summarization of the role of SNHG8 in diverse human disorders., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

The Rho GTPases have prominent roles in cell cycle transition and cell migration. Some members of this family have been found to be mutated in cancers. Moreover, alterations in expression levels and/or activity of these proteins have been reported in many types of cancers. Thus, Rho GTPases are involved in the carcinogenesis. Rho GTPases regulate growth, motility, invasiveness and metastatic ability of breast cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed to exert significant effect in the regulation of these proteins via direct routes or through sequestering microRNAs that inhibit Rho GTPases. We aimed to assess expression levels of four Rho GTPase-related lncRNAs, namely NORAD, RAD51-AS1, NRAV and DANCR in breast cancer samples versus non-cancerous specimens from the same individuals. Expression levels of NORAD were shown to be elevated in tumoral tissues compared with non-tumoral tissues (Expression ratio (95% CI)= 5.85 (3.16-10.83), Standard error of mean (SEM)= 0.44, P value< 0.0001). NRAV expression was also higher in tumoral tissues compared with control tissues (Expression ratio=2.85 (1.52-5.35), SEM= 0.45, P value= 0.0013). Similar to these lncRNAs, RHOA was demonstrated to be up-regulated in malignant tissues (Expression ratio=6.58 (3.17-13.63), SEM= 0.52, P value< 0.0001). Although expression ratio values showed up-regulation of RAD51-AS1 and DANCR in cancerous tissues (Expression ratio (95% CI)= 2.2 (1.05-4.6) and 1.35 (0.72-2.53), respectively), P values did not reach significance level (P values=0.0706 and 0.3746, respectively). There were significant associations between expression level of NRAV gene in tumor tissues and a number of parameters including age, histological tumor grade and tubule formation. Taken together, the current study shows dysregulation of a number of RHOA-related lncRNAs in breast cancer in association with abnormal up-regulation of this member of Rho GTPase family and suggests conduction of additional functional studies to unravel their mode of participation in the breast carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA, Regulator Of Reprogramming (LINC-ROR) is a long non-coding RNA with diverse physiological functions. The gene encoding this transcript resides on 18q21.31. Expression levels of LINC-ROR have been reported to be dysregulated in patients with diverse disorders, including cancer, autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, polymorphisms within this lncRNA have been shown to be associated with a variety of disorders, such as some kinds of cancer and some aspects of systemic lupus erythematous. Abnormal expression of LINC-ROR in some other human disorders is not yet understood. Emerging evidence suggests that LINC-ROR exerts pivotal roles in most types of human disorders as an oncogene. Differentially expressed LINC-ROR contributes in the development of diseases by changing the expression of genes that control the cell cycle. It can also exert its role by affecting the activity of some cancer-related signaling pathways and sponging tumor suppressor miRNAs. Expanding our understanding of LINC-ROR functions will pave the way for developing efficient therapeutic strategies against cancer and related disorders. The current review aims at providing a concise overview of the role of LINC-ROR in diverse human disorders through providing a summary of association studies and expression assays., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE) is an lncRNA with crucial roles in cancer development. It is located on chromosome 16 on the opposite strand to the adjacent IRX5 gene, implying the presence of a shared bidirectional promoter for these two genes. Expression of CRNDE has been assessed in a diverse array of hematological malignancies and solid tumors, representing its potential as a therapeutic target in these conditions. This lncRNA has a regulatory effect on activity of several pathways and axes that are involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis, immune responses and tumorigenesis. The current review is an updated review about the role of CRNDE in the development of cancers., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 173 (LINC00173) is a long non-coding RNA with especial function in the tumorigenic process. Studies in different types of cancers support an oncogenic role for LINC00173 except for studies in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastric cancer. In breast and lung cancers, both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles have been reported for LINC00173. LINC00173 can serve as a molecular sponge for miRNAs. miR-218/Etk, miR-511-5p/VEGFA, miR-182-5p/AGER, miR-765/NUTF2, miR-765/PLP2, miR-182-5p/FBXW7, miR-338-3p/Rab25, miR‑641/RAB14 and miR-1275/BCL2 are examples of the miRNA/mRNA axes being regulated by LINC00173 in the context of cancer. The current review provides a summary of different studies on the role of LINC00173 in these cancers., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in women and a major public health concern. NRF2 axis is a cellular protector signaling pathway protecting both normal and cancer cells from oxidative damage. NRF2 is a transcription factor that binds to the gene promoters containing antioxidant response element-like sequences. In this report, differential expression of NRF2 signaling pathway elements, as well as the correlation of NRF2 pathway mRNAs with various clinicopathologic characteristics, including molecular subtypes, tumor grade, tumor stage, and methylation status, has been investigated in breast cancer using METABRIC and TCGA datasets. In the current report, our findings revealed the deregulation of several NRF2 signaling elements in breast cancer patients. Moreover, there were negative correlations between the methylation of NRF2 genes and mRNA expression. The expression of NRF2 genes significantly varied between different breast cancer subtypes. In conclusion, substantial deregulation of NRF2 signaling components suggests an important role of these genes in breast cancer. Because of the clear associations between mRNA expression and methylation status, DNA methylation could be one of the mechanisms that regulate the NRF2 pathway in breast cancer. Differential expression of Hippo genes among various breast cancer molecular subtypes suggests that NRF2 signaling may function differently in different subtypes of breast cancer. Our data also highlights an interesting link between NRF2 components' transcription and tumor grade/stage in breast cancer., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Recent decade has seen a tremendous progress in identification of the role of different long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human pathologies. ADAMTS9-AS2 is an example of lncRNAs with different roles in human disorders. It is mostly acknowledged as a tumor suppressor lncRNA in different types of cancers. However, it has been reported to be up-regulated in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma and glioblastoma. Moreover, ADAMTS9-AS2 is possibly involved in the pathoetiology of pulpitis, acute ischemic stroke, type 2 diabetes and its complications. This lncRNA sponges miR-196b-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-130a-5p, miR-600, miR-223-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-32, miR-143-3p, miR-143-3p and miR-182-5p in order to regulate downstream mRNAs. This review aims at summarization of the role of ADAMTS9-AS2 in different disorders with a particular focus on its diagnostic and prognostic values., Competing Interests: Competing interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Hippo pathway has been initially recognized as a regulatory mechanism for modulation of organ size in fruitfly. Subsequently, its involvement in the regulation of homeostasis and tumorigenesis has been identified. This pathway contains some tumor suppressor genes such as hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), as well as a number of oncogenic ones such as yorkie (yki). Recent studies have shown participation of Hippo pathway in the lung carcinogenesis. This pathway can affect lung cancer via different mechanisms. The interaction between some miRNAs and Hippo pathway is a possible mechanism for carcinogenic processes. Moreover, some other types of non-coding RNAs including PVT1, SFTA1P, NSCLCAT1 and circ&#95;0067741 are implicated in this process. Besides, anti-cancer effects of gallic acid, icotinib hydrochloride, curcumin, ginsenoside Rg3, cryptotanshinone, nitidine chloride, cucurbitacin E, erlotinib, verteporfin, sophoridine, cisplatin and verteporfin in lung cancer are mediated through modulation of Hippo pathway. Here, we summarize the results of recent studies that investigated the role of Hippo signaling in the progression of lung cancer, the impact of non-coding RNAs on this pathway and the effects of anti-cancer agents on Hippo signaling in the context of lung cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

LINC00152 is an important lncRNA in human disorders. It is mainly regarded as a tumor-promoting lncRNA. Mechanistically, LINC00152 serves as a molecular sponge for miR-143a-3p, miR-125a-5p, miR-139, miR-215, miR-193a/b-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-206, miR-195, miR-138, miR-185-5p, miR-103, miR-612, miR-150, miR-107, miR-205-5p and miR-153-3p. In addition, it can regulate activity of mTOR, EGFR/PI3K/AKT, ERK/MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin, EGFR, NF-κB, HIF-1 and PTEN. In this review, we provide a concise but comprehensive explanation about the role of LINC00152 in tumor development and progression as well as its role in the pathology of non-malignant conditions with the aim of facilitating the clinical implementation of this lncRNA as a diagnostic or prognostic tumor marker and therapeutic target., Competing Interests: Competing interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have important functions in tumor microenvironment, particularly for induction of immune evasion. In order to find the underlying mechanism of dysregulation of Tregs in breast cancer tissues, we designed the current study to appraise expression of five Treg-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely FLICR (FOXP3 Regulating Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNA), NEST (IFNG-AS1), RMRP (RNA Component of Mitochondrial RNA Processing Endoribonuclease), MAFTRR (MAF Transcriptional Regulator RNA) and TH2-LCR (Th2 Cytokine Locus Control Region) in paired breast cancer and nearby noncancerous tissues. Expression levels of RMRP, TH2-LCR, MAFTRR and GATA3-AS1 were significantly higher in breast cancer samples compared with non-tumoral tissues. The calculated AUC values for GATA3-AS1, TH2-LCR, RMRP and MAFTRR were 0.66, 0.63, 0.63 and 0.60, respectively. There were significant positive associations between expression level of RMRP gene in tumor tissues and nuclear grade, tubule formation and tumor sizes. In addition, there was a significant positive association between expression levels of MAFTRR genes in tumor tissues and nuclear grade. Besides, expression levels of FLICR were different among tumors with different levels of HER2/neu receptor. Taken together, Treg-associated lncRNAs might contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer., Competing Interests: Competing interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 324 (LINC00324) is an example of lncRNAs whose roles in the carcinogenesis is being elucidated. This lncRNA is encoded by a gene located on 17p13.1. It has been shown to be over-expressed in a variety of cancer cell lines and tumoral tissues. However, there are few reports showing down-regulation of LINC00324 in cancer cell lines and tissues. miR-615-5p/AKT1, miR-139-5p/IGF1R, miR-769-5p/STAT3, miR-3200-5p/BCAT1 and miR-214-5p/CDK6/CCND1/MDM2/MDM4 are examples of miRNA/mRNA axes being influenced by LINC00324. LINC00324 can be regarded as a promising candidate for development of diagnostic and prognostic panels. Moreover, it can be used a therapeutic target for a wide range of cancers. The current review summarizes the evidence regarding the impact of lINC00324 in the carcinogenic processes., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Atraric acid (AA) is a natural compound used for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. This agent has an anti-androgen receptor (AR) activity suppressing androgen-mediated neo-angiogenesis. In the current study, we have analyzed the transcriptome data of prostate cancer cells treated with AA (GSE172205) to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with an especial focus on lncRNAs and miRNAs. Then, we assessed expression of the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in available online sources to validate their association with prostate cancer and their importance in the determination of survival of patients with this type of cancer. We obtained 1871 DEGs, including 914 down-regulated DEGs (such as DAB1 and CD200) and 957 up-regulated DEGs (such as CHRNA2 and TRGC1), and 25 DElncRNAs, including 15 down-regulated DElncRNAs (such as LINC00639 and HOTTIP) and 10 up-regulated DElncRNAs (such as LINC00844 and LINC00160), and one up-regulated DEmiRNA (MIR29B1). The main pathways for the down-regulated genes and the up-regulated genes were Axon Guidance and Steroid BioSynthesis, respectively. Taken together, AA has been found to affect expression of several lncRNAs which are possibly involved in the pathoetiology of prostate cancer., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

PCGEM1 Prostate-Specific Transcript is an lncRNA participating in the carcinogenesis process in different tissues. The gene coding this lncRNA is located on chr2:192,749,008-192,783,952 (GRCh38/hg38), plus strand and has 34,945 bases. In addition to prostate cancer, it has been shown to influence progression of cervical, endometrial, gastric, ovarian, hepatocellular and renal cancers. Functionally, PCGEM1 regulates activity of a number of molecular axes, namely miR-642a-5p/LGMN, miR-182/FBXW11, miR-129-5p/STAT3, miR-129-5p/P4HA2, miR-433-3p/FGF2, miR-539-5p/CDK6, miR-129-5p/ETV1, miR-433-3p/WTAP, miR-590-3p/SOX11 and miR-506-3p/TRIAP1. Moreover, it has a regulatory effect on RhoA, NF-κB and β-catenin/TCF signaling pathways. We have designed this literature search to collect all relevant data about the function of PCGEM1 in the carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

NR2F1-AS1 is a natural antisense transcript with prominent roles in the carcinogenesis. It acts as an oncogene in almost all types of cancers except for cervical and colorectal cancers. It can act as a molecular sponge for miR-17, miR-371a-3p, miR-363, miR-29a-3p, miR-493-5p, miR-190a, miR-140, miR-642a, miR-363, miR-493-5p, miR-483-3p, miR-485-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-877-5p, miR-338-3 P and miR-423-5p to influence expression of several cancer-related genes. Thus, the sponging role of NR2F1-AS1 is the most appreciated route of its contribution in the carcinogenesis. In addition, NR2F1-AS1 affects activity of IGF-1/IGF-1R/ERK, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and Hedgehog pathways. The current narrative review aims at summarization of the results of studies that highlighted the role of NR2F1-AS1 in the carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Autophagy has an established role in the development and progression of breast cancer. Recent studies have shown functional links between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and autophagy process. LINC01963, AL132989.1, RAB11B-AS1, PLBD1-AS1, AL139158.2, LOC105376805 (BX284668.5) and HERPUD2-AS1 (AC018647.2) are among autophagy related lncRNAs. In the current study, we compared expression of these seven lncRNAs between breast cancer samples and their paired non-cancerous tissues. RAB11B-AS1, HERPUD2-AS1 and PLBD1-AS1 were up-regulated in tumor samples compared with non-tumoral samples (Expression ratios (95% CI) = 2.56 (1.22-5.36), 2.13 (1.02-4.43) and 21.3 (10.36-43.89), respectively). ROC curve analysis indicated that PLBD1-AS1, RAB11B-AS1 and HERPUD2-AS1 had AUC values of 0.78, 0.61 and 0.6 for separation of breast cancer tissues from controls. Expression level of AL132989.1 in tumor tissues was associated with tubule formation (P value=0.02) in a way that tumor tissues with tubular formation score 1 had lower expression of AL132989.1. There was also a significant difference between expression levels of AL139158.2.1 among tumor tissues with different clinical stages (P value=0.02). Tumor tissues with higher clinical stages showed decreased expression of AL139158.2.1. In addition, there was also a significant difference between expression level of HERPUD2-AS1 in tumor tissues with different histological tumor grade and tubule formation (P value=0.03 and 0.003, respectively). Tumor tissues with higher histological tumor grade and higher tubule formation score showed higher expression of HERPUD2-AS1. Taken together, this study provides evidence for contribution of a number of recently identified autophagy-related lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of breast cancer., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare they have nothing to report., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Prostate Cancer Associated Non-Coding RNA 1 (PRNCR1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which is transcribed from chromosome 8, plus strand. This lncRNA has been reported to be an oncogenic transcript participating in the pathogenesis of several kinds of cancers. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms within this lncRNA affect cancer risk. Moreover, few studies have revealed its possible roles in some non-neoplastic conditions, such as cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, osteolysis after hip replacement, preeclampsia and pulmonary disorders. In the present narrative review, we explain diverse roles of PRNCR1 in human disorders., Competing Interests: Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Cyclin D1 has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. This cell cycle-related protein has direct or indirect interactions with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In the present two-step study, we first identified CCND1-related lncRNAs through an in silico approach. Then, we measured expression of CCND1 mRNA and five lncRNAs in paired breast cancer samples and their matched non-cancerous samples obtained from adjacent tissues. HOTTIP expression was significantly higher in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent tissues (expression ratio (95% CI)= 4.63 (1.56-13.76), P value= 0.0070). Similarly, CBR3-AS1 was up-regulated in cancerous tissues compared with control tissues (expression ration (95% CI)= 3.26 (1.35-7.86), P value= 0.0122). Expression of HOTTIP was higher in estrogen receptor (ER) negative samples compared with ER positive ones (-4.35 ± 1.33 versus -4.63 ± 0.62, P value=0.002). CBR3-AS1 could differentiate between these two sets of samples with AUC±SD, sensitivity, specificity and P values of 0.7 ± 0.05, 0.9, 0.49 and 0.003, respectively. These values were 0.68 ± 0.04, 0.87, 0.34 and 0.04 for HOTTIP. Although we could not find difference in expression of CCND1 between these two sets of samples, we reported up-regulation of two CCND1-related lncRNAs in breast cancer samples. These lncRNAs are putative markers for breast cancer., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Circular RNAs are a group of ancient but recently appreciated transcripts that affect carcinogenesis. An example of cancer-related circular RNAs is circ&#95;CDR1as. It is mostly regarded as an oncogenic circular RNA, yet in bladder cancer and glioma it has the opposite effect. In gastric and ovarian cancer, both roles have been reported for this circular RNA. Circ&#95;CDR1as has regulatory effects on miR-1270/AFP, miR-1287/Raf1, miR-7-5p/KLF4, miR-641/HOXA9, miR-219a-5p/SOX5, miR-7/HOXB13 and miR-876-5p/MAGE-A molecular axes. miR-7 is the most appreciated interacting miRNA with circ&#95;CDR1as, since its interaction with circ&#95;CDR1as has been validated in liver cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal carcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and osteosarcoma. The present article aims at summarization of the role of circ&#95;CDR1as in neoplasms and its application as a biomarker in human cancers., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) constitute a number of double-stranded DNA viruses with propensity to cause infection in squamous epithelial cells. Certain types of these viruses have been found to cause human cancers through delivering their oncoproteins E6 and E7. Since not all of infected patients develop malignant lesions, other factors might affect HPV-associate carcinogenic processes. A number of investigations have shown interaction between HPV-encoded proteins and a number of non-coding RNAs, principally microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Such interactions have been found to influence pathogenesis of HPV-related cancers. miR-21, miR-9, miR-143, miR-214 and let-7 are among miRNAs that contribute in the pathogenesis of HPV-related lesions. HOTAIR, SNHG8, SOX2OT, SNHG12, GABPB1-AS1, SOX21-AS1, DINO, HOST2, CCDST, FAM83H-AS1, TMPOP2 and CCEPR are examples of lncRNAs that contribute in this process. In the current review, we provide an outline of investigations that reported the impact of these transcripts in HPV-related cancers., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly identified class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which show different structure compared to other RNAs in terms of their covalently closed ends. To date, a huge number of circRNAs have been identified in various species and also several databases have been created for storing and providing accessibility to retrieved data on identified circRNAs. They are produced by back-splicing from mainly protein-coding genes. Same to other ncRNAs, circRNAs have been found to play role in gene regulation via interaction with other biomolecules like nucleic acids, proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). They are involved in different physiological processes like vascular functions, brain and embryonic development, regulation of metabolism, cell cycle control and response to cellular stress. Dysregulation of circRNAs have been associated with many types of human diseases like cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases, neurologic diseases, diabetes and particularly various types of cancer. In this review, we have a look to the cellular experiments conducted on the role of circRNAs in the pancreatic cancer. Two cellular behaviors of two categories of circRNAs including up-regulated and down-regulated transcripts have been reviewed in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, their potential application in diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer has been summarized. The results show circRNAs are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

The prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) with high level of specificity for prostate cancer. This lncRNA has fundamental effects in the prostate carcinogenesis through modulation of expression of miR-132-3p, miR-1261, SREBP1, PRKD3 and LAP2α as well as regulation of p53 signaling. Expression of PCA3 in prostate cancer cells can be enhanced by Snail. Moreover, in vitro studies have documented up-regulation of PCA3 in three other types of neoplastic cells, namely those being originated from choriocarcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma. The diagnostic value of PCA3 in differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia has been assessed in different studies. Studies aimed at identification of diagnostic power of PCA3 in prostate cancer using receiver operating characteristic curves have reported area under curve values ranging from 0.66 to 0.86. In the current review, we describe the role of PCA3 in the carcinogenesis particularly in the pathoetiology of prostate cancer. Moreover, we review the results of studies appraising diagnostic value of this lncRNA in prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been increasingly popular in genomics studies over the last decade, as new sequencing technology has been created and improved. Recently, NGS started to be used in clinical oncology to improve cancer therapy through diverse modalities ranging from finding novel and rare cancer mutations, discovering cancer mutation carriers to reaching specific therapeutic approaches known as personalized medicine (PM). PM has the potential to minimize medical expenses by shifting the current traditional medical approach of treating cancer and other diseases to an individualized preventive and predictive approach. Currently, NGS can speed up in the early diagnosis of diseases and discover pharmacogenetic markers that help in personalizing therapies. Despite the tremendous growth in our understanding of genetics, NGS holds the added advantage of providing more comprehensive picture of cancer landscape and uncovering cancer development pathways. In this review, we provided a complete overview of potential NGS applications in scientific and clinical oncology, with a particular emphasis on pharmacogenomics in the direction of precision medicine treatment options., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors by suppressing the expression of target genes, some of which are engaged in angiogenic signaling pathways directly or indirectly. Tumor development and metastasis are dependent on angiogenesis, and it is the main reason for the poor prognosis of cancer patients. New blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels when angiogenesis occurs. Thus, it is essential to develop primary tumors and the spread of cancer to surrounding tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in various biological processes. They can bind to the 3'-UTR of their target genes and prevent them from expressing. MiRNAs control the activity of endothelial cells (ECs) through altering many biological pathways, which plays a key role in cancer progression and angiogenesis. Recent findings revealed that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles participated directly in the control of tumor angiogenesis by delivering miRNAs to ECs. miRNAs recently show great promise in cancer therapies to inhibit angiogenesis. In this study, we showed the miRNA-regulated signaling pathways in tumor angiogenesis with highlighting the anti-angiogenic therapy response and miRNA delivery methods that have been used to inhibit angiogenesis in both in vivo and in vitro studies., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of regulatory non-coding transcripts, which partake in the pathobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Numerous micro-array based investigations have discovered aberrant expression of circRNAs in HCC samples in comparison with para-cancerous sections. Furthermore, a number of in vitro and in vivo experimentations have aimed at understanding the molecular pathways of circRNAs contribution in the evolution of HCC. CircRNAs have interplay with a number of transcription factors such as ZEB1 that possibly mediates the effects of these transcripts in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, circRNAs functionally interact with miRNAs. CircRNA&#95;0000502/ miR-124, circ&#95;0001955/ miR-145-5p, circ&#95;0001955/ miR-516a-5p and hsa&#95;circ&#95;0001955/miR-145-5p are examples of such interactions in the context of HCC. CircRNAs not only predict the course of HCC, but also, they can differentiate HCC samples from non-malignant liver tissues. In this review article, we have provided an inclusive summary of researches that quantified circRNAs profile in HCC. We also provide evidence for application of circRNAs as HCC biomarkers., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Circular RNAs (cirRNAs) are generally considered as non-coding RNAs which can act as molecular sponges for miRNAs, exert regulatory roles in transcription or splicing, and interplay with RNA binding proteins. These single-stranded transcripts can affect tumor growth, the metastatic ability of cancer cells, stemness properties, and resistance to therapeutic options. Recent investigations have shown the crucial effects of circrNAs in the evolution of breast cancer. Signature of circRNAs in breast cancer samples has been mostly assessed through microarray-based methods revealing up-regulation of some circRNAs such as circ-TFF1, circACAP2, circ-TFCP2L1, hsa&#95;circ&#95;0000519, circDENND4C, circPLK1 and circRNA&#95;069718, while down-regulation of other circRNAs such as hsa&#95;circ&#95;0000375, circYap, hsa&#95;circ&#95;0025202, circTADA2A-E6, circASS1 and circRNA&#95;BARD1 in breast cancer samples. Mechanistically, these transcripts mainly affect breast cancer tumorigenesis via serving as sponges for miRNAs. In the current manuscript, we explore the results of researches that appraised the role of circRNAs in breast cancer., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequent cancers and is associated with high mortality particularly when being diagnosed in advanced stages. Although several environmental and intrinsic risk factors have been identified, the underlying cause of CRC is not clear in the majority of cases. Several studies especially in the recent decade have pointed to the role of epigenetic factors in this kind of cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as important contributors in the epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the initiation, progression and metastasis of CRC. Tens of oncogenic lncRNAs and a lower number of tumor suppressor lncRNAs have been recently identified to be dysregulated in CRC cells and tissues. Notably, expressions of a number of these transcripts have been dysregulated in serum samples of CRC patients, providing a non-invasive route for detection of this kind of cancer. The involvement of lncRNAs in the regulation of autophagy has provided them the ability to modulate response of CRC cells to chemotherapeutic modalities. In the current manuscript, we review the studies which evaluated the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and progression of CRC to appraise their application as diagnostic/ prognostic markers., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Brain cytoplasmic 200 (BC200) or alternatively named as brain cytoplasmic RNA 1 (BCYRN1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) primarily identified in the neurons. In addition to its participation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, it partake in the carcinogenesis process. Numerous in vitro studies have reported elevation of expression of BCYRN1 in cancer cell lines. Short hairpin-RNA-mediated silencing of BCYRN1 has attenuated growth of tumors in the animal models. Independent studies in esophageal squamous cell cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer have demonstrated association between elevated BCYRN1 levels and poor survival of patients. Taken together, BCYRN1 is an appropriate candidate for targeted therapies in the field of cancer., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Liver cancer is the 7 th utmost frequent neoplasm and the 4 th principal source of cancer deaths. This malignancy is linked with several environmental and lifestyle-related factors emphasizing the role of epigenetics in its pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been regarded as potent epigenetic mechanisms partaking in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been related with poor outcome of patients with liver cancer. In the current manuscript, we provide a concise review of the results of recent studies about the role of miRNAs in the progression of liver cancer and their diagnostic and prognostic utility., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Breast cancer is the most frequent female malignancy. This malignancy has diverse clinical and molecular subtypes with different prognoses. Dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) not only participates in the development of breast cancer, but also affects the clinical course and prognosis of this type of cancer. Hundreds of studies have shown up-regulation or down-regulation of lncRNAs in breast cancer samples or serum samples of affected individuals suggesting these RNA molecules as diagnostic markers for breast cancer. Different anticancer agents such as trastuzumab, lapatinib, doxorubicin, hydroxyurea, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil and 6-thioguanine affect expression profile of lncRNAs. In the present article, we review the results of investigations about the role of lncRNAs in the evolution of breast cancer., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)