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Prior studies suggested that SAGA and TFIID are alternative factors that promote RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) transcription with about 10% of genes in S. cerevisiae dependent on SAGA. The remainder 90% of the genome would be regulated by TFIID. We reassessed the role of SAGA by mapping its genome-wide location and role in global transcription in budding yeast. We observed that SAGA maps to regulatory elements of most genes, irrespective of previous designations of SAGA- or TFIID-dominated genes. Additionally, disruption of either SAGA or TFIID through mutation or rapid subunit depletion reduces transcription from nearly all genes, measured by newly-synthesized RNA or RNA Pol II chromatin immunoprecipitation. We also found that the acetyltransferase Gcn5 synergizes with Spt3 to promote global transcription and that Spt3 functions to stimulate TBP recruitment at all tested genes. Our data demonstrate that both SAGA and TFIID act as general cofactors required for essentially all RNA Pol II transcription and is not consistent with the previous classification of SAGA- and TFIID-dominated genes., Des études antérieures suggèrent que les complexes SAGA et TFIID sont des facteurs jouant un rôle complémentaire dans la transcription par l’ARN polymérase II. Chez S. cerevisiae, environ 10% des gènes semblent dépendants de SAGA alors que TFIID aurait un rôle dominant sur 90% du génome. De nouvelles approches m’ont permis de montrer que SAGA est recruté sur les régions régulatrices d’une majorité de gènes, indépendamment de leur classification. Des analyses d’ARN nouvellement-synthétisés ont également démontré que l’inactivation des complexes SAGA ou TFIID, par mutation ou déplétion inductible de leurs sous-unités, altèrent la transcription de pratiquement tous les gènes par l’ARN polymérase II. L’acétyltransférase Gcn5 et la sous-unité Spt3 agissent de façon synergique au sein du complexe SAGA pour stimuler le recrutement de TBP et la transcription par l’ARN polymérase II. Ces données indiquent que les complexes SAGA et TFIID agissent comme des cofacteurs généraux, étant nécessaires pour la synthèse de quasiment tous les ARNm et ayant des effets équivalents sur les gènes précédemment décrits comme dominés par SAGA ou par TFIID.

International audience; The relationship the firm has with its clients and suppliers largely determines the amount of value it is able to capture in the chain. Yet little is known about the impact of market uncertainty on the choice of the best buyer-supplier strategy in terms of value appropriation. The paper proposes to investigate which among different types of strategies bring more value to the buyer when market uncertainty increases. It relies on a very innovative method of multi-agents simulation based on an in-depth ethnographic observation phase of a real market in France. It shows that pure loyalty is not necessarily the best strategy when market uncertainty increases and that the buyer may face a dilemma between maximizing the margin rate and ensuring regularity of supply.

International audience; In this paper, we present our first results obtained with a multi-agent based simulation of the fruit and vegetable Rungis market. Our goal is to simulate negotiation and price formation based on observed strategies on the real market. We aim to understand negotiation and price formation mechanisms, and explain their impact on macro variables (like the difference between the official price and the average price used on the market).