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International audience; There are real needs to innovate in risk management approaches to address issues of vulnerable territories such as French overseas territories identified as particularly exposed to natural hazards. This communication focusses on the Tahiti urban environment in French Polynesia, a dense urban area, subject to coastal and river flooding hazards. French Polynesia is a semi-autonomous territory with a specific institutional context. The distribution of competences, the main development perspectives, or the management plans are specific to this territory. In addition, significant gaps and weaknesses in risk management have been identified in a governmental report in 2018 (isolation, lack of management plans). Our objective is to define the conditions for a resilient territorial organization for flood risk management, to highlight structure, issues and weaknesses.The method is based on a qualitative analysis of the current organization for the management of flood in Tahiti. For this purpose, we interviewed fifteen local actors in charge of flood risk management on the urban area (semi-directive interviews of about 45min). These actors belong to the different territorial levels (municipality, country and state). The aim was to collect information about their intervention capacity, the spatial inequalities of these interventions, but also the processes of communication and exchange between actors as well as questions inherent to competences share and local governance autonomy.The results highlight more precisely the gaps in risk management, better identify the specificities of the actions articulations, and finally to suggest ways of fostering the resilience of organizations. More precisely, they highlight the concentration of resources for crisis management phases, while other activities, such as prevention and urban planning, remain largely undeveloped. This research also emphasizes the adaptation capacities of the territory by solidarity processes and the existence of a significant risk culture. Furthermore, this study makes it possible to establish a framework, identify strengths and weaknesses as well as the role and methods of each stakeholder. Taking into consideration the bicephalous dimension of local governance (between French Polynesia and the French state) is a major issue implying the improvement of coordination and consultation processes.This approach provides a comprehensive view of the territory's organization to flood management and allows us to frame the operational conditions for the implementation of a resilience observatory helping long-term thinking and collaboration and, consequently, improving the effectiveness of the processes in place. This observatory will facilitate sharing and co-construction of data, cooperation, and also communication with decision makers.

While the Arctic, due to the effects of global warming, may become a new global Internet route and connect 70% of the planet's Internet users, Canada is turning away from transarctic internet cable projects. However, those cables, eyed by China and Russia, appear to be strategic and able to serve as a tool of influence and to assert Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic. Although funding the network in Nunavut, through national satellite champion Telesat, the Canadian federal government does not benefit from controlling an undersized satellite telecommunications network that connects the North. By doing so, Canada is giving the opportunity to others, such as China and Russia, to develop transarctic projects that are significant for the global Internet, and thus the possibility for these countries to weigh in the future on the governance of the global internet from the Arctic. The lack of long-term strategy in connectivity and the historical choice of the satellite to connect the North decided by the Canadian federal government has still today effects on how Inuit can connect to the internet or not. At the same time and unlike the Canadian federal government, Inuit in Nunavut has appropriated the Internet, and in particular social networks, and use it to their advantage as a tool for emancipation and empowerment in the cultural and economic fields, but also as a tool of Soft Power in the political field. Despite very limited access to Internet, due to the chronic lack of investment in Canada’s North, Inuit have seized this tool to serve their daily needs, but also their local, national, regional, or international interests. Internet appeared to have become a vital part of the daily lives of Inuit despite the lack of infrastructure available., Alors que l’Arctique, du fait des effets du réchauffement climatique, pourrait bien devenir une nouvelle route de l’internet mondial et connecter 70% des internautes de la planète, le Canada lui se détourne des projets de câbles internet transarctiques. Ceux-ci, convoités par la Chine et la Russie, apparaissant pourtant stratégiques et comme pouvant servir d’outil d’influence et d’affirmation de la souveraineté canadienne dans l’Arctique. Bien que finançant le réseau au Nunavut, au travers du champion national du satellite Telesat, le gouvernement fédéral canadien ne retire pas d’avantages du contrôle d’un réseau de télécommunications par satellite sous dimensionné qui connecte le Nord. En faisant cela, le Canada laisse la place à d’autres, comme à la Chine ou à la Russie, le loisir de développer des projets transarctiques dimensionnants pour l’internet mondial, et ainsi la possibilité pour ces pays de peser dans l’avenir sur la gouvernance de l’internet mondial depuis l’Arctique. L’absence de stratégie à long terme dans le domaine de la connectivité et le choix historique du satellite pour connecter le Nord décidé par le gouvernement fédéral canadien, a encore aujourd’hui des répercussions sur la façon dont les Inuit peuvent ou non se connecter à Internet. Dans le même temps et au contraire du gouvernement fédéral canadien, les Inuit du Nunavut se sont eux appropriés internet, et notamment les réseaux sociaux, et l’utilisent à leur avantage tel un outil d’émancipation et d’empowerment dans le domaine culturel et économique, mais aussi comme un outil de Soft Power dans le domaine politique. En effet, malgré un accès à internet très limité du fait du manque d'investissements chronique dont souffre le Nord canadien, les Inuit se sont emparés de cet outil pour servir leurs besoins du quotidien, mais aussi leurs intérêts, qu'ils soient locaux, régionaux, nationaux voire internationaux. Internet semble être devenu un élément vital dans le quotidien des Inuit malgré l’infrastructure insuffisante en place au vu des besoins et de la demande.

International audience; Climate change exacerbates existing threats and risks and generates new ones in the lives of the Indigenous people of the Arctic regions. The ability to cope with climate variability and extreme events is largely dependent on territorial adaptive capacities and vulnerabilities in addition to the level of regional economic development. The purpose of this article is to understand if the people living in Tiksi and its hinterland are aware of the impacts of climate change and attribute importance to them, as well as to determine if they have adaptation actions and strategies have been put in place. The future of Tiksi's population is uncertain and is highly dependent on the federal government. Issues relating to climate change are not a high priority for the local populations. Although the population of the Bulunsky district has maintained some capacity for adaptation, both uncertainty about the future and their dependence on decisions made at a higher level are undermining their ability to plan for adaptation in the long term.

International audience; Cet ouvrage, aux nombreuses illustrations, donne une vision transversale des changements environnementaux d'échelle mondiale que connaît notre planète aux limites finies. Son objectif est, en particulier, de faire comprendre les mécanismes et conséquences du réchauffement climatique et de l'érosion de la biodiversité ainsi que leurs relations avec nos modes de vie et de consommation. Pour l'essentiel, il reprend l'un des premiers enseignements numériques délivrés à grande échelle en 2020 sur les « Enjeux de la transition écologique » auprès de plusieurs milliers d'étudiants de licence de toutes disciplines de l'Université Paris-Saclay. À l'instar de ce cours, cet ouvrage s'articule en quatre parties. Partant d'une perspective historique des évolutions du climat et de la biodiversité, les trois premières parties annoncent l'impact croissant de l'humanité sur les flux d'énergie et de matière de la planète et sur les trajectoires évolutives du vivant. Cet impact conditionne en retour la survie de nos sociétés et du monde tel que nous le savons. La quatrième et dernière partie de cet ouvrage offre un cadre de réflexions pour une transition vers un développement soutenable. Cette transition peut être une opportunité pour rembourser nos façons de produire, de travailler, de consommer, de nous déplacer, tout en visant l'équité sociale pour un « bien vivre ensemble » partagé sur la planète. Pour répondre à l'objectif de transversalité de l'ouvrage, plus de quarante enseignant(e)s-chercheurs(s) et chercheurs(euses) d'horizons différents y ont contribué, mêlant les savoirs des sciences de la nature aux sciences humaines et sociales en passant par le droit, l'économie, la gestion, l'agronomie et la médecine.

International audience; Dans ce chapitre, nous découvrirons les évolutions du climat de notre planète depuis les premiers âges jusqu'à nos jours. Nous verrons qu'en très peu de temps, l'humanité a étendu son influence à la planète tout entière en ayant désormais la capacité d'agir sur le climat, comme elle a aussi assujetti les non-humains à ses intérêts. Ces changements globaux, du climat, de la biodiversité et de notre environnement en général, font en retour peser des menaces sur l'avenir de l'humanité. Nous mettrons ces changements globaux en parallèle avec le développement de nos sociétés occidentales, en analysant en particulier les mécanismes sociotechniques, juridiques et économiques qui gouvernent leur fonctionnement et leur rapport à l'environnement.

International audience; Cet ouvrage, aux nombreuses illustrations, donne une vision transversale des changements environnementaux d'échelle mondiale que connaît notre planète aux limites finies. Son objectif est, en particulier, de faire comprendre les mécanismes et conséquences du réchauffement climatique et de l'érosion de la biodiversité ainsi que leurs relations avec nos modes de vie et de consommation. Pour l'essentiel, il reprend l'un des premiers enseignements numériques délivrés à grande échelle en 2020 sur les « Enjeux de la transition écologique » auprès de plusieurs milliers d'étudiants de licence de toutes disciplines de l'Université Paris-Saclay. À l'instar de ce cours, cet ouvrage s'articule en quatre parties. Partant d'une perspective historique des évolutions du climat et de la biodiversité, les trois premières parties annoncent l'impact croissant de l'humanité sur les flux d'énergie et de matière de la planète et sur les trajectoires évolutives du vivant. Cet impact conditionne en retour la survie de nos sociétés et du monde tel que nous le savons. La quatrième et dernière partie de cet ouvrage offre un cadre de réflexions pour une transition vers un développement soutenable. Cette transition peut être une opportunité pour rembourser nos façons de produire, de travailler, de consommer, de nous déplacer, tout en visant l'équité sociale pour un « bien vivre ensemble » partagé sur la planète. Pour répondre à l'objectif de transversalité de l'ouvrage, plus de quarante enseignant(e)s-chercheurs(s) et chercheurs(euses) d'horizons différents y ont contribué, mêlant les savoirs des sciences de la nature aux sciences humaines et sociales en passant par le droit, l'économie, la gestion, l'agronomie et la médecine.

International audience; The use of individual cars and solo driving is a source of negative externalities. The practice of carpooling for commuting could be a solution to tackle environmental, health and congestion problems. The objective of this study was to explore the incentives to encourage carpooling for commuting in the Paris region. Beyond socio-demographics, individual profiles were characterized by variables related to the residence and work places. We measured the willingness of drivers (n = 1312) to carpool for commuting (1) as a driver and (2) as a passenger. Three logistic regression models were estimated for each case, carpooling as a driver and carpooling as a passenger, integrating different incentives (financial and non-financial). Our results demonstrate that the determinants of carpooling as a driver and as a passenger differ. According to individual profiles, the incentives to encourage carpooling for commuting in the Paris region are not the same. Contextual variables play a major role in the willingness to carpool as a driver, while individual variables only were exhibited regarding carpooling as a passenger. Another major finding is the importance of carpooling with a colleague, exhibiting the key role of trust. Women are more willing to carpool as a driver when there is this psychological incentive. Finally, we highlight that the awareness of carpooling services is significant in the willingness to carpool both as a driver and as a passenger. Public policies could consider these results as potential levers to promote carpooling in the Paris region.

International audience

This article studies common spiritual representations about contemporary Tungus-Manchu “shamanising persons”. It analyses ethnographic material gathered by the authors between 1994 and 2020 among the Evenki, Even, and Nanai of Yakutia, the Amur region, Kamchatka, Novorossiysk, and Khabarovskii krai, as well as the relevant scholarly literature. Under Soviet anti-religious policies, the traditional shamans of these peoples went into significant decline: the last traditional shamans passed away in the 2010s, thus potentially disrupting the transmission of the shamanic function. Nevertheless, according to collective representations, the spirits are still active and continue elect people to become shamans. Our paper argues that these peoples are enduring “ritual wanderings”, wedged between a lack of individuals able to transmit the knowledge required to become a traditional shaman and the fact they reject urban/western neo-shamanism (in contrast to other Siberian peoples like the Buriat, Tuva, Yakut, and Altai). Through the analysis of a mosaic of case studies on shamanising persons who are neither traditional shamans nor neo-shamans, we reveal many relationships with the spirits, the ways these people deal with shamanic election, and the common core of the spiritual representations of the Tungus-Manchu. This paper contributes to the study of contemporary shamanism, Tungus-Manchu cultures, and human-nature relationships.

International audience; Les changements importants imposés par l’urgence climatique, la numérisation accélérée des activités économiques et la crise sanitaire interrogent la manière dont on comprend le monde et ses évolutions. À ce titre, l’énergie demeure au centre des débats sur l’avenir des sociétés. Les défis actuels de la transition énergétique – qui consiste à abandonner les combustibles fossiles (pétrole, gaz naturel et charbon) au profit d’un nouveau modèle énergétique – reposent à la fois sur la maîtrise de la consommation d’énergie et sur le déploiement à grande échelle de sources renouvelables (comme le soleil, le vent, l’eau en mouvement, les réactions chimiques des matières organiques vivantes…). L’ouvrage propose une approche originale qui croise les regards de chimistes, économistes et juristes sur la transition énergétique actuelle. Il réunit des contributions présentées dans le cadre du workshop MOMENTOM (MOlecules and Materials for the ENergy of TOMorrow) organisé le 21 novembre 2019 à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Paris-Saclay. En particulier, la transition énergétique est analysée sous l’angle du droit, par référence à la protection des libertés individuelles et à la garantie de l’accès à une énergie bon marché. Cette transition énergétique est également traitée à travers certaines innovations technologiques telles que l’hydrogène et les batteries à des fins de stockage de l’énergie. On trouvera notamment une analyse économique de l’évolution de la demande mondiale d’hydrogène à l’horizon 2050, ainsi que de l’usage de ce matériau dans le secteur des bus urbains. Au niveau international, les scientifiques et notamment les chimistes consacrent beaucoup d’efforts à imiter le monde du vivant pour produire une énergie propre. Les énormes défis consistent à développer des matériaux avancés, abondants, peu coûteux et éco-compatibles. À titre d’illustration, l’ouvrage traite des dernières avancées scientifiques réalisées visant à produire du carburant solaire par de la photosynthèse artificielle. Il analyse enfin les enjeux de la transition énergétique en termes de comportements de consommation. À ce titre, l’installation de dispositifs de comptage intelligent de la consommation électrique (type Linky) par les gestionnaires des réseaux de distribution électrique au domicile des usagers peut conduire à des conflits, les consommateurs ne faisant pas toujours confiance aux entreprises énergétiques pour agir dans leur meilleur intérêt et se méfiant de l’utilisation abusive de leurs données de consommation. La solution à ces conflits est de plus en plus souvent confiée à la justice. Les apports scientifiques pluridisciplinaires éclairent plusieurs questions, dont notamment celles-ci : comment pareille transition rencontre-t-elle le droit par référence à la protection des libertés individuelles et à la garantie de la sécurité de chacun ? Sous quelles conditions les innovations technologiques, telles que la solution hydrogène pour la mobilité et la batterie pour le stockage de l’énergie électrique, peuvent-elles être déployées à grande échelle ? Quels sont les obstacles à l’appropriation par les usagers des technologies contribuant à la maîtrise de leur consommation d’énergie ?

International audience; International policies promote renewable forms of energy to mitigate climate change. In Europe, the production of electricity using wood biomass represents one of the most popular energy alternatives. In 2012, France initiated a large-scale strategy to develop wood biomass energy. The biggest wood biomass power-plant project has been developed in the French Mediterranean area and its huge size raises several issues for the short- and long-term sustainability of local forests and associated economic sectors. The French Mediterranean forests provide four types of economic goods (private, club, common, and public goods) and multiple ecosystem services, which makes them complex to manage under an energy transition policy. In this paper, we applied three qualitative methods, namely interviews, participative workshops, and observant participation, and three conceptual models, namely (i) Ostrom’s (2010) self-organization key conditions, (ii) the types of economic goods classified according to their excludability and rivalry properties, and (iii) the ecosystem service categorization system of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). With our methods, we show that the renewable strategy chosen in France replicates the current centralized production model based on fossil and nuclear fuels. Thus, we demonstrate that European, national, and local authorities fail to consider the multiple ecosystem services that forest management strategies should include to face the energy transition, climate change, and the other ecological challenges of the 21st century.

International audience

International audience; Car use generates negative externalities, which are responsible for many health, environmental and economic problems. To tackle this issue, more work is needed to identify better the correlates of car use, especially at the contextual level. In this study, a mobility-focused questionnaire involving 1722 working French adults living in the Paris area (France) was used to explore gender-stratified relationships between residential socioeconomic deprivation and car use as the main transport mode against public transport, after controlling for potential confounders. While the vast majority of similar studies have assumed linear and global statistical relationships, the present work involved a random slope hierarchical generalised additive modelling framework, which revealed both non-linear and territorially-varying relationships. Among women, living in a more deprived neighbourhood was associated with an increase in the odds of reporting car use up to a certain threshold, after which the relationship plateaued, while among men, this relationship is linearly negative. In the most deprived department of the Paris region (Seine-Saint-Denis), living in a more deprived neighbourhood was associated with a lower odds of car use among men while a more complex nonlinear bell-shaped relationship was observed among women. The opposite was found in the wealthiest department (Yvelines), with a negative relationship among women and a U-shaped one among men. In Paris inner city, again a strong opposite trend was distinguished according to sex, with a negative relationship among women. These findings suggest that spatial contexts, characterised by complex interactions between socioeconomic factors, the built environment and the distance to Paris, play the role of moderators in the relationship between residential deprivation and car use. In conclusion, this study reinforces the idea that environment-transport relationships should be understood through local analyses (e.g. random slope multilevel or spatially-varying coefficients models) rather than global ones only, in order to guide specific public policies more effectively.

Green economic growth led by technological solutions is often mentioned as a solution for mitigating plastic pollution. However, economic growth appears to be in contradiction to planetary boundaries. By developing two worldwide socio-economic models, for forecasting inadequately managed plastic waste up to the year 2050 across 217 countries and territories, we demonstrate the adverse ecological impacts of the lack of regulatory processes and educational environmental programs. We used country-by-country data from the World Bank for the model estimates. The global cumulative stock of plastic waste that is inadequately managed is predicted to increase from 61–72 million metric tons (MT) in 1990 to 5109–5678 MT by 2050. Four scenario analyses told different stories: The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, mitigation scenario 1: Capping GDP, mitigation scenario 2: Extending education, and mitigation scenario 3: Fighting corruption. In “capping GDP,” the annual amount of inadequately managed plastic waste slightly increases and reaches 64–119 million MT/year in 2050 instead of 61–110 million MT/year in the BAU scenario. In the “extending education” scenario, the amount decreases by 34% compared to the BAU scenario in 2050. In the “fighting corruption” scenario, the amount decreases by 60%. We provide further details in the country-by-country predictions, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience; Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Siberian indigenous villagers and nomads have often struggled to find enough income to sustain themselves. Some natives think that ethno-tourism can be a source of income, but there is currently little tourism in Siberia. In the circumpolar Arctic, tourism is presented as a source of economic development. The Russian Federation’s Official Plan for Economic Development to 2030 also includes the growth of tourism; to this end, Russia has mobilised specialised taskforces. What will be the economic, social and cultural consequences for native communities? What forms of tourism will be beneficial for them? What perceptions do Siberian natives have of tourism? This transdisciplinary paper compares non-existent tourism, as it is imagined, desired, or deplored by native townspeople, villagers, and nomadic herders of the Sakha-Yakutia Republic and Amur region, with existing ethno-tourism experiences in Kamchatka. Based on ethnographic material collected from 1994 to 2016, the paper used participatory fieldwork, hypothesising performed by indigenous co-researchers and an anthropologist, and classical anthropology. It analyses existing and non-existent tourisms on the economic, social, cultural, and administrative levels.; Depuis l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, les villageois et les nomades autochtones sibériens ont souvent eu du mal à subvenir à leurs besoins. Certains natifs pensent que l'ethno-tourisme peut être une source de revenus, mais il y a actuellement peu de tourisme en Sibérie. Dans l'Arctique circumpolaire, le tourisme est présenté comme une source de croissance économique. Le Plan Officiel de Développement Economique de la Fédération de Russie à l'Horizon 2030 vise également le développement du tourisme et, à cette fin, la Russie mobilise des équipes spécialisées. Quelles seront les conséquences économiques, sociales et culturelles pour les communautés autochtones? Quelles formes de tourisme leur seraient bénéfiques ? Quelles perceptions les autochtones de Sibérie ont-ils du tourisme ?Cet article transdisciplinaire compare le tourisme inexistant, tel qu'il est imaginé, souhaité ou déploré par les citadins, les villageois, les éleveurs nomades autochtones de la République Sakha-Yakoutie et de la région de l'Amour, avec diverses expériences d’ethno-tourisme existants au Kamtchatka. Basé sur des données ethnographiques recueillies entre 1994 et 2016, l'article a utilisé les méthodes de terrains participatifs et de l’anthropologie classique, et des mises en hypothèses effectuées par des co-chercheurs autochtones et un anthropologue. Il analyse les aspects économiques, sociaux, culturels et administratifs des tourismes existants et non existants.

Every year millions of people around the world are internally displaced as a result of so-called « natural » disasters. Often considered as short-term and short-distance migrations involving the return of populations, dominant academic and political analysis focus their attention on material factors associated with survival of the displaced and pay little attention to the way in which these movements impact the social life of the people concerned during the displacement. This research proposes studying this phenomenon from a different angle and questions how temporary displacement impacts social interactions, relations and positions and how this affects the experience of displacement. Using a constructivist approach of Grounded Theory, this research takes as a starting point a sociological perspective of social identities to examine the concrete experience of displacement of the population of the Campo de la Cruz village in Colombia, affected by a massive flooding in 2010. The analysis shows that displacement, in a short-term configuration, is a process that involves an alteration of social identities of the new « displaced ». The flood not only destroys material assets but also together with displacement, causes the fragmentation of social roles and positions within their groups of reference. The newly displaced populations arrive in the destination territories in the greatest material and social deprivation, which forces them to be inserted into a system of dependence on aid for survival. In this context, new interactions emerge between aid and assistance organizations, the displaced and the residents of the destination territories. This research focus in particular on the way in which this new configuration of relations participates in the construction of « stigmatic categories » with regard to the displaced and how this generates social separation between groups that reflects the nature of power relationships in the new hierarchy of survival and the « liminal » social condition of the displaced. In this panorama, the social identities of the displaced are fragmented, new identification mechanisms are imposed to them and social recompositions, unfavorable to the displaced, arise from the confrontation to the informal and institutional logics of organizing survival. Finally, the research calls to overcome the classic « humanitarian » and political vision which conceives the survival of people displaced by a disaster through a materialist perspective to adopt a « humanist » approach that protects human dignity and guarantee human rights, far beyond the satisfaction of basic material needs., Chaque année dans le monde, des millions de personnes se retrouvent « déplacées » à l’intérieur de leur pays suite à une catastrophe. Ces déplacements sont souvent envisagés comme des migrations de courte durée, à faible distance et conclus par un retour des populations. Les analyses académiques et politiques dominantes centrent leur attention sur les aspects matériels associés à la survie des déplacés en négligeant les répercussions sur la vie sociale de ces personnes pendant le déplacement. La présente recherche adopte un angle différent et s’interroge sur la manière dont le déplacement temporaire impacte les interactions, les relations et les positions sociales et sur les conséquences que cela entraîne sur l’expérience même du déplacement. En empruntant une approche constructiviste de la théorisation enracinée, cette recherche prend comme point de départ une perspective sociologique des identités sociales pour examiner l’expérience concrète du déplacement des habitants de la commune de Campo de la Cruz, en Colombie, suite à une inondation massive en 2010. L’analyse montre que le déplacement, dans sa configuration temporelle réduite, est un processus qui implique une altération des identités sociales des « déplacés ». La catastrophe détruit le matériel et, avec le déplacement qu’elle cause, elle provoque la déstructuration des rôles et des positions des individus au sein de leurs groupes de référence. Les déplacés arrivent dans les territoires de destination dans le plus grand dénuement tant matériel que social, dépendants d’un système d’aides dans lequel ils sont contraints de s’insérer pour survivre. Dans ce contexte, de nouvelles interactions émergent entre les organismes en charge de distribuer ces aides à l’intérieur des espaces qui deviennent des lieux de survie, les déplacés et les résidents historiques des territoires de destination. Cette recherche s’intéresse en particulier à la manière dont cette nouvelle configuration de relations participe à l’élaboration de « catégories stigmatiques » à l’égard des déplacés et à la manière dont elle engendre une séparation sociale entre les groupes d’acteurs qui reflètent les ressorts des nouveaux rapports de pouvoir dans la nouvelle hiérarchie de la survie et traduisent la condition sociale « liminale » des déplacés. Dans ce panorama, les identités sociales des déplacés se fragmentent, des nouveaux mécanismes d’identification leur sont imposés et des recompositions sociales, défavorables aux déplacés, naissent de la confrontation des logiques informelles et institutionnelles d’organisation de la survie. Enfin, la recherche invite à dépasser la vision classique « humanitaire » et politique qui conçoit la survie des personnes déplacées suite à une catastrophe dans une perspective matérialiste pour adopter une approche « humaniste » qui permette de préserver la dignité des personnes et de garantir leurs droits, bien au-delà de la satisfaction des besoins matériels.

International audience; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in plastic resin pellets collected from 65 beaches across 27 countries worldwide. They were detected at 49 locations at concentrations of the sum of 49 congeners of up to 46 ng/g-pellet and a median of 2 ng/g-pellet. These values are one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (median, 51 ng/g-pellet). This difference can be attributed to lower production of the Penta-BDE technical mixture, which is used extensively in some countries, and lower availability of brominated flame retardants for equilibrium partitioning than PCBs. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated congeners (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154) were dominant over a deca-substituted congener (BDE-209) in many samples; this was significantly detected in pellets from some locations. Results indicate that pellets reflect the pollution status of PBDEs in the dissolved phase in seawater. From the ranking of the summed concentrations of six major PBDE congeners (Σ6PBDEs), we propose five levels of pollution categorization (ng/g-pellet): no (8.5) local pollution. The USA and neighboring countries were categorized as extreme (17–36 ng/g-pellet), western Europe and Japan were categorized as high (≤8.8), and most Asian and African countries were categorized as slight (

International audience

International audience

International audience; Street vending is quite pervasive in developing countries, in Southeast Asian nations, especially in urban areas. Street vending activity is quite common in cities in Vietnam. According to the 2015 survey of the Vietnamese Government, migrants aged 15-59 in Vietnam accounted for 17.3% of the population (GSO-UNFPA, 2016). A large proportion of them work in the informal economic sector, working without contract, insurance, tax and little control. Street vending is typical of such informal activities. The informal economy is said to account for 20% of the country's GDP and tends to increase rapidly since 2017 (Tran Thi Bich Nhan and Do Thi Minh Huong, 2019). The requirement of city development creates the critical debate on stopping street vending or managing this activity in a way that is compatible with growth and development. Yet it seems that hawkers are unaware of the risks that they are facing, especially migrant group. They seem to fail to comprehend the opportunities associated to controlling their livelihood. The factors impacting vending activities have not been discussed strictly. This paper analyses the social life of hawkers to find who they are and their awareness on street vending as well as factors contributing to these activities. Furthermore, the research explores the risks and difficulties of the migrant hawkers. It analyzes the relation between livelihood of the poor and urban development. Based on that, the potential policies for this issue are discussed. Research is implemented based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. 204 questionnaires for hawkers have been administered and in depth interviews have been conducted from March to April, 2019. All the data were collected through the designed survey in 5 places in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City.

International audience; The number of local climate adaptation plans has grown rapidly over the last ten years, and the work of cities and various local authorities, national and international think tanks, and networks has offered new insights into planning for climate change adaptation. Their strategies are rooted in their countries' land-use policies and national planning cultures following different methodological guidelines that are, in some cases, mandatory. This paper offers further reflections on the need for a uniform system of indicators to facilitate monitoring, knowledge sharing, and cross-border comparison of climate adaptation plans, following up on our previous research and bibliographic studies. It also highlights the necessity to engage diverse stakeholders, including, and primarily, the most vulnerable groups, to ensure equity considerations in successful adaptation planning.

International audience

International audience

International audience; The present dataset consists of metadata for 36 examples of publicly available multi-issue climate change adaptation plans of small and mid-size urban communities in France and the United States. Compiled by Lioubimtseva and da Cunha [1] as a pilot sample for a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system developed by the authors, the complete dataset comprises assessment results based on 24 criteria of the plans’ structure, content, and development process. To protect information about quality scores of individual planning documents, this published part of our dataset is limited to the essential information about the cities’ profiles and their adaptation plans, with plan assessment results presented in Boolean format instead of actual rating scores, and the highlights of the strong points of each plan (instead of the actual quantitative scores generated in our study). The purpose of this dataset is to provide users with references to examples of strong points of the first generation climate adaptation plans developed between 2007 and 2017 in both countries.

International audience

International audience; The Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island) have developed a deep respect for their natural environment and are able to report not only changes in weather, ice, and natural resources but also changes in their communities as a result of climate change. The objective of this study was to shed light on how the impacts of climate change are currently perceived in the communities of Kanngiqtugaapik, Pangniqtuuq, and Qikiqtarjuaq. In order to construct a shared knowledge base, we conducted qualitative video interviews and participated in a hunting camp with multigenerational and multigender Inuit hunters and fishers. First, Inuit continue to see the world in which they cohabit with other living things, particularly animals, as a world that they cannot control on their own—a world they must adapt to, passing learning from one generation to the next. Second, they report that changes in the ice have been among the major and most important transformations to have occurred in recent decades. Observations made by these local populations also indicate changes in hunted species, with fewer caribou and narwhal, more birds, insects, and fish, including from more southerly regions, and an uncertainty about polar bear populations. Seal hunting remains stable, and this meat is still the most popular and healthy food, physically and psychologically. Third, sociological and economic changes (e.g., lifestyle change, monetary economies, quotas), in addition to environmental changes (e.g., climate change, species change), have had a significant impact on food harvesting activities as well as food consumption in the region. A final perspective concerns the needs of the Qikiqtaaluk communities to further develop collaboration with scientists. This need for partnership is not only perceived as a scientific necessity but also recognized by Inuit as essential to their communities, with some local leaders ready to work toward a fruitful collaboration.

Regardless of our culture or way of life, we have to “live” somewhere, and for more than half of the world’s population, their life takes place in a city. Urban areas are attractive for many reasons, but they also concentrate many problems of pollution, poor health conditions and social challenges. Above all, it is clear that people do not benefit equally of good living conditions, and the distribution of urban quality reveals significant disparities. How then could we define what is a good living environment in favor of people’s wellbeing? Wellbeing is an ambiguous concept for which no unique and absolute indicator can ever be found, but the question of its assessment remains. Urban planning that designs and shapes the places we live in, public health with its definition of health as complete well-being, or philosophy that, since Aristote described what makes a life a “good life”, we have access to many ways of considering the concept of wellbeing. For epistemological and ethical reasons, we have chosen to study urban wellbeing starting from the people in their living environment. Our work focuses on the French designated “priority” neighborhoods, because of the spatial and social inequalities observed on those territories. This thesis is based on several participatory action-researches conducted with municipalities near Paris and La Rochelle about urban public actions and urban renovation programs. Our work is particularly underpinned by the realization of Health Impact Assessments (HIA) of two urban projects, for which we chose to experiment an open approach with the implication of municipal agents and local actors. The objective was also to research the conditions of collective learning about the links between health, wellbeing and urbanism. This work relies on literature data, but also on people’s experience of their living environment that we collected through ethnographical types of field survey. The stories that we gathered draw the attention to the relation between people and their neighborhood, and what really matters to them. They also enable us to understand the fact of living in a place as a total human experience, far from analytical approaches that tend to be compartmentalized into different predefined parameters. Inspired by relational sociology, we sought for regularities, forces and tensions in those different individual stories, and we argue that this enables us to overcome some of the difficulties that usually arise in concertation processes. It also enables to clarify the issues that the territory is facing, and to drive the discussions in the process of project assessment on the real experience of people in their neighborhoods. Finally, we have developed a heuristic framework to approach expressions of place attachment, that we considered as a proxy for wellbeing in this research. The categories that we found in the surveys (familiarity, integration, safety and comfort, control of one’s life, injustice, fulfillment) work together as a system and they differ completely from functionalist and utilitarian approaches that are still fully present in urban programs, public health or urban ecology. Studying the conditions of possibilities of place attachment and of the empowerment of people in their living environment opens very interesting perspectives to design and develop local policies, especially in the urban realm. Feelings of injustice are very present in the survey, and considering the real experience of people is the only way to understand where inequalities are experienced as unjust, an approach that we consider relevant to overcome the limits of a static analysis of inequalities based on statistics., La diversité des territoires et des cultures reflète de multiples modes de vie, mais que ce soit par choix ou par contrainte, une part considérable de la population mondiale vit désormais dans des milieux urbanisés. Ces territoires concentrent de nombreux facteurs d’attractivité, mais aussi des problématiques environnementales, sanitaires et sociales complexes, et surtout des situations d’inégalités d’accès à un cadre de vie de qualité. Alors, qu’est-ce qui pourrait faire le bien-être des habitants dans leur cadre de vie ? Il ne peut exister aucun indicateur unique et absolu de cette notion ambiguë de bien-être, mais la question de la manière dont on l’évalue reste entière. L’urbanisme, la santé publique, la sociologie, ou encore la philosophie nous proposent de multiples conceptions pour aborder le sujet. Toutefois, peut-on de considérer l’étude du bien-être de manière extérieure, sans les personnes concernées ? Pour des raisons épistémologiques, mais aussi éthiques, nous avons pris le parti d’étudier le bien-être dans son cadre de vie en partant du point de vue des habitants. Nous avons aussi fait le choix de porter notre attention sur les quartiers prioritaires de la politique de la ville, en raison des inégalités sociales et territoriales en présence. La thèse s’articule autour de différentes recherches-actions participatives menées avec des municipalités en région parisienne et à La Rochelle dans le cadre d’actions publiques portant sur le cadre de vie (gestion urbaine, aménagement urbain, rénovation urbaine). Notre travail s’appuie plus particulièrement sur l’évaluation des impacts sur la santé (EIS) de deux projets urbains à Nanterre et La Rochelle, des démarches que nous avons portées de manière ouverte, en impliquant les agents et acteurs locaux dans le sens d’une recherche d’apprentissage collectif des liens entre santé, bien-être et urbanisme. L’originalité du travail tient également aux croisements réalisés entre les savoirs de l’expertise et ceux de l’expérience collectés à travers des enquêtes de type ethnographique menées auprès d’habitants de quartiers défavorisés. Les récits permettent de porter notre attention sur la relation des habitants à leur cadre de vie, et à ce qui compte pour eux. Ils permettent aussi de comprendre le vécu total des personnes, et de sortir de logiques analytiques morcelées entre différents paramètres prédéterminés. Inspirés de la sociologie relationnelle, la recherche de régularités et de points de tensions entre ces différents récits personnels permet de dépasser le niveau de doléances propre à certaines démarches de concertations et de mieux cerner les enjeux du territoire, y compris dans l’évaluation des projets. Enfin, nous avons développé un cadre heuristique ouvert permettant d’approcher les expressions d’attachement au lieu de vie, considéré comme un proxy du bien-être. Les catégories émergentes (familiarité, intégration, aisance et sécurité, maîtrise de sa situation, injustice, épanouissement) forment système, et s’écartent complètement des approches fonctionnalistes et utilitaristes encore bien présentes dans les champs de l’urbanisme, de la santé publique ou de l’écologie urbaine. L’étude des conditions de possibilité de cet attachement au lieu de vie et du développement du pouvoir d’agir des habitants dans leur quartier offre des perspectives très riches pour penser les territoires de vie et les politiques urbaines. Enfin, les sentiments d’injustice omniprésents dans nos enquêtes mettent en exergue l’importance de passer par l’expérience des personnes, seule dimension où l’on peut capter ce qui est réellement vécu comme injuste, et de dépasser ainsi les écueils d’une lecture statistique, à plat, des inégalités sociales et territoriales.

International audience; Marine litter, the majority of which is plastic, is one of the most pressing global environmental challenges impacting the planet. One way coastal communities respond to this challenge is through the environmental stewardship practice of volunteer beach cleanups. Beyond providing temporarily cleaner local beaches, how might these beach cleanups have broader impacts in the global struggle against plastic pollution? Using the lenses of environmental stewardship and civic ecology, we conducted a content analysis of primary source materials created by 50 groups involved in volunteer beach cleanups. We collected data on the scale at which groups coordinate volunteer beach cleanups, the roles they play in conducting these cleanups, how they interact with other volunteer beach cleanup groups, and the other forms of stewardship they conduct, if any. Within our sample, we identified groups coordinating volunteer beach cleanups at five geographic scales: local, sub-national, national, multi-national, and global. Within the groups operating at each scale, we found groups conducting environmental stewardship in the forms of education, advocacy, research, and monitoring in addition to their conservation work through beach cleanups. Our findings demonstrate that groups branch out their impacts by combining different forms of environmental stewardship targeting plastic pollution, and they collaborate to scale up their actions in ways that contribute to plastic pollution governance. Connecting these findings with the literature on the broader impacts of civic ecology practices allows us to theorize how volunteer beach cleanup groups branch out and scale up their efforts to weave a global net of ocean stewardship.

International audience

Green economic growth fed by technological solutions is often mentioned to mitigate plastic pollution. But economic growth appears to be in contradiction to planetary boundaries. By developing two worldwide socio-economic models based on non-technological solutions, economic production, social, and policy data, we demonstrate the adverse ecological impact of the lack of regulatory process and educational environmental programs. Our results support other studies that observe the effect of several key factors on behaviors in favor of the environment: i) improving the quality of democracy with better regulation in all country income categories, ii) implementing long-term educational programs to increase environmental awareness in low and middle income countries, iii) limiting urbanization and urban sprawl, which generates disconnection from the environment and reduces opportunities for personal experiences with the ecosystem. All these key factors feature industrial responsibility, environmental awareness and willingness to engage in ethical production, consumption and plastic waste management. Our results show a 1% increase in education or corruption control policies reduces annual inadequately managed plastic waste by 0.97% and 0.18% respectively. As a result, progressively raising the number of schooling years to 12 and implementing tighter corruption control policies would reduce by 44% and 28% respectively the global amount of inadequately managed plastic waste discarded into the global ecosystem in 2050 as compared to 1990. Otherwise, this amount is predicted to increase from 61-72 million tonnes per year in 1990 to 61-110 million tonnes per year in 2050.

CORRECTION LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-019-02613-4; International audience; Climate change is causing wide-ranging effects on ecosystem services critical to coastal communities and livelihoods, creating an urgent need to adapt. Most studies of climate change adaptation consist of narrative descriptions of individual cases or global synthesis, making it difficult to formulate and test locally rooted but generalizable hypotheses about adaptation processes. In contrast, researchers in this study analyzed key points in climate change adaptation derived from coordinated fieldwork in seven coastal communities around the world, including Arctic, temperate, and tropical areas on four continents. Study communities faced multiple challenges from sea level rise and warmer ocean temperatures, including coastal erosion, increasing salinity, and ecological changes. We analyzed how the communities adapted to climate effects and other co-occurring forces for change, focusing on most important changes to local livelihoods and societies, and barriers to and enablers of adaptation. Although many factors contributed to adaptation, communities with strong self-organized local institutions appeared better able to adapt without substantial loss of well-being than communities where these institutions were weak or absent. Key features of these institutions included setting and enforcing rules locally and communication across scales. Self-governing local institutions have been associated with sustainable management of natural resources. In our study communities, analogous institutions played a similar role to moderate adverse effects from climate-driven environmental change. The findings suggest that policies to strengthen, recognize, and accommodate local institutions could improve adaptation outcomes.

International audience; As the number of local climate adaptation plans has rapidly grown during the past ten years in response to increasing threats of climate change, cities and various organizations offer new insights on climate adaptation planning methods rooted in their countries' planning cultures. To facilitate monitoring, knowledge sharing, and cross-border comparison of climate adaptation plans, we have developed a uniform system of 24 indicators, integrating the key aspects of plans' structure and organization; content and scientific basis; and plan development and coordination process. We examine here 36 examples of local climate change adaptation plans of small and mid-sized urban communities in France and the United States and reflect on the experiences they offer to future planning. Driven by different methodological guidelines, French and U.S. plans demonstrate different strong points, offering useful insights for future planning. Yet, they appear to share similar shortcomings on both sides of the Atlantic. The key findings include the need for clearer planning toolkits for local governments, engagement of diverse stakeholders, attention to equity, and higher level of integration of plans across multiple sectors and scales. Citizens' groups, academia, and the private sector should play a more active role in the development and implementation of adaptation plans.

International audience

International audience; The goal of this paper is to analyze how and with what results place-based climate service co-production may be enacted within a community for whom climate change is not a locally salient concern. Aiming to initiate a climate-centered dialogue, a hybrid team of scientists and artists collected local narratives within the Kerourien neighbourhood, in the city of Brest in Brittany, France. Kerourien is a place known for its stigmatizing crime, poverty, marginalization and state of disrepair. Social work is higher on the agenda than climate action. The team thus acknowledged that local narratives might not make much mention of climate change, and recognized part of the work might be to shift awareness to the actual or potential, current or future, connections between everyday non-climate concerns and climate issues. Such a shift called for a practical intervention, centered on local culture.The narrative collection process was dovetailed with preparing the neighbourhood’s 50th anniversary celebration and establishing a series of art performances to celebrate the neighbourhood and its residents. Non-climate and quasi-climate stories were collected, documented, and turned into art forms. The elements of climate service co-production in this process are twofold. First, they point to the ways in which non-climate change related local concerns may be mapped out in relation to climate change adaptation, showing how non-climate change concerns call for climate information. Secondly, they show how the co-production of climate services may go beyond the provision of climate information by generating procedural benefits such as local empowerment – thus generating capacities that may be mobilized to face climate change. We conclude by stressing that “place-based climate service co-production for action” may require questioning the nature of the “services” rendered, questioning the nature of “place,” and questioning what “action” entails. We offer leads for addressing these questions in ways that help realise empowerment and greater social justice.

International audience; This paper contributes to the body of knowledge associated with the analysis of transdisciplinary research. We use a narrative centered approach, focusing on hybridity, sensemaking and the potential for transdisciplinary research to foster agency.When confronted with changes, people – as individuals – and local communities – as groups – make sense of them in the light of their own knowledge, beliefs and experiences. The process by which communities make sense of changing institutional and natural environments can be defined as the interaction between their own frame of reference and the perception of the situational demands inherent to changes, together with their interpretation of these changes. Such a dynamic process of sensemaking constantly redefines the boundaries of the narratives that community members can call on to give meaning to their past, present and future. In this paper we use five case studies to analyze how this sensemaking plays out in situations of changing climate risk and changing frames of reference associated with the presence of transdisciplinary scientists. We identify the central challenge of ambiguity. We define ambiguity as situations where narratives of change assign different meanings to the changes observed. In such situations, we observe three potential outcomes in our case studies: (1) communities appear to be forced into inaction – as a consequence of agency-depriving senselessness; (2) communities appear to be cornered into maladaptation – as a consequence of a misguided sense of agency; and (3) communities try to resolve ambiguity and effectively move forward – as knowledge-based agency-fostering exercise. In light of these results, we argue that by contributing to the clarification of such ambiguities, climate science may contribute to increases in local agency, thus enhancing adaptive capacities. We conclude by proposing that climate science be place-based and community–centered. The purpose of such a shift would be aimed at building the agency-enhancing sensemaking of local communities.

International audience; In the present circumstances, where demands on science from citizens and public policy makers are becoming more pressing and perhaps also confusing, it would be useful to reexamine the meaning of words and the fields they cover, before studying the role of science in medium- or long-term policy or societal decisions. Copyright

International audience; Extreme event attribution (EEA) proposes scientific diagnostics on whether and how a specific weather event is (or is not) different in the actual world from what it could have been in a world without climate change. This branch of climate science has developed to the point where European institutions are preparing the ground for an operational attribution service. In this context, the goal of this article is to explore a panorama of scientist perspectives on their motivations to undertake EEA studies. In order to do so, we rely on qualitative semi-structured interviews of climate scientists involved in EEA, on peer-reviewed social and climate literature discussing the usefulness of EEA and on reports from the EUCLEIA project, which investigated the possibility of building an EEA service. We propose a classification of EEA’s potential uses and users and discuss each of them. We find that, first, there is a plurality of motivations and that individual scientists disagree on which one is most useful. Second, there is a lack of solid, empirical evidence to back up any of these motivations.

The health hut model in Senegal is the result of a socio-historical process as well as the health policy evolution. It underpins the health pyramid and is integrated into the health system. Paradoxically, communities struggle to appropriate their health huts. The lack of understanding of the community appropriation process justified this research, which makes it original.The research hypothesis is that the dynamics of community participation influence the health hut appropriation.Through a qualitative, empirical and exploratory research using a multiple case study strategy, three cases were selected in the Thiès region. Four types of qualitative data were collected: in-depth interviews, focus groups, semi-structured interviews and direct observation.A relational perspective based on flexible conceptual framework inspired by Bourdieu’s theory and an Eliasian socio-historical approach guided the research.Data were analyzed by means of the grounded theory method using a coding based on progressive abstraction; which allowed the emerging of categories used to develop the theoretical framework.Results show that the appropriation process mechanisms are expressed through the capacity of communities to manage critical events; and the immersion of the health hut in the social fabric.The agency of action, the sense of community and the capacity of community members to mobilize their social practices of participation are the driving forces of the appropriation process, that is sustained by the interrelations between the cultural, social and symbolic capitals. The latter displays at the community level by coming into play in the appropriation construction as process and not as an aim, and by renewing the trust and reciprocity space that is essential for collective actions. Of originality, is the discursive building of identity, recognition; and space of trust and reciprocity.Are discussed, methodological aspects and the operationability of the appropriation concept: among others, appropriation appears as a process and not as an aim.The study opens new research paths as it relates to the widening of the geographical area of such type of study; and by taking into account the supra-community level factors. It recommends a paradigm shift from the part of development agents who need to consider communities as unit of participation, as systems full of potential and solutions that wait to be stimulated and mobilized; and not as problem nets to be addressed using imported solutions., Au Sénégal, la case de santé (CdS), fruit d’un processus socio-historique et de l’évolution de la politique sanitaire, constitue la base de la pyramide sanitaire où elle est intégrée. Paradoxalement, les communautés arrivent difficilement à se l’approprier. Elle doit sa survie à l’accompagnement des ONG. La compréhension de l’appropriation communautaire fait défaut et a motivé cette recherche, d’où son originalité. La recherche est basée sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les dynamiques de participation communautaire influencent l’appropriation de la CdS.Au moyen d’une étude qualitative, empirique et exploratoire utilisant une stratégie d’étude de cas multiples, 3 cas ont été sélectionnés dans la région de Thiès. Nous avons collecté quatre types de données qualitatives : entretiens approfondis, focus groups, entretiens semi-structurés et observation directe. Une perspective relationnelle opérationnalisée par un cadre conceptuel large empruntant des concepts de la théorie Bourdieusienne et une approche socio-historique Eliasienne balisent la recherche.Les données ont été analysées au moyen de la théorisation ancrée utilisant un codage par niveaux d’abstraction progressive, duquel ont émergé les catégories ayant servi à l’élaboration d’un cadre logique.Les résultats de l’étude indiquent que les mécanismes du processus d’appropriation s’expriment par la capacité des communautés à gérer les événements critiques et par l’insertion de la CdS dans le tissu social.La pouvoir d’agir de la communauté, le sens communautaire de ses membres et leur capacité à mobiliser les pratiques sociales de participation constituent les moteurs de l’appropriation qui est entretenue par des interrelations entre les capitaux culturel, social et symbolique. Ce dernier s’exprime au niveau communautaire, en entrant en jeu dans la construction de l’appropriation comme processus et non finalité, en renforçant l’identité et en renouvelant l’espace de confiance et de réciprocité, essentiel pour l’action collective. La construction discursive de l’identité communautaire, de la reconnaissance et de l’espace de confiance de réciprocité apparait comme une originalité.Les discussions portent sur des aspects méthodologiques et sur l’opérationnalité du concept d’appropriation. Entres autres, l’appropriation apparait comme processus de reconnaissance et non comme finalité.Cette étude ouvre des pistes de recherches dans le cadre d’un élargissement de l’aire de recherche et en tenant compte des facteurs supra-communautaires. Elle recommande un changement de regard des agents de développement qui devraient considérer les communautés comme des unités de participation, des systèmes regorgeant de potentialités et de solutions nécessitant d’être stimulés et mobilisés ; et non comme des nids de problèmes à résoudre, avec des solutions importées.

The Paris agreement recognizes “the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events”. Hence, it raises the question of discriminating extreme events between those influenced and not influenced by climate change. Extreme event attribution (EEA) is the ensemble of scientific ways to interpret and answer the question “was this event influenced by climate change”. The relevance of EEA for climate negotiations was debated before the adoption of the Paris Agreement and is still discussed in post Paris Agreement literature. To inform this debate, we propose a phenomenological approach based on interviews. Parker et al. (2017) analyzed interviews from a mix of loss and damage stakeholders at COP 19, and highlighted a variety of opinions regarding the relevance of EEA for loss and damage. We propose to go further by focusing on two distinct groups of stakeholders: EEA scientists and loss and damage delegates (or their advisers). We find that delegates perceive EEA as a useful tool for awareness raising. We outline a number of hurdles raised by both groups, which may hinder EEA to be part of a practical loss and damage mechanism.

Changes with regard to climate and permafrost are giving rise to new, interrelated processes and stressors, which in turn are creating new risk patterns for Arctic communities. Obtaining an increased knowledge of these new risks could be a starting point for understanding the opportunities for, and implications of, possible solutions. This article focuses on the social representations of permafrost thaw among people who were born or live in different regions of Sakha Republic (Russia). In this sense, our research aims to obtain a better understanding of the new risk patterns through the collection and subsequent analysis of narratives of personal experiences in order to identify the main concerns, how these are defined and framed and which coping strategies are considered by local inhabitants. We conducted fieldwork in Yakutsk (the capital city of Sakha Republic) in order to meet and interview a wide range of stakeholders including, among others, governmental authorities, people working in or representing research institutions, indigenous people, students and reindeer herders.

International audience; This research aims at identifying elements that might create an enabling environment for the protection of human security in Canada’s Arctic communities. Human security aims at protecting individual(s) against physical or non-physical, violent or non-violent threats (environment, health, development or well-being). In order to assess the current human security in Canadian Arctic, this research analyses the relational dynamics within Canadian Rangers patrols, which are composed of Indigenous people under the responsibility of non-Indigenous instructors. It focuses on Nunavik, where communities suffer from many risks related to the concept of human security, and analyses a corpus of 21 qualitative interviews and field observations conducted in 2016 and 2017. Data interpretation reveals that the Canadian government indirectly strengthens human security of its Arctic communities through Canadian Rangers and Junior Canadian Rangers patrols - Canadian Rangers’ youth counterpart. This strengthening of human security in Canadian Arctic communities results from a three-step process based on balanced and respectful relationship dynamics between Inuit Rangers and non-Inuit instructors, allowing Canadian Rangers patrols and Junior Canadian Rangers patrols to act as a source and a guarantee of human security.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the districts in the suburban of Dakar, particularly the sector of Pikine, which is largely made up of informal habitations, have been flooded every rainy season. The processes that led to this situation are rather well known and combine the lack of anticipation, construction in non-extended area, occurred in dry periods and the cessation of exploitation of the groundwater, among others.Facing the lack of the authorities to provide solution to the flooded populations, already living in poverty and insalubrity, a large mobilization of civic organizations has intervened and tries to provide solutions, sometimes in the emergency, but also in a more sustainable way. It is precisely in this mobilization that we first sought the constitution of adaptive capacities, that we could attribute to the different communities, living in the flooded districts.We first looked at the proposals from the literature on climate change to realize that such static analytical frameworks could not account for either the diversity of actions implemented or their evolution in time. The ethnographic survey and participant observation with civic organizations acting in the field, over approximately during five (5) years, allowed us to collect narratives, articulating motives, actions, values and other cultural elements, as well as knowledge of the experience, or even to see how they change over time.Based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice, with elements such as social capital or cultural capital, not as closed pre-established concepts, but as they emerged from the corpus of the field survey (eg. mutual support, informal social control, inclusivity and governance, in connection with each organization ...), we have thus produced a dynamic sociological framework, accounting for empirical observations and presenting reinforcement loops.Our observation on the existence of "stocks" of social capital, limited to its intra-community component, has prompted us to set up a space for discussion, exchange and sharing of experiences, with the aim of generating synergies and allowing the expansion of social capital. This has met with a great deal of resistance, revealing a climate of mistrust attributed, according to the participants, to manipulative practices by both outside organizations and public authorities. In addition, we have shown that from the characteristics or discourse of organizations, that some, led by notables and dependent on the status quo of the balance of power, could be qualified as conservative, while others (the minority), more inclined towards social innovation, questioned this status quo, generating controversy and heated exchanges during meetings.If the spontaneous action of the communities, aimed at protecting themselves from the consequences of climatic events, is real and effective, it also participates in the process of adaptation to perceived changes, not only reactively, but also as a search for a better life. Similarly, experience in action strengthens the knowledge of the experience and could contribute to resilience, but still truncated, as long as this role is not recognized by the public authorities., Depuis le début des années 2000, les quartiers de la périphérie de Dakar et notamment le Département de Pikine, constitué largement d’ensembles urbains informels, subissent des inondations à chaque saison des pluies. Les processus qui ont conduit à cette situation sont plutôt bien connus et associent le manque d’anticipation, les constructions en zone non ædificandi, intervenues en période sèche et l’arrêt de l’exploitation de l’aquifère sous-jacent, entre autres.Devant le manque d’empressement des pouvoirs publics pour apporter un soulagement aux populations inondées, vivant déjà dans la pauvreté et l’insalubrité, une vaste mobilisation d’organisations civiques est intervenue et tente d’apporter des solutions, parfois dans l’urgence, mais aussi de manière plus durable. C’est justement dans cette mobilisation que nous avons d’abord recherché la constitution de capacités adaptatives, que nous pourrions attribuer aux différentes communautés, vivant dans les quartiers inondés.Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés aux propositions, issues de la littérature sur le changement climatique, pour nous rendre compte que de tels cadres analytiques statiques, ne pouvaient rendre compte, ni de la diversité d’actions mises en œuvre, ni de leur évolution dans le temps. L’enquête ethnographique et l’observation participante auprès des organisations civiques agissant sur le terrain, durant cinq ans environ, nous a permis de collecter les narratifs, articulant motifs, actions, valeurs et autres éléments culturels, ainsi que des savoirs de l’expérience, voire de constater leur évolution dans le temps.En nous appuyant sur la théorie des pratiques de Pierre Bourdieu, avec des éléments comme le capital social ou culturel, pas comme des concepts fermés, préétablis, mais tels qu’ils ressortaient du corpus de l’enquête de terrain (par exemple : entraide, contrôle social informel, inclusivité et gouvernance, en lien avec chaque organisation…), nous avons ainsi produit un cadre sociologique dynamique, rendant compte des observations empiriques et présentant des boucles de renforcement.Notre constat sur l’existence de « stocks » de capital social, limité à sa composante intra-communautaire, nous a incité à mettre en place un espace de discussion, d’échanges et de partage des expériences, dans le but de générer des synergies et permettant l’élargissement du capital social. Ceci a rencontré de nombreuses résistances, révélant un climat de méfiance, attribuée, selon les dires des participants, aux pratiques manipulatrices, tant d’organisations extérieures que des pouvoirs publics. En outre, nous avons pu montrer qu’à partir des caractéristiques ou discours des organisations, que certaines, dirigées par des notables et dépendantes du statu quo des équilibres de pouvoir, pouvaient être qualifiées de conservatrices, alors que d’autres (la minorité), plus portées vers l’innovation sociale, questionnaient ce statut quo, générant des controverses et des échanges houleux lors des réunions.Si l’action spontanée des communautés, visant à se prémunir des conséquences d’événements climatiques, est réelle et effective, elle participe aussi du processus de l’adaptation aux changements perçus, pas seulement de manière réactive, mais aussi comme recherche d’un mieux vivre. De même, l’expérience dans l’action, renforce les savoirs de l’expérience et pourrait contribuer à la résilience, mais toujours tronquée, tant que ce rôle n’est pas reconnu par les pouvoirs publics.

Cet article étudie le décalage entre des discours scientifiques sur le changement climatique qui se veulent générateurs de dynamiques ambitieuses d’adaptation et la réalité de leur prise en compte dans la gestion des grands réseaux d’infrastructures. Autour de l’étude détaillée d’une portion du système ferroviaire du sud de la France, particulièrement soumise aux aléas climatiques, il commence par décrire où et comment apparaît la question climatique depuis le temps long des grands projets jusqu’aux problématiques quotidiennes des circulations ferroviaires. Ce travail d’enquête met en lumière, à partir d’une étude documentaire et d’un corpus d’entretiens semi-directifs, une appréhension réelle du phénomène, mais sur un mode incrémental plutôt que transformatif. Il interroge cette approche, au regard des caractéristiques du climat qui change d’une part (incertitude, variabilité) et du contexte ferroviaire confronté à de multiples défis (par ex. : renouvellement, libéralisation) d’autre part. L’article montre l’adaptation au changement climatique telle qu’elle s’observe aujourd’hui, comme résultat des interactions entre le discours scientifique et la réalité complexe des organisations., This article analyses the gap between scientific discourses on climate change which aims at generating momentum for ambitious adaptation and the reality of their consideration in the management of large infrastructure networks. Based on a detailed case study of a section of the railway system in Southern France exposed to multiple climate hazards, it first describes where and how the question of climate change is raised, from long-term mega-projects to daily exploitation issues. This work highlights a true uptake of ongoing changes through a form of adaptation which is incremental more than transformative. The second section of the article questions this approach considering both the properties of a changing climate (uncertainties and variability) and the current context of the railway sector, facing major other challenges (ex.: liberalization, renewal). The article shows how adaptation as we can observe it today, is the outcome of the interactions between scientific discourse and the complex reality of organizations.

International audience; Extreme event attribution (EEA) proposes scientific diagnostics on whether and how a specific weather event is (or is not) different in the actual world from what it could have been in a world without climate change. This branch of climate science has developed to the point where European institutions are preparing the ground for an operational attribution service. In this context, the goal of this article is to explore a panorama of scientist perspectives on their motivations to undertake EEA studies. In order to do so, we rely on qualitative semi-structured interviews of climate scientists involved in EEA, on peer-reviewed social and climate literature discussing the usefulness of EEA and on reports from the EUCLEIA project, which investigated the possibility of building an EEA service. We propose a classification of EEA’s potential uses and users and discuss each of them. We find that, first, there is a plurality of motivations and that individual scientists disagree on which one is most useful. Second, there is a lack of solid, empirical evidence to back up any of these motivations.

International audience; In this empirical article, we seek to reveal the effect of accessibility to passenger railway stations in land capitalization. The stakes are crucial, as urban development in many OECD countries has been built around the individual car, favoring sprawled cities. The proximity to a railway station may thus be sought by households engaged in a land acquisition for residential purposes. The method we used in this article consists of estimating the effects of accessibility to passenger train stations on land prices in the peri-urban and isolated areas of the Loire-Atlantique Département, France. Data on land prices come from the Perval database for transactions recorded in 2012 in both the suburban ring of Nantes (431 observations selected) and in isolated municipalities of the Loire-Atlantique Départment (395 observations retained). The database integrates land attributes: surface area, status as for the viabilisation, presence of constructions to demolish ...To constitute our database, contextual variables likely to be capitalized in land prices were quantified as well. Three regression models were estimated afterwards, all adjusted to intrinsic and contextual variables. At first, we wanted to test the assumption according to which the function between the distance to the nearest station and the prices would be decreasing. Thus, a generalized additive model (GAM) has been produced. This type of nonparametric model makes it possible to estimate nonlinear functions in a multiple regression. In a second step, the average effect of this distance was revealed through a global log-linear model. Finally, we explored the possible spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between distance to the nearest station and land price using a geographically weighted regression (GWR). The underlying assumption is that this relationship is likely to vary depending on local contexts, including the attractiveness of the municipality of the train station, as well as human flows in this station. Our recommendations support decisions made in the development of local mobility. The results concerning the significant radius of influence of a train station should help decision-makers to make these latter evolve into multimodal exchange poles. In the absence of significant influence of the station considered, a broad incentive to carpooling practices should be driven by local authorities. The range of our results regarding the types of territory considered also prepares for tomorrow's autonomous mobility for "last-mile trips" towards train stations, a solution envisaged by many French local authorities in various types of areas.

The transport sector and the use of individual cars in particular are sources of negative externalities. Shared mobility could form a solution to this issue. This study contributes to a better understanding of the implementability of such a shared mobility by exploring the potential determinants of the use of carpooling and carsharing for commuting among a comprehensive set of socio-demographic, socio-economic, interpersonal and contextual variables. The analyses are based on a representative sample of 2002 workers living in the Paris region. Fisher’s exact and Wilcoxon tests and multivariate logistic models were used to characterize the differences between carpoolers and carsharing users and to identify the correlates of mode use in our sample. We outline that the correlates differ between the two shared modes. Our models first highlight the importance of contextual variables: the use of carpooling mainly concerns people who live in rather deprived neighborhoods, while carsharing is overrepresented in well-to-do and denser neighborhoods. We identify the importance of mobility management policies within the workplace and the positive role of information. Having a carpooling service within the company is positively associated with carpooling for commuting. Regarding carsharing, the awareness of existing services (free-floating and peer-to-peer) is positively associated with carsharing use. Finally, the main originality of this study is the identification of the key role of the entourage (colleagues and/or family members) in both carpooling and carsharing. Public policies should therefore consider these results to exploit several levers to favor the use of shared modes in the Paris region.

International audience

This thesis describes and analyzes in situ how SNCF, the French national railway company, deals with the scientific knowledge on the impacts of climate change. It intends to improve our understanding of how large organizations adapt to multifaceted changes and address wicked environmental problems. Based on an inductive inquiry, the research describes how adaptation happens for now at SNCF, mostly on a reactive and incremental mode, first at the corporate level then in one specific region (Occitanie). In a second step, it explores possible consequences of the most disruptive changes announced by science and how various actors consider more transformative adaptations of their world-views and practices. The device set up showed that increases in climate variability and evolutions of extreme events might actually question current policies and strategical choices. Beyond technical stakes, adaptation raises important governance challenges. Different sub-entities of SNCF but also local authorities, traffic authorities or other mobility providers can make contrasted adaptation choices. Following these observations, this research identifies salient research questions to improve adaptation decisions. It defends that, along with other heuristics, economics have a major role to play to unfold critical consequences of climate change, explore adaptation options and display controversies regarding long-term adaptation., Cette thèse analyse in situ ce que SNCF fait de la connaissance disponible sur les impacts du changement climatique et ce que cette connaissance lui fait. Elle cherche à contribuer à la compréhension de la manière dont les grandes organisations se transforment face au changement global décrit et annoncé. L’enquête, ancrée dans une méthodologie inductive, s’attache dans un premier temps à décrire en détails l’adaptation telle qu’elle se fait aujourd’hui chez SNCF, principalement de manière réactive et incrémentale, au niveau du siège et au niveau régional (en Occitanie). Elle explore ensuite les conséquences possibles des changements les plus disruptifs anticipés par les études scientifiques et le rapport des différents acteurs à d’éventuelles transformations plus profondes de leurs visions et de leurs pratiques. Le dispositif mis en place montre que l’accroissement de la variabilité et des extrêmes climatiques est effectivement à même d’interroger les politiques internes et les choix stratégiques de l’entreprise. Au-delà des enjeux techniques, l’adaptation pose des questions de gouvernance qui débordent largement SNCF. Face à ces problématiques, une diversité de postures d’adaptation et de configurations des jeux d’acteurs est possible. Ce résultat amène à préciser les questions économiques pertinentes pour mieux répondre à ce défi. Cette thèse défend que c’est en tant que science de la gouvernance que l’économie, aux côtés d’autres heuristiques, a un rôle clé pour déployer les implications du changement climatique, explorer les pistes et ouvrir des espaces où mettre en débat les choix d’adaptation sur le long terme.