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1. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy data processing: analysing uncertainties to push boundaries

Author

Mélanie Lavancier, Sophie Eliet Barois, Elsa Denakpo, Juliette Vlieghe, Nabil Vindas, Francis Hindle, Arnaud Cuisset, Romain Peretti, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THZ - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Plateforme de Caractérisation Multi-Physiques - IEMN (PCMP - IEMN), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), no information, and PCMP CHOP

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Terahertz, Time Domain Spectroscopy, super-resolution, signal processing
Abstract

International audience; Terahertz spectroscopy provides information on the motion of the charges in a sample at a picosecond scale. To recover this information from Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), one usually extracts the experimental refractive index then fits these curves. This approach suffers from several limitations, among them the difficulty to compare models of motions, provide the error bar associated with the extracted magnitude and a resolution limitation coming from the Fourier criteria of the fast Fourier transform. By adopting a Bayesian framework taking into account the experimental uncertainties and directly fitting the time-domain trace, we overcame these limitations. When correlated and epistemic uncertainties/noise are present, the algorithm considers its distribution as part of the data to fit and can mistake it for real physical features. Hence, it offers poor discrimination between good models and bad ones. After a thorough analysis of the experimental noise, we developed a preprocessing software removing epistemic noise on the time traces and providing an estimate of the noise correlation matrix (generalization of the standard deviation). It allows the proper weighting of the error function of the fit using these uncertainties and therefore the derivation of the Akaike information criteria, a metric enabling to calculate the most probable model from a set of models one wants to compare. In addition, by being in the time domain we avoid the Fourier criteria for the resolution and thus could get information on experimental lines down to 30 MHz with a commercial THz-TDS system.

Published
2022
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2. New laser lines from a terahertz ammonia laser pumped by a quantum cascadelaser and their application to high-resolution spectroscopy

Author

Z. Buchanan, Guillaume Ducournau, S. Eliet, S. Barbieri, Gaël Mouret, Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel, Francis Hindle, D. Mammez, J-F. Lampin, Olivier Pirali, T. S. Hearne, Pascal Roy, Marie-Hélène Mammez, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THZ - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateforme de Caractérisation Multi-Physiques - IEMN (PCMP - IEMN), Ligne AILES, Synchrotron SOLEIL, no information, PCMP CHOP, Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California, and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Heterodyne, Materials science, Spectrometer, quantum cascade lasers, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, submillimetre wave lasers, Local oscillator, Physics::Optics, Laser, ammonia, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, Optoelectronics, Figure of merit, Physics::Atomic Physics, Quantum cascade laser, business, Spectroscopy, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, optical pumping
Abstract

oral; International audience; We present an experimental investigation into new continuous-wave laser lines from a terahertz ammonia laser pumped by a quantum cascade laser. These lines were investigated with the help of a molecular figure of merit calculated from spectroscopic parameters available in molecular databases. We also demonstrate the use of this laser as a local oscillator in a heterodyne high-resolution spectrometer between 1 and 3.4 THz.

Published
2021
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3. Super resolution of A 400 MHz rotational line doublet with a TDS using a 850 ps long delay line

Author

Francis Hindle, Romain Peretti, Arnaud Cuisset, Jean-François Lampin, S. Eliet, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Plateforme de Caractérisation Multi-Physiques - IEMN (PCMP - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THZ - IEMN), The authors want to thanks the 'Région Hauts-de-France' for the International Chair of Excellence 'ThOTroV. Part of the work was done in the CHOP platform., PCMP CHOP, Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)

Subjects
Physics, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, terahertz wave spectra, Line length, Reconstruction algorithm, CMOS integrated circuits, image reconstruction, terahertz spectroscopy, Superresolution, biomedical ultrasonics, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, catheters, Optics, Limit (music), [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Thz time domain spectroscopy, Spectral resolution, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, business, delay lines, image resolution, Line (formation)
Abstract

oral; International audience; We improved the spectral resolution of THz time domain spectroscopy beyond the limit given by the delay line length. The constraint reconstruction algorithm used successfully depicted the 1.21 THz NH 3 doublet separated by ~400MHz in experimental data despite the 1.2 GHz delay line limitation.

Published
2021
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4. Broadband super-resolution Terahertz Time domain spectroscopy applied to Gas analysis

Author

Sophie Eliet, Francis Hindle, Romain Peretti, Arnaud Cuisset, Jean-Francois Lampin, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Plateforme de Caractérisation Multi-Physiques - IEMN (PCMP - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THZ - IEMN), PCMP CHOP, Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), no funding indication, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 [IEMN], Plateforme de Caractérisation Multi-Physiques - IEMN [PCMP - IEMN], Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère [LPCA], and Photonique THz - IEMN [PHOTONIQUE THZ - IEMN]

Subjects
Materials science, Terahertz radiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, Terahertz gas spectroscopy, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), Measure (mathematics), Spectral line, Optics, Broadband, Physics - Biological Physics, Time domain, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, super resolution spectroscopy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Radiation, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Physics - Applied Physics, Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph), [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Time domain spectroscopy, business, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

Terahertz (THz) Time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a broadband spectroscopic technique spreading its uses in multiple fields: in science from material science to biology, in industry where it measures the thickness of a paint layer during the painting operation. Using such practical commercial apparatus with broad spectrum for gas spectroscopy could be a major asset for air quality monitoring and tracking of atmospheric composition. However, gas spectroscopy needs high resolution and the usual approach in THz-TDS, where the recorded time trace is Fourier transform, suffers from resolution limitation due to the size of the delay line in the system. In this letter, we introduce the concept of constraint reconstruction for super-resolution spectroscopy based on the modeling of the spectroscopic lines in a sparse spectrum. Light molecule gas typically shows sparse and narrow lines on a broad spectrum and we propose an algorithm reconstructing these lines with a resolution improvement of 10 the ultimate resolution reachable by the apparatus. We envision the proposed technique to lead to broadband, selective, rapid and cheap gas monitoring applications.

Published
2021
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5. Super resolution spectroscopy for THz-TDS: application to gas spectroscopy

Author

Meriem Mouelhi, J.-F. Lampin, Romain Peretti, Arnaud Cuisset, S. Eliet, Francis Hindle, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQ THz - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), PCMP CHOP, and Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THz - IEMN)

Subjects
Materials science, 010304 chemical physics, Terahertz radiation, Resolution (electron density), Reconstruction algorithm, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Computational physics, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Fourier transform, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Time domain, Spectroscopy, Line (formation)
Abstract

International audience; Time Domain Spectroscopy resolution is usually limited by the Fourier Heisenberg criteria (FHC) coming from the length of the delay line. We will present a method to exploit THz-TDS spectra providing a 10-fold resolution improvement reaching 120 MHz for width measurements. These results were obtained by modeling and the implementation of a constraint reconstruction algorithm. We tested the methods on temporal traces from gaseous NH3 and were in very good agreement with the values from literature [1] down to a pressure of 5 mbar.

Published
2020
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6. Characterization of the Observed Electric Field and Molecular Relaxation Times for Millimeter-Wave Chirped Pulse Instrumentation

Author

Gaël Mouret, Daniele Fontanari, Kevin M. Hickson, Guillaume Dhont, Francis Hindle, Arnaud Cuisset, Robin Bocquet, Cédric Bray, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Rabi frequency, 01 natural sciences, Coherent transients, Article, 010309 optics, Optics, Electric field, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, Classical electromagnetism, Chirped pulse, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Radiation, business.industry, Relaxation time, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Bloch equations, Amplitude, Millimeter, business, Microwave
Abstract

International audience; In a chirped pulse experiment, the strength of the signal level is proportional to the amplitude of the electric field, which is weaker in the millimeter or submillimeter region than in the microwave region. Experiments in the millimeter region thus require an optimization of the coupling between the source and the molecular system and a method to estimate the amplitude of the electric field as seen by the molecular system. We have developed an analytical model capable of reproducing the coherent transient signals obtained with a millimeter wave chirped pulse setup operated in a monochromatic pulse mode. The fit of the model against the experimental data allowed access to the amplitude of the electric field and, as a byproduct, to the molecular relaxation times T 1 and T 2 .

Published
2020
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7. Self and N2 broadening coefficients of H2S probed by submillimeter spectroscopy: Comparison with IR measurements and semi-classical calculations

Author

Francis Hindle, C. Jellali, Robin Bocquet, Hassen Aroui, S. Galalou, Arnaud Cuisset, F. Rohart, Gaël Mouret, Meriem Mouelhi, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), and Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Voigt profile, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Radiation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, Terahertz radiation, Broadening coefficients, H2S, Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy, Semi-classical calculation, 01 natural sciences, Submillimeter-wave spectroscopy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Spectral line, Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), Intermolecular interaction, Rotational dependencies, Atomic physics, Spectroscopy, Speed-dependence effects, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; High-resolution lines of H2S self-perturbed and perturbed by N2 have been recorded at room temperature using a frequency modulated THz spectrometer at pressures of H2S ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mbar. A non-linear least squares fitting of these spectra has been performed to retrieve self- and N2-broadening coefficients of pure rotational transitions (mainly in the RQ sub-branch) of H2S in the submillimeter region. We show that the lineshapes are well reproduced by the Speed-Dependent Voigt profile accounting for the speed dependence of relaxation rates which display linear pressure dependencies. Using the Robert and Bonamy formalism, these coefficients were calculated, showing the need to account for all contributions of the intermolecular interaction for N2-broadening. The calculated coefficients are consistent with the measured data and the average accuracy of the line parameters has been estimated to be about 5%. The observed J″ and Ka″ rotational dependences have been analyzed using an empirical model and compared to previous rovibrational studies in the ν2 fundamental band. In our study the self- and the N2-broadening coefficients decreases monotonically with Ka″ and J″, respectively.

Published
2020
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8. Free induction decay signals stimulated by photomixing

Author

Arnaud Cuisset, F. Bavedila, Francis Hindle, Robin Bocquet, J-F. Lampin, Emilien Peytavit, Cédric Bray, Guillaume Ducournau, Gaël Mouret, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THz - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (Bordeaux), NONE FOUND, Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQ THz - IEMN), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical devices, Materials science, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Photomixing, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Chirp, Bars, Photoconducting materials, Stimulated emission, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Spectrometer, business.industry, Optical polarization, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulse (physics), Free induction decay, High-speed optical techniques, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; An optically driven photoconductor device is electrically pulsed to provide a powerful pulse around 206 GHz. The pulsed radiation polarizes the OCS gas which emits a free induction decay signal that is observed after the end of the pulse. This is the first step in the development of a photonic chirped pulsed spectrometer.

Published
2019
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9. Broadband terahertz heterodyne spectrometer exploiting synchrotron radiation at sub-megahertz resolution

Author

Francis Hindle, Gaël Mouret, S. Eliet, Joan Turut, Pascal Roy, M.-A. Martin-mel, Olivier Pirali, Zachary Buchanan, J.-F. Lampin, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THz - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), and Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQ THz - IEMN)

Subjects
Heterodyne, Materials science, Spectrometer, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Synchrotron radiation, Laser, Synchrotron, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, Beamline, law, Heterodyne detection, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], business
Abstract

International audience; A new spectrometer on the AILES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron facility to achieve sub-MHz resolution in the THz and far-IR regions is currently being developed. Thanks to a dedicated heterodyne detection by use of a new kind of molecular laser as local oscillator along with a Fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer, several pure rotation absorption lines of H 2 S and CH 3 OH around 1.073 THz have been recorded.

Published
2019
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10. Enlarging the Frontiers of Research in the IR/mm Range Using Synchrotron Radiation

Author

T. Souske, Gaël Mouret, Clement Evain, Benjamin Langerome, Francis Hindle, Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel, Francesco Capitani, Eléonore Roussel, J-B. Brubach, Marine Verseils, Sophie Eliet, Olivier Pirali, Thomas Timusk, C. Szwaj, Serge Bielawski, J.F. Lampin, Pascale Roy, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THz - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Ligne AILES, Synchrotron SOLEIL, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NONE FOUND, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQ THz - IEMN), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Brightness, Range (particle radiation), Materials science, Temperature measurement, Infrared, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Optical films, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Synchrotron radiation, Reflectivity, Optical filters, Interferometry, Optics, Optical interferometry, Optical reflection, Frequency measurement, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], business, Optical filter, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; Abstract:Optical probes are among the most important techniques for characterizing new physical states induced by changes of temperature and/or pressure. In link with its high brightness and wide spectral coverage, infrared synchrotron radiation is ideally suited for such studies when the quantity of material to investigate is limited or when the system needs to be probed down to the sub mm domain.

Published
2019

11. Broadband terahertz heterodyne spectrometer exploiting synchrotron radiation at megahertz resolution

Author

Gaël Mouret, Pascal Roy, Olivier Pirali, Joan Turut, Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel, Francis Hindle, Sophie Eliet, Zachary Buchanan, J.F. Lampin, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQ THz - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THz - IEMN), University of California (UC), French Renatech network, CPER Wavetech, Laboratoire d’excellence Physique Atomes Lumière Matière, Funding. This project received fundings from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (HEROES, ANR-16-CE30-0020-00), partial fundings from the LABoratoire d’EXcellence PALM (University Paris-Saclay) and from the SATT-Nord 'TERAPOMPE' project., Acknowledgment. The authors acknowledge SOLEIL for provision of synchrotron radiation under beamtime proposal 20180684 and we would like to thank J.-B. Brubach and K.Raddler for technical assistance. ZSB acknowledges support from the Chateaubriand Fellowship of the Office for Science & Technology of the Embassy of France in the United States., and ANR-16-CE30-0020,HEROES,Conception de détecteurs heterodyne optimisés pour les sources synchrotron(2016)

Subjects
Heterodyne, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Spectrometer, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Local oscillator, Synchrotron radiation, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, business, Quantum cascade laser, Doppler effect
Abstract

International audience; A new spectrometer allowing both high resolution and broadband coverage in the terahertz (THz) domain is proposed. This instrument exploits the heterodyne technique between broadband synchrotron radiation and a quantum cascade laser (QCL) based molecular THz laser that acts as the local oscillator (LO). Proof of principle for exploitation for spectroscopy is provided by the recording of molecular absorptions of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and methanol (CH 3 OH) around 1.073 THz. Ultimately, the spectrometer will enable to cover the 1-4 THz region in 5 GHz windows at Doppler resolution.

Published
2019
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12. Rotation-vibration interactions in the spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Quinoline as a test-case species

Author

Gaël Mouret, Sébastien Gruet, Zbigniew Kisiel, Manuel Goubet, Olivier Pirali, Arnaud Cuisset, Francis Hindle, Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Absorption spectroscopy, Infrared, Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Infrared spectroscopy, Molecular physics, 13. Climate action, Molecular vibration, Excited state, Rotational spectroscopy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Ground state, Spectroscopy, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly relevant for astrophysics as possible, though controversial, carriers of the unidentified infrared emission bands that are observed in a number of different astronomical objects. In support of radio-astronomical observations, high resolution laboratory spectroscopy has already provided the rotational spectra in the vibrational ground state of several molecules of this type, although the rotational study of their dense infrared (IR) bands has only recently become possible using a limited number of experimental set-ups. To date, all of the rotationally resolved data have concerned unperturbed spectra. We presently report the results of a high resolution study of the three lowest vibrational states of quinoline C9H7N, an N-bearing naphthalene derivative. While the pure rotational ground state spectrum of quinoline is unperturbed, severe complications appear in the spectra of the ν45 and ν44 vibrational modes (located at about 168 cm(-1) and 178 cm(-1), respectively). In order to study these effects in detail, we employed three different and complementary experimental techniques: Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy, millimeter-wave spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform far-infrared spectroscopy with a synchrotron radiation source. Due to the high density of states in the IR spectra of molecules as large as PAHs, perturbations in the rotational spectra of excited states should be ubiquitous. Our study identifies for the first time this effect and provides some insights into an appropriate treatment of such perturbations.

Published
2015
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13. Milliwatt level output power generated by photomixing in a GaAs photoconductor

Author

Emilien Peytavit, Francis Hindle, Gaël Mouret, Sylvie Lepilliet, Guillaume Ducournau, J-F. Lampin, Tahsin Akalin, C. Coinon, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)

Subjects
Materials science, Terahertz radiation, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Gallium arsenide, Photomixing, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Photoconducting materials, 010306 general physics, Electrodes, Laser beams, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Power (physics), Optical waveguides, Mirrors, Electricity generation, chemistry, Electrode, Continuous wave, Optoelectronics, Probes, 0210 nano-technology, business, Power generation
Abstract

International audience; It is shown that a continuous wave output power of 0.35 mW at 305 GHz can be generated by photomixing in a low temperature grown GaAs photoconductor using a metallic mirror Fabry-Pérot cavity. The output power is improved by a factor of about 100 as compared to the previous works on GaAs photomixers.

Published
2012
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14. Analysis of self-broadened pure rotational and rovibrational lines of methyl chloride at room temperature

Author

Francis Hindle, M. Guinet, Arnaud Cuisset, D. Jacquemart, François Rohart, Gaël Mouret, Jeanna Buldyreva, S. Eliet, Nelly Lacome, Cédric Bray, Laboratoire de Dynamique Interactions et Réactivité (LADIR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Absorption spectroscopy, Infrared, Terahertz radiation, Terahertz, 01 natural sciences, Chloride, 010309 optics, Photomixing, Nuclear magnetic resonance, science direct, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Molecule, Self-broadening, Spectroscopy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radiation, Rotational temperature, Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy, Semi-classical calculation, Methyl chloride, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Rotational dependences, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Atomic physics, medicine.drug
Abstract

Rovibrational absorption spectra of methyl chloride in the spectral region between 2800 and 3200 cm −1 were recorded with a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer. A multispectrum fitting procedure was used to analyze 527 transitions of the ν 1 band and to retrieve the self-broadening coefficients for various J - and K- values with an estimated accuracy around 8%. Pure rotational transitions of CH 3 Cl in the submillimeter/terahertz region (0.2–1.4 THz) were also investigated using two complementary techniques of frequency-multiplication and continuous-wave photomixing. Forty-three pure rotational self-broadening coefficients were extracted with the accuracy between 3 and 5%. The whole set of measured values was used to model the J - and K -rotational dependences of the self-broadening coefficients by second-order polynomials. In addition, semi-classical calculations were performed, based on the real symmetric-top geometry of the active molecule, an intermolecular potential model including not only the dominant electrostatic but also the short-range forces, as well as on an exact classical treatment of the relative translational motion of the colliding partners. Comparison of all experimental and theoretical results shows similar rotational dependences and no significant vibrational dependence, so that extrapolations to other spectral regions should be straightforward.

Published
2012
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15. Experimental studies by complementary terahertz techniques and semi-classical calculations of N2- broadening coefficients of CH335Cl

Author

Laurent Margulès, François Rohart, Francis Hindle, Gaël Mouret, Arnaud Cuisset, S. Eliet, Jeanna Buldyreva, V. Gupta, Roman A. Motiyenko, M. Guinet, Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Voigt profile, Physics, Radiation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, Terahertz radiation, Quantum number, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Photomixing, Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), Quantum mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, Intermolecular potential, Molecule, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Room-temperature N 2 -broadening coefficients of methyl chloride rotational lines are measured over a large interval of quantum numbers (6≤ J ≤50, 0≤ K ≤18) by a submillimeter frequency-multiplication chain ( J ≤31) and a terahertz photomixing continuous-wave spectrometer ( J ≥31). In order to check the accuracy of both techniques, the measurements of identical lines are compared for J =31. The pressure broadening coefficients are deduced from line fits using mainly a Voigt profile model. The excellent signal-to-noise ratio of the frequency-multiplication scheme highlights some speed dependence effect on the line shape. Theoretical values of these coefficients are calculated by a semi-classical approach with exact trajectories. An intermolecular potential including atom–atom interactions is used for the first time. It is shown that, contrary to the previous theoretical predictions, the contributions of short-range forces are important for all values of the rotational quantum numbers. Additional testing of modifications required in the semi-classical formalism for a correct application of the cumulant expansion is also performed. It is stated that the use of the cumulant average on the rotational states of the perturbing molecule leads, for high J and small K values, to slightly higher line-broadening coefficients, as expected for the relatively strong interacting CH 3 Cl–N 2 system. The excellent agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results ensures the reliability of these data.

Published
2012
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16. Milliwatt-level power generated in the sub-terahertz range by photomixing in a metal-metal resonant cavity GaAs photoconductor

Author

C. Coinon, Tahsin Akalin, Gaël Mouret, Sylvie Lepilliet, J-F. Lampin, Emilien Peytavit, Guillaume Ducournau, Francis Hindle, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)

Subjects
Materials science, Terahertz radiation, Photodetector, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Gallium arsenide, Photomixing, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 0103 physical sciences, Photoconducting materials, Reflection coefficient, Electrodes, Cavity resonators, 010302 applied physics, Power amplifiers, business.industry, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Photodiode, Silicon nitride, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Continuous wave, 0210 nano-technology, business, Power generation
Abstract

International audience; It is shown from on-wafer measurement that a continuous wave output power of 0.35 mW at 305 GHz can be generated by photomixing in a metal-metal Fabry-Pérot GaAs photoconductor.

Published
2012
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17. Milliwatt-level output power in the sub-terahertz range generated by photomixing in a GaAs photoconductor

Author

Tahsin Akalin, Guillaume Ducournau, Jean-Francois Lampin, Gaël Mouret, C. Coinon, Francis Hindle, Sylvie Lepilliet, Emilien Peytavit, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Photocurrent, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Photoconductivity, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Gallium arsenide, Power (physics), Photomixing, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Continuous wave, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; It is shown from accurate on-wafer measurement that continuous wave output powers of 1.2 mW at 50 GHz and 0.35 mW at 305 GHz can be generated by photomixing in a low temperature grown GaAs photoconductor using a metallic mirror Fabry-Pérot cavity. The output power is improved by a factor of about 100 as compared to the previous works on GaAs photomixers. A satisfactory agreement between the theory and the experiment is obtained in considering both the contribution of the holes and the electrons to the total photocurrent.

Published
2011
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18. High efficiency optoelectronic terahertz sources

Author

Tahsin Akalin, Gaël Mouret, Guillaume Ducournau, Francis Hindle, Jean-Francois Lampin, Emilien Peytavit, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Photoresistor, Transistor, Photodetector, Schottky diode, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Photodiode, Photomixing, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Horn antenna, law, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

We have developed a new generation of optoelectronic larg e bandwidth terahertz sources based on TEM horn antennas monolithically integrated with several types of photodetectors: low-temperature grown GaAs (LTG-GaAs) planar photoconductors, vertically integrated LTG-GaAs photoconductors on silicon substrate and uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes. Results of pulsed (time-domain) and photomixing (CW, frequency domain) experiments are presented. Keywords: Terahertz source, photomixing, time-domain spectroscopy, low-temperature grown GaAs, uni-travelling-carrier photodiode, TEM horn antenna 1. INTRODUCTION Powerful room-temperature solid-state terahertz sources are key elements for promising applications such as spectroscopy, imagery, and telecommunications. Recently increasing performances have been published concerning Schottky diodes harmonic generation 1 , quantum cascade lasers 2 and also transistor-based circuits 3 . Terahertz optoelectronic generation is an alternative technique with specific advantages. The most obvious is the bandwidth or the tunability available thanks to this approach. The main drawbacks are the limited amount of power generated, the efficiency and also the complexity of the system due to the optical aspect. Since several years we have developed a new generation of large bandwidth terahertz sources based on optoelectronics. The devices were designed to improve the generated power, the efficiency and to decrease the complexity while keeping a large bandwidth. They are based on two kinds of ultrafast photodetectors: short lifetime photoconductors and photodiodes. The preferred shot lifetime semiconductor is LTG-GaAs. Lifetimes in the 0.1-1 ps range are obtained with a good mobility, making this material very efficient as a phot oswitch. In part 2, a new type of THz antenna is exposed and integrated with standard LTG-GaAs photoswitches. In part 3 we present our results concerning the integration of uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PD) with this antenna. The main advantages of this photodiode are that it works at 1.55 µm and it has a high efficiency. In part 4 we introduce the vertically integrated LTG-GaAs photoconductor which is a new approach to realize photoswitches on silicon substrate. *jean-francois.lampin@isen.iemn.un iv-lille1.fr; www.iemn.univ-lille1.fr

Published
2010
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19. Wide-band continuous-wave terahertz source with a vertically integrated photomixer

Author

Francis Hindle, Emilien Peytavit, Chun Yang, J.-F. Lampin, Gaël Mouret, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Photodetector, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Microstrip, Gallium arsenide, Photomixing, Microstrip antenna, chemistry.chemical_compound, Horn antenna, Optics, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Microwave
Abstract

A transverse electromagnetic horn antenna is monolithically integrated with a low temperature grown GaAs vertical photodetector on a silicon substrate forming a vertically integrated photomixer. Continuous-wave terahertz radiation is generated at frequencies up to 3.5 THz with a power level reaching 20 nW around 3 THz. Microwave and material concepts allow both qualitative and quantitative explanations of the experimental results. The thin film microstrip line topology has been adapted for active devices by an Au–Au thermocompression layer transfer technique and seems to be a promising generic tool for a new generation of efficient terahertz devices.

Published
2009
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20. Silicon substrate low-temperature-grown GaAs terahertz photomixers

Author

Gaël Mouret, Alexandre Beck, Chun Yang, Francis Hindle, Tahsin Akalin, Emilien Peytavit, Karine Blary, Jean-Francois Lampin, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Silicon, Materials science, Lithography, Terahertz radiation, Photodetector, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), Epitaxy, 7. Clean energy, Gallium arsenide, Photomixing, chemistry.chemical_compound, Fabrication, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Bonding, Substrates, business.industry, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Frequency, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, Etching, Optical sensors, Optoelectronics, Chemicals, 0210 nano-technology, business, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

International audience; We have developed an epitaxial layer transfer technique for THz devices. Here we report the fabrication and the characterization of a THz photomixer on a silicon substrate. The active part of the photomixer is a low-temperature-grown GaAs mesa which has been transferred and layer bonded onto a Si substrate. The preliminary measurement of the THz signal generated in a photomixing configuration at 0.78 mum shows that the overall performance is comparable to standard GaAs substrate photomixers at frequencies up to 2 THz.

Published
2009
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21. News developments onto the measurement of THz frequency applied to a photomixing spectrometer

Author

Gaël Mouret, Bertrand François Charles Bocquet, Francis Hindle, Chun Yang, Cuisset, A., Jean-Francois Lampin, Emilien Peytavit, Guillaume Ducournau, Tahsin Akalin, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2009

22. Recent developments of an opto-electronic THz spectrometer for high-resolution spectroscopy

Author

Francis Hindle, Tahsin Akalin, Robin Bocquet, Arnaud Cuisset, Chun Yang, Gaël Mouret, Emilien Peytavit, Jean-Francois Lampin, Karine Blary, Guillaume Ducournau, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Terahertz radiation, Physics::Optics, lcsh:Chemical technology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, Analytical Chemistry, 010309 optics, Photomixing, THz, photomixing, high-resolution spectroscopy, gas phase, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:TP1-1185, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, Chemistry, business.industry, Detector, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Metrology, Monochromatic color, business
Abstract

International audience; A review is provided of sources and detectors that can be employed in the THz range before the description of an opto-electronic source of monochromatic THz radiation. The realized spectrometer has been applied to gas phase spectroscopy. Air-broadening coefficients of HCN are determined and the insensitivity of this technique to aerosols is demonstrated by the analysis of cigarette smoke. A multiple pass sample cell has been used to obtain a sensitivity improvement allowing transitions of the volatile organic compounds to be observed. A solution to the frequency metrology is presented and promises to yield accurate molecular line center measurements

Published
2009
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23. Integrated horn antenna for THz photomixing in LTG-GaAs

Author

Francis Hindle, Tahsin Akalin, Chun Yang, J.-F. Lampin, Emilien Peytavit, Gaël Mouret, F. Mollot, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, III-V semiconductors, microwave photonics, Terahertz radiation, Optical power, 02 engineering and technology, horn antennas, 7. Clean energy, Gallium arsenide, Photomixing, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, photoconducting devices, photoconductivity, Photocurrent, business.industry, Photoconductivity, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, photoconducting materials, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, gallium arsenide, submillimetre wave generation, submillimetre wave antennas, Horn antenna, chemistry, Horn (acoustic), Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; The investigation of THz generation using low-temperature-grown GaAs (LTG-GaAs) photoconductors integrated with horn antennas is reported. Results obtained using a photomixing experiment are presented. A maximum generated power of 1 muW at 780 GHz was achieved for an optical power of 2times80 mW and a photocurrent of 1 mA

Published
2008
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24. Terahertz photomixing in InP/InGaAs UTC-PD integrated with TEM horn antennas

Author

Jean-Francois Lampin, Alexandre Beck, Tahsin Akalin, Mohammed Zaknoune, Chun Yang, Francis Hindle, Emilien Peytavit, Gaël Mouret, Guillaume Ducournau, F. Mollot, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Terahertz radiation, Photoconductivity, 02 engineering and technology, Gallium arsenide, law.invention, Absorption, Photomixing, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Photodiodes, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Optical mixing, Photodiode, Horn antenna, chemistry, Horn (acoustic), Optoelectronics, Frequency estimation, business, Optical saturation, Power generation
Abstract

International audience; Photomixers that consist in a uni-travelling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) integrated with a TEM horn antenna (TEM-HA) have been realized and characterized.

Published
2008
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25. Continuous terahertz-wave generation using a monolithically integrated horn antenna

Author

Emilien Peytavit, Tahsin Akalin, Francis Hindle, J.-F. Lampin, Alexandre Beck, Gaël Mouret, Chun Yang, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Maximum power principle, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Optics, Photodetector, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Photomixing, Transverse plane, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Horn antenna, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Antenna (radio), 0210 nano-technology, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

A transverse electromagnetic horn antenna is monolithically integrated with a standard ultrafast interdigitated electrode photodetector on low-temperature-grown GaAs. Continuous-wave terahertz radiation is generated at frequencies up to 2 THz with a maximum power of approximately 1 μW at 780 GHz. Experimental variations in the terahertz power as function of the frequency are explained by means of electromagnetic simulations of the antenna and the photomixer vicinity.

Published
2008
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26. THz media characterization by means of coherent homodyne detection, results and potential applications

Author

S. Matton, Robin Bocquet, J.-F. Lampin, Damien Bigourd, Francis Hindle, Gaël Mouret, Didier Lippens, Karine Blary, Arnaud Cuisset, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Phase (waves), General Physics and Astronomy, Large Tunability, 02 engineering and technology, Spiral Antenna, 01 natural sciences, Signal, 010309 optics, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Signal-to-noise ratio, Optics, Homodyne detection, 0103 physical sciences, Delay Line, Physics, Quantum optics, Spectrometer, business.industry, General Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Path Difference, Direct-conversion receiver, Homodyne Detection, 0210 nano-technology, business, Refractive index
Abstract

International audience; This paper describes the performance of a coherent homodyne spectrometer to preserve phase information of the THz electric field. Thereby, optical constants of a high resistive silicon sample are presented between 200 GHz and 1.2 THz. The phase shift introduced by such a thick sample is much greater than 2π, and the manner of solving the ambiguity of the modulo 2π is discussed and can be used to surround the refractive index mainly at high frequency where the signal to noise ratio decreases. The analysis of the coherent homodyne signal as a function as the frequency at a fixed delay line permits deduction of sample thickness or measurement of distance without any mechanical displacement, and so facilitates potential ranging and tomography studies.

Published
2007
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27. Generation and coherent detection of terahertz radiation by photomixing : dielectric media characterization

Author

Francis Hindle, S. Matton, Gaël Mouret, D. Bigourd, Robin Bocquet, Didier Lippens, Jean-Francois Lampin, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Subjects
Materials science, Terahertz radiation, Photoconductivity, Physics::Optics, Rotational transition, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, 01 natural sciences, Character generation, 010309 optics, Photomixing, Optics, Far infrared, Homodyne detection, 0103 physical sciences, Dispersion (optics), Optical receivers, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Electrodes, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Frequency, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Optical recording, Radiation detectors, Optoelectronics, Dielectrics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Optical refraction, 0210 nano-technology, business, Optical attenuators
Abstract

International audience; New results from a far infrared coherent detection scheme are presented. Photomixing has been used for homodyne detection to measure absorption and dispersion of dielectric media. The abnormal dispersion near a rotational transition of carbonyl sulfide has been examined.

Published
2005

28. Détection ultrasensible de molécules d'intérêts atmosphériques dans l'infrarouge lointain

Author

Omar, Abdelaziz, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Gaël Mouret, and Francis Hindle

Subjects
Photolysis, [PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], Terahertz, Mesure, Spectroscopie, Zeeman effect, Instrumentation, Effet Zeeman, Photolyse, Spectroscopy
Abstract

QThe detection of trace pollutants is an important issue for monitoring air quality. Terahertz spectroscopy, used to probe spectral regions rich in molecular absorption, is an appropriate technique for measuring atmospheric pollution. This work of thesis consisted in developing and characterizing an ultrasensitive spectrometer to measure molecules of atmospheric interest. A terahertz spectrometer was mounted using a frequency multiplication chain emitting up to 900 GHz. The detection sensitivity has been optimized and characterized. In collaboration with the IEMN, a terahertz spectrometer using a vector network analyzer transmitting up to 500 GHz as a source, has been set up and characterized. The potential of terahertz spectroscopy has been demonstrated to monitor in real time the evolution of concentrations of gaseous pollutants during a chemical reaction and to deduce the kinetic rates. Following the rotational transitions of H2CO and CO of a photolysis reaction of formaldehyde, kinetic reaction rates were determined. Detection of radicals is a challenge because of their high reactivity. The configuration of our spectrometer was adapted to optimize sensitivity and to study the photolysis reaction of acetaldehyde using "Photosensitization" by mercury. Frequency modulation and Zeeman effect modulation were used to study HCO. The sensitivity was optimized, quantified HCO and measured over 200 absorption lines. A spectroscopy study of HCO is initiated in order to optimize the parameters of the international data bases.; La détection des polluants à l'état de trace est un enjeu important pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'air. La spectroscopie THz, permettant de sonder des régions spectrales riches en absorption moléculaire, est une technique appropriée pour une mesure de la pollution atmosphérique. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer et caractériser un spectromètre ultrasensible pour mesurer des molécules d'intérêt atmosphérique. On a mis en place un spectromètre THz utilisant une chaîne de multiplication de fréquence émettant jusqu'à 900 GHz. La sensibilité de détection a été optimisée et caractérisée. En collaboration avec l'IEMN, un spectromètre THz utilisant comme source un analyseur de réseau vectoriel émettant jusqu'à 500 GHz a été mis en place et caractérisé. On a démontré le potentiel de la spectroscopie THz à surveiller en temps réel l'évolution des concentrations de polluants gazeux lors d'une réaction chimique et à en déduire les constantes cinétiques. Le suivi des transitions rotationnelles du H2CO et CO d'une réaction de photolyze du formaldéhyde, a permis de déterminer les constantes cinétiques de réaction. La détection des radicaux est un défi en raison de leur forte réactivité. On a adapté la configuration de notre spectromètre afin d'optimiser la sensibilité et d'étudier la réaction de photolyse de l'acétaldéhyde utilisant la "photoactivation" par mercure. On a utilisé la modulation de fréquence et la modulation à effet Zeeman afin d'étudier le HCO. On a optimisé la sensibilité, quantifié HCO et mesuré plus de 200 raies d'absorption. Une étude spectroscopique du HCO est entamée afin d'optimiser les paramètres des bases de données internationales.

Published
2016

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