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TC 9: ICT and Society; International audience; In this chapter we briefly recount the history of the Human Choice and Computers conference series, and of Technical Committee 9, and show that not only has there been a marked focus, over more than four decades, on a critical and sociotechnical approach to understanding the relationship between ICTs and society, but that HCC and TC9 might be regarded as the original and continuing home of the critical academic voice in ICT. We show this through a textual analysis of the proceedings of the conferences, and through biographical detail concerning the key players involved.

Part 2: Communications; International audience; Traditional sketching aids rely on the physical production of templates or stencils which is particularly problematic in the case of larger formats. One possible solution is 2D virtual tracing using a virtual template to create a physical sketch. This paper evaluates a mobile phone as a 2D virtual tracing tool by comparing three tracing methods: (i) a traditional tracing method with a printed template, (ii) a virtual tracing method Static Peephole (SP) in which the virtual template is manually adjusted to a physical contour by drag and pinch gestures, and (iii) a virtual tracing method augmented reality Magic Lens (ML) in which template is projected on the physical object such as paper hence navigation is possible through physical movement of the mobile device. The results show that it is possible to use mobile phones for virtual tracing, however, ML only achieved comparable performance to SP mode and traditional methods continued to be quicker and preferred by users.

Part 1: Ethics; International audience; Pro-actively finding leaked information online can potentially reduce detection times to limit the exposure time of personal information on publicly accessible networks. Often the breaches are discovered by an external third party and not the data owner. The time that data is exposed on the Internet has severe negative implications since a significant amount of information disclosed in a data breach has been proven to be used for cybercrime activities. It could be argued that any reduction of data breach exposure time should directly reduce the opportunity for associated cyber-crime. While pro-active breach detection has been proven as potentially viable in previous work, several aspects of such a system still need to be investigated. This paper aims to highlight some of the major ethical and legal issues when pro-actively collecting personal information, through a South African case study, to assist in reducing the amounts of personal information being disclosed online.

Part 2: Communications; International audience; This paper identifies and describes five economic activities through which ICT could effectively be used to open global markets for rural and marginalized communities. The activities are identified in contexts where there are no industries, there is limited or no access to markets, no access to capital, effectively leveraging and optimizing what already exists in communities. The paper borrows from the smart community centre model of Siyabuswa Educational Improvement and Development Trust (SEIDET) in South Africa and the Botswana Virtual Marketplace Trading Portal to illustrate and to argue that ICT could give marginalized individuals in rural villages in Africa, access to global markets and the technical means for packaging, marketing and selling their own products and thereby creating jobs and alleviating poverty.

Part 1: Ethics; International audience; This paper focuses on the liability and duties of data controllers regarding data leaks and compares the relevant legal schemes of Japan, the U.S., and the U.K. There are three primary approaches to reducing or redressing damages caused by data leaks: (1) providing remedies for data leaks; (2) data security obligations; and (3) notification obligations in the event of a data breach. The aim of this article is to compare the measures on data breaches from the above viewpoints and highlight the relevant issues in order to reach an appropriate solution.To address the issues related to data breaches, legal rules among countries should be common to all due to the worldwide circulation of personal data. Nonetheless, different features are recognizable through the analysis in each chapter.Companies in Japan have thus far eagerly abided by data security obligations even if they are ineffective for data protection. Conducting PIAs is another option to prevent security incidents. If data breach notification rules are introduced, the subject matters to be publicized must be identified and followed by enforcement actions. Also, such rules should contribute to the avoidance of secondary harm.In the U.S., while compensations for data leakage and security breach notification rules have apparently been effectively managed, it is needed to reduce serious harm arising from massive data breach. Obliging companies to maintain data traceability might serve this.In the U.K., data breach notification rules imposed as part of the General Data Protection Regulation need to connect with other effective enforcements and contributions to avoiding secondary harm, so as not to become meaningless.We must harmonize the above differences and make ongoing efforts to improve the effectiveness of rules.