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A major challenge towards integrated quantum optics is the deterministic integration of quantum emitters on optical chips. Combining the quantum optical properties of some emitters with the benefits of integration and scalability of integrated optics is still a major issue to overcome. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach in which quantum emitters are positioned in a controlled manner onto a substrate and onto an optical waveguide with nanoscale precision via direct laser writing based on two-photon polymerization (DLW-TPP). Our quantum emitters are colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) embedded in polymeric nanostructures. Varying the laser parameters during the patterning process, size-controlled QD-polymer nanostructures have been characterized systematically. Structures as small as 20 nm in height were fabricated. The well-controlled QD-polymer nanostructure systems were then successfully integrated at will onto a photonic platform, in our case, ion exchange waveguide (IEW). We show that our quantum dots maintain their high light emitting quality after integration as verified by photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Ultimately, QD emission coupled to our waveguides is detected through a home-build fiber-edge coupling PL measurement setup. Our results show the potential for future quantum optical communications and pave a novel way towards top-down deterministically integrating quantum emitters onto complex photonic chips.

International audience; A major challenge towards nanophotonics is the integration of nanoemitters on optical chips. Combining the optical properties of nanoemitters with the benefits of integration and scalability of integrated optics is still a major issue to overcome. In this work, we demonstrate the integration of nanoemitters positioned in a controlled manner onto a substrate and onto an optical ion-exchanged glass waveguide via direct laser writing based on two-photon polymerization. Our nanoemitters are colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) embedded in polymeric nanostructures. By varying the laser parameters during the patterning process, we make size-controlled QD-polymer nanostructures that were systematically characterized using optical and structural methods. Structures as small as 17 nm in height were fabricated. The well-controlled QD-polymer nanostructure systems were then successfully integrated onto a new photonic platform for nanophotonics made of an ion-exchanged waveguide. We show that our QDs maintain their light emitting quality after integration as verified by photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Ultimately, QD emission coupled to our waveguides is detected through a home-built fiber-edge coupling PL measurement setup. Our results show the potential for future integration of nanoemitters onto complex photonic chips.

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To understand the logics of the constitutionalization of the Islam in the Arab world,this study suggests, at first, highlighting the continuity of the constitutional influence of theIslam. Indeed, all the constitutions of Arab states, with the exception of that of the Lebanon,refer to the Islam. The important constitutional role of that religion actually affects thestructure and organization of the state, but also the determination of the protection offundamental liberties of man, especially that relating to freedom of religion.Secondly, it is advisable to highlight the ways which allow Arab States to overtake thetheological vision of the constitutional law. The accent is put on two trends: the progressivesecularization of the political power through the marginalization of the religious referent andthe consecration of the state power on one hand, and the constitutional rationalization throughthe strengthening of the role of the constitutional justice and the awakening of the civil societyon the other hand. After all, these developments put the keys of understanding of the legal andpolitical current events. At the time of the "Arab Spring", these two referents, Islam andConstitutional law, are linked to form the political and legal life of the Arabic peoples. Theirdialogue seems necessary or obvious especially as the Revolutions did not end in theconsecration of a laic model and the place of the Islam is maintained, even strengthened., Pour comprendre les logiques de la constitutionnalisation de l'Islam dans les paysarabes, cette étude propose, dans la première partie, de mettre en évidence la permanence del'influence constitutionnelle de l'Islam. En effet, toutes les constitutions des Etats arabes, àl'exception de celle du Liban, se réfèrent à l'Islam. La place prééminente qu'occupe cettereligion dans les textes fondamentaux arabes influe effectivement sur la structure etl'organisation de l'Etat, mais également la protection des droits fondamentaux, en particuliercelle relative à la liberté religieuse.Dans la seconde partie, on a essayé de mettre en exergue les voies qui permettent aux Etatsarabes de dépasser la vision théologique sur laquelle repose leur droit constitutionnel.L'accent est mis sur deux tendances : la sécularisation progressive du pouvoir politique àtravers la marginalisation du référent religieux et la consécration du pouvoir étatique d'unepart, et la rationalisation constitutionnelle à travers le renforcement du rôle de la justiceconstitutionnelle et l'éveil de la société civile d'autre part. En définitive, ces développementsposent les clés de compréhension de l'actualité juridique et politique. A l'heure du« Printemps arabe », ces deux référents, Islam et Droit constitutionnel, s'imbriquent pourformer la trame de la vie politique et juridique des peuples arabes. Leur dialogue semblenécessaire ou évident d'autant plus que les Révolutions n'ont pas abouti à la consécrationd'un modèle laïc et la place de l'Islam se trouve maintenue, voire renforcée.

International audience; The 'bottom-up' nanofabrication of hybrid materials via self-assembly appears as an interesting way to obtain organized metallic nanoparticles (MNPs). The wide usage of these MNPs as a plasmonic materials in many applications including electronics, photonics, catalysis, biological imaging, drug delivery, sensors and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)illustrate the light on the need to use a simple, easy and cheap method of fabrication taking into consideration the influence of physicochemical parameters on the dimensional characteristics of the hybrid nanostructures. A new approach for surface nanostructuring was innovated by means of metallic nanoparticles organized in a thin homopolymer film (PMMA) on a silicon substrate. The originality of this simple self-assembling is that structuring was fabricated in one step, in addition that no reducing agent was used nor preliminary functionalization of the surface was done. The mixture containing PMMA, metallic salt and solvents was deposited on the semi conductive substrate by using spin coating. After the complete evaporation of solvents, a film of polymer drilled by metallic nanoparticle (MNP) rings was obtained. A wide range of Metallic salts “Mn+ (NO3-)n (M: Ag, Au, Mn, Mg, Cr, Cu, Ni, Eu, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Tb, Dy, Tm, Ca, Zr, Fe, Co, Zn, Al,…) were introduced to the PMMA film using the same method. The key parameters of this new method were defined and the mechanism of this synthesis which takes place on the substrate surface was explained by studying the influence of various physicochemical parameters (solvents, speed of evaporation, and nature of surface) on the organization of the MNPs.

International audience; Proteins are separated in field flow fractionation (FFF) according to a well-established mechanism described as the “Normal or Brownian” mode. In the case of the sub-technique using a hollow fiber, the focalization/relaxation position can be observed visually only with a transparent holder and using dyes as samples. Whatever the choice of instrumentation, a dye-free method is proposed to determine the center of the zone from experimental fractograms by means of only two sample elutions. It is also possible to determine and model the kinematics of the sample toward the equilibrium focalization/relaxation position as well as the real dimensions of the fiber during the separation process.

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