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1. Humusica 1, article 5: Terrestrial humus systems and forms ‒ Keys of classification of humus systems and forms

Author

Nathalie Cools, Bas van Delft, Herbert Hager, Paola Galvan, Roberto Zampedri, Klaus Katzensteiner, Anna Maria Testi, Giuseppe Concheri, Renée-Claire Le Bayon, Nicolas Bernier, Giacomo Sartori, Fabrice Bureau, Diego Pizzeghello, Mauro Tomasi, Jérôme Juilleret, Silvia Obber, Ulfert Graefe, Damien Banas, Andrea Vacca, Ugo Wolf, Sandrine Salmon, Linda Scattolin, Jean-Michel Gobat, Augusto Zanella, Cristina De Nicola, Rein de Waal, G. Nicolini, Fausto Fontanella, Raimo Kõlli, Serenella Nardi, Dylan Tatti, Silvia Chersich, G Serra, Dina Cattaneo, Roberto Menardi, Adriano Garlato, Jean-François Ponge, Vinicio Carraro, Michaël Aubert, Ekart Kolb, Andrea Squartini, Michael Englisch, Lorenzo Frizzera, Bernard Jabiol, Jean Brun, Franco Viola, Anna Andreetta, Alain Brêthes, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), AgroParisTech, MUSE – Science Museum of Trento, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Chercheur indépendant, Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Bundesamt für Wald, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Office National des Forêts (ONF), ONF, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Institut für Angewandte Bodenbiologie GmbH (IFAB), Institute for Applied Soil Biology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of the Veneto (ARPAV), Centro di Ecologia Alpina (CEALP), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Université de Lorraine (UL), Normandie Université (NU), Servizio Parchi, Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
Water en Landgebruik, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, humus classification, Soil Science, Humus, Humus classification, Humus forms, Humus systems, Humusica, Terrestrial humus forms, Ecology, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Soil science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 01 natural sciences, Soil, humus forms, Bodem, Soil, Water and Land Use, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, humus systems, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vegetation, Water and Land Use, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, humus, Bodem, Water en Landgebruik, Homogeneous, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon, Key (lock), Environmental science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; This article is an as simple as possible key of classification of terrestrial (aerobic, not submerged) topsoils (organic and organic-mineral series of soil horizons). Based on the introduction exposed in Humusica 1, article 1, and using vocabulary and definitions listed in article 4, a classification is proposed for better understanding the biological functioning of the soil, partially disclosing the process of litter digestion. Five types of terrestrial topsoils, called terrestrial humus systems, are described and illustrated with the help of photographs. Within each humus system, 3–4 humus forms are also revealed, corresponding to similar series of soil horizons generated in a relatively homogeneous environment whose range of ecological factors is not so large to overstep and cause the genesis of another different humus system. The article ends with a figure that shows the relationship between Tangel and Amphi humus systems, and a dichotomous key of classification that one can easily print and bring in the field for practicing humus classification.

Published
2018
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2. Humusica 1, article 3: Essential bases ‒ Quick look at the classification

Author

Maria De Nobili, Jérôme Juilleret, Chiara Ferronato, Jean-François Ponge, Rein de Waal, Augusto Zanella, Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MAOAC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Alterra, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Bologna, Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie], Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Zanella, Augusto, Ponge, Jean-Françoi, de Waal, Rein, Ferronato, Chiara, De Nobili, Maria, and Juilleret, Jérôme

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Computer science, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Anthropogenic humus system, Soil Science, Soil science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), Humus, Set (abstract data type), Anthropogenic humus systems, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Terrestrial humus system, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Para humus system, Vegetatie, Vegetation, Information retrieval, Ecology, Aqueous humus systems, Aqueous humus system, Humu, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Humus classification, Histic humus systems, Para humus systems, Terrestrial humus systems, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Histic humus system, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Terms and concepts have been defined in Humusica 1, article 1 and the functioning of humus systems has been discussed in Humusica 1, article 2. Here a short overview of the matter, showing humus systems in their environment, is provided for beginners, before making field investigations. The present work is intended as a part of the field manual (Humusica 1 and 2), an illustrated, easy-to-use application tool for humus systems classification, helpful even for not (yet) expert pedologists. The present article gives also a fast look at the classification, sharing Terrestrial, Histic, Aqueous and Para humus systems, every group being defined by its characteristics set in synthetic tables, and suggests a step-by-step approach allowing everyone to classify and investigate humus systems and forms.

Published
2018
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3. Humusica 2, article 13: Para humus systems and forms

Author

Nicole Pietrasiak, Renée-Claire Le Bayon, Rocco L. Mancinelli, Augusto Zanella, Magalì Matteodo, Lynn J. Rothschild, Marina Nadporozhskaya, Dylan Tatti, Jean-François Ponge, Jérôme Juilleret, Ines Fritz, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MAOAC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), New Mexico State University, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), St Petersburg State University (SPbU), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire Sol et Végétation, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER)

Subjects
Topsoil, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, Ecology, Soil biology, Soil Science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Humus, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Algae, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Extreme environment, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Lichen, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, USDA soil taxonomy
Abstract

International audience; Planet Earth is covered by very common Terrestrial (not submersed), Histic (peats) and Aqueous (tidal) humipedons. Beside these typical topsoils there are other more discrete humipedons, generated by the interaction of mineral matter with microorganisms, fungi and small plants (algae, lichens and mosses). In some cases roots and their symbionts can be a driving force of litter biotransformation, in other cases a large amount of decaying wood accommodates particular organisms which interfere with and change the normal process of litter decomposition. Particular microorganisms inhabit submerged sediments or extreme environments and can generate specialised humipedons with grey-black or even astonishingly flashing colours. We describe all these common but still unknown humipedons, defining diagnostic horizons and proposing a first morpho-functional classification, which still has to be improved. At the end of the article, the hypothesis of evolving and interconnected Cosmo, Aero, Hydro, Humi, Co, Litho and Geopedons (related to the microbiota) is formulated as a speculative curiosity.

Published
2018
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4. Humusica 1, article 6: Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Hydro intergrades

Author

Jean-François Ponge, Andrea Vacca, Anna Andreetta, Rein de Waal, Jérôme Juilleret, Augusto Zanella, Renée-Claire Le Bayon, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MAOAC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Alterra, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire Sol et Végétation, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra [Cagliari], Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], and Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Soil Science, Hydro intergrades, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Humus, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Hydromorphic soil, Table (landform), Forest and Landscape Ecology, Vegetatie, Vegetation, Ecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil hydromorphic properties, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Humusica, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; In this article, we present the Terrestrial intergrades from never or only few days submersed humipedons, without permanent hydromorphic signs, until humipedons with presence of signs of partial asphyxia. Specific terms are defined and diagnostic horizons illustrated, both with the help of text explanations and photographs. The article ends with a table working as a classification field key.

Published
2018
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5. Genesis and evolution of regoliths

Author

Arnaud Legout, Eric Pelt, Thierry Perrone, Peter Stille, Christophe Hissler, François Chabaux, Jérôme Juilleret, Laurent Gourdol, Amélie Aubert, Gilles Morvan, Cristina Moragues-Quiroga, Catchment and Ecohydrology Research Group (CAT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National Research Fund (FNR) of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (AFR) 9188481, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS, isotope radioactif, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, bassin rhenan, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, Mineralogy, Weathering, 02 engineering and technology, UPPER CONTINENTAL-CRUST, 01 natural sciences, mineralogical composition, Matrix (geology), traceur biogéochimique, PARENT MATERIALS, RHENISH MASSIF, isotope, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, régolithe, Radiogenic nuclide, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bedrock, GEOCHEMICAL DATA, ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION, radionucleids, Trace element, Massif, 15. Life on land, Regolith, 020801 environmental engineering, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, SLOPE DEPOSITS, composition minéralogique, PERIGLACIAL COVER-BEDS, CATCHMENT VOSGES MOUNTAINS, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, Geology
Abstract

Regoliths encompass different materials from the fresh bedrock to the top of the organic horizons. The occurrence and evolution of these materials are determined by deposition, erosion and weathering processes that are specific for each region. The origin and interaction of the regolith layers are still important issues in the study of critical zone functioning. Studies that attempt to understand the processes responsible for the structure and the evolution of regoliths often focus either on the soil or on the bedrock compartment, and often from a narrowly focused approach using just a single tool such as major element patterns or mineralogy. This limits the understanding of the complete regolith composition and evolution. The present study proposes the combination of mineralogy, major and trace element concentrations, and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes as an extremely useful procedure for tracking the spatial and temporal origin of regolith materials and understanding their stratification. This multi-tracer approach was applied on a regolith profile from the south-western edge of the Rhenish Massif, which is characterised by the occurrence of slate bedrocks and overlying Pleistocene Periglacial Slope Deposits (PPSD). The data allowed the differentiation of three compartments within the regolith: 1) the organic compartment, where low (206)pb/(207)pb and Sr-87/Sr-86 isotopic ratios reflected the impact of atmosphere-derived components; 2) the PPSD compartment, whose upper horizons were characterised by the presence of atmosphere-derived particles rich in Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb and by relatively low Pb-206/Pb-207 and Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios, whereas the lower horizons showed Nb enrichments in their matrix and a mineralogical composition pointing to ancient volcanic events; and 3) the weathered slate compartment, whose weathering progression and genetic relationship with the PPSD were particularly well tracked with Sr-87/Sr-86 and Nd-143/Nd-144 isotope ratios, ((UU)-U-234-U-/238) activity ratios and positive Ce anomalies. The results prove the efficiency of radiogenic isotope measurements combined with the analysis of major and trace elements to complete regolith studies. Moreover, these isotopes and elements are shown to be potential geochemical tracers of exchange processes at the water-mineral interface. This approach allows for the first time the description of an evolution scheme of a complete slate regolith, which covers a large part of the Rhenish Massif.

Published
2017
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6. Soil aggregates and humus systems

Author

Augusto Zanella, Jean-François Ponge, Jérôme Juilleret, Nicolas Bernier, Stéphanie Topoliantz, Manuel Blouin, Laboratoire des TéléCommunications Spatiales et Aéronautiques (Institut Mines-Télécom-Télécom Bretagne/site de Toulouse -UEB) (TéSA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Fonctionnement, évolution et mécanismes régulateurs des écosystèmes forestiers (ECOTROP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), ProdInra, Migration, and Dijon (Kevin Oudard), Institut Agro

Subjects
[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], plants and soil coevolution, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, humus, biodegradation, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], litter, soil aggregates, humus systems, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, humus, soil functioning, litter, biodegradation, plants and soil coevolution, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, soil functioning
Abstract

The European Society for Soil Conservation Conference, organized by the Babes-Bolyai University will take place from 15th June to the 18th June 2016 at the Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The conference will cover areas like Soils – Our Common Future” stresses the vital interconnection between soil and life, as well as its importance for the future of the human society.; International audience; The survey of few main morphological soil aggregates (with intrinsic biological, chemical and physical contents) reveals the existence of different humus systems. Recognizable by naked eyes in the field, each humus system is confined in an ecological frame (climate, vegetation, substrate and soil) and results from a specific process of plants and soil coevolution. The scope of this cooperation is to implement and store in the soil system a maximum of energy fixed in organic-mineral aggregates. The goal is reached thanks to different humus systems that allow the storage in the soil of organic matter, whose availability is controlled by plants and soil organisms in each given ecological frames. The process may be studied even in anthropic ecosystem, as productive agricultural crops, by comparison with similar but more natural soils. The final slides are dedicated to the presentation of a field manual under publication, in which the main humus systems and forms covering our planet have been illustrated.

Published
2016

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