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1. Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rate across mammals: A test of the ‘Mother Curse hypothesis’

Author: Hugo Cayuela, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Cristina Vieira, Victor Ronget, Jérôme M.W. Gippet, Thamar Conde García, Gabriel A.B. Marais, Jean-François Lemaître, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Aging, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Developmental Biology
Published: 2023
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2. Age and spatio-temporal variations in food resources modulate stress-immunity relationships in three populations of wild roe deer

Author: Jeffrey Carbillet, Marine Hollain, Benjamin Rey, Rupert Palme, Maryline Pellerin, Corinne Regis, Anne Geffré, Jeanne Duhayer, Sylvia Pardonnet, François Debias, Joël Merlet, Jean-François Lemaître, Hélène Verheyden, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), LTSER ZA PYRenees GARonne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences [Tartu], University of Tartu, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Centre Régional d'Exploration Fonctionnelle et Ressources Expérimentales (CREFRE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The study was funded by INRAE, VetAgro Sup and ONCFS/OFB, ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), ANR-11-IDEX-0007,Avenir L.S.E.,PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE(2011), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), SEGUIN, Nathalie, Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses - - ECOFECT2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0048 - LABX - VALID, and PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE - - Avenir L.S.E.2011 - ANR-11-IDEX-0007 - IDEX - VALID
Subjects: Innate immunity, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Hydrocortisone, Deer, Ecophysiology, Stress hormones, Adaptive immunity, Animals, Wild, Trade-off, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.AEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Endocrinology, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, [SDV.GEN.GPO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Animals, Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites, [SDV.BA.ZV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Animal Science and Zoology, [INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Glucocorticoids, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract: Living in variable and unpredictable environments, organisms face recurrent stressful situations. The endocrine stress response, which includes the secretion of glucocorticoids, helps organisms to cope with these perturbations. Although short-term elevations of glucocorticoid levels are often associated with immediate beneficial consequences for individuals, long-term glucocorticoid elevation can compromise key physiological functions such as immunity. While laboratory works highlighted the immunosuppressive effect of long-term elevated glucocorticoids, it remains largely unknown, especially in wild animals, whether this relationship is modulated by individual and environmental characteristics. In this study, we explored the co-variation between baseline cortisol levels, assessed non-invasively using faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs), and 12 constitutive indices of innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune functions, in wild roe deer living in three populations with contrasting environmental conditions. Using longitudinal data on 564 individuals, we further investigated whether age and spatio-temporal variations in the quantity and quality of food resources affect the relationship between FCMs and immunity. Negative covariation with glucocorticoids was evident only for innate and inflammatory markers of immunity, while adaptive immunity appeared to be positively or not linked to glucocorticoids. In addition, the negative covariations were generally exacerbated, or revealed, in individuals facing harsh environmental constraints and in old individuals. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of measuring multiple immune markers of immunity in individuals from contrasted environments to unravel the complex relationships between glucocorticoids and immunity in wild animals. Our results also help explain conflicting results found in the literature and could improve our understanding of the long-term consequences of elevated glucocorticoid levels on disease spread and population dynamics.
Published: 2023
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3. Effects of population density on static allometry between horn length and body mass in mountain ungulates

Author: Morgane Tidière, Mathieu Garel, Christophe Pélabon, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Anne Loison, Carole Toïgo, Marco Festa-Bianchet, Jean-François Lemaître, Steeve D. Côté, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Centre d'Etudes Nordiques (CEN), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, French horn, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, 03 medical and health sciences, Density dependence, density dependence, allometry, Allometry, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, condition dependence, horns, bovids, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; Little is known about the effects of environmental variation on allometric relationships of condition-dependent traits, especially in wild populations. We estimated sex-specific static allometry between horn length and body mass in four populations of mountain ungulates that experienced periods of contrasting density over the course of the study. These species displayed contrasting sexual dimorphism in horn size; high dimorphism in Capra ibex and Ovis canadensis and low dimorphism in Rupicapra rupicapra and Oreamnos americanus. The effects of density on static allometric slopes were weak and inconsistent while allometric intercepts were generally lower at high density, especially in males from species with high sexual dimorphism in horn length. These results confirm that static allometric slopes are more canalized than allometric intercepts against environmental variation induced by changes in population density.
Published: 2021
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4. How much energetic trade‐offs limit selection? Insights from livestock and related laboratory model species

Author: Hélène Gilbert, Jean-François Lemaître, Philippe Monget, Frédéric Douhard, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Mathieu Douhard, Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur] (IFCE)-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Ecologie et évolution des populations, and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: senescence, Natural resource economics, Evolution, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], trade‐offs, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Pleiotropy, pleiotropy, Genetics, QH359-425, Limit (mathematics), Livestock breeding, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Selection (genetic algorithm), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, metabolic rate, business.industry, livestock breeding, Trade offs, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, trade-offs, Perspective, Metabolic rate, Livestock, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business
Abstract: International audience; Trade-offs between life history traits are expected to occur due to the limited amount of resources that organisms can obtain and share among biological functions, but are of least concern for selection responses in nutrient-rich or benign environments. In domestic animals, selection limits have not yet been reached despite strong selection for higher meat, milk or egg yields. Yet, negative genetic correlations between productivity traits and health or fertility traits have often been reported, supporting the view that trade-offs do occur in the context of nonlimiting resources. The importance of allocation mechanisms in limiting genetic changes can thus be questioned when animals are mostly constrained by their time to acquire and process energy rather than by feed availability. Selection for high productivity traits early in life should promote a fast metabolism with less energy allocated to self-maintenance (contributing to soma preservation and repair). Consequently, the capacity to breed shortly after an intensive period of production or to remain healthy should be compromised. We assessed those predictions in mammalian and avian livestock and related laboratory model species. First, we surveyed studies that compared energy allocation to maintenance between breeds or lines of contrasting productivity but found little support for the occurrence of an energy allocation trade-off. Second, selection experiments for lower feed intake per unit of product (i.e. higher feed efficiency) generally resulted in reduced allocation to maintenance, but this did not entail fitness costs in terms of survival or future reproduction. These findings indicate that the consequences of a particular selection in domestic animals are much more difficult to predict than one could anticipate from the energy allocation framework alone. Future developments to predict the contribution of time constraints and trade-offs to selection limits will be insightful to breed livestock in increasingly challenging environments.
Published: 2021
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5. Evolution of large males is associated with female‐skewed adult sex ratios in amniotes

Author: Tamás Székely, András Liker, Robert P. Freckleton, Ivett Pipoly, Veronika Bókony, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, genetic structures, Range (biology), media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Comparative method, Competition (biology), Birds, mating competition, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Animals, Body Size, sexual selection, Juvenile, Sex Ratio, Mating, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Sex Characteristics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all), biology, sex-biased mortality, biology.organism_classification, Sexual dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Sexual selection, Female, Amniote, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, mating opportunity, Sex ratio
Abstract: Body size often differs between the sexes (leading to sexual size dimorphism, SSD), as a consequence of differential responses by males and females to selection pressures. Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) should influence SSD because ASR relates to both the number of competitors and available mates, which shape the intensity of mating competition and thereby promotes SSD evolution. However, whether ASR correlates with SSD variation among species has not been yet tested across a broad range of taxa. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 462 amniotes (i.e., reptiles, birds, and mammals), we fill this knowledge gap by showing that male bias in SSD increases with increasingly female-skewed ASRs in both mammals and birds. This relationship is not explained by the higher mortality of the larger sex because SSD is not associated with sex differences in either juvenile or adult mortality. Phylogenetic path analysis indicates that higher mortality in one sex leads to skewed ASR, which in turn may generate selection for SSD biased toward the rare sex. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that skewed ASRs in amniote populations can result in the rarer sex evolving large size to capitalize on enhanced mating opportunities.
Published: 2021
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6. Is degree of sociality associated with reproductive senescence? A comparative analysis across birds and mammals

Author: Csongor I. Vágási, Orsolya Vincze, Péter L. Pap, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Victor Ronget, Jean-François Lemaître, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Reproductive ageing, Body size, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Degree (temperature), Nesting Behavior, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Reproductive senescence, biology.animal, Cooperative breeding, Subject areas, Animals, Life history, Cooperative Behavior, Social Behavior, Pace of life, Sociality, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Mammals, 0303 health sciences, Reproduction, Vertebrate, Articles, Brain size, Mammal, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: Our understanding on how widespread reproductive senescence is in the wild and how the onset and rate of reproductive senescence vary among species in relation to life histories and lifestyles is currently limited. More specifically, whether the species-specific degree of sociality is linked to the occurrence, onset and rate of reproductive senescence remains unknown. Here, we investigate these questions using phylogenetic comparative analyses across 36 bird and 101 mammal species encompassing a wide array of life histories, lifestyles and social traits. We found that female reproductive senescence: (i) is widespread and occurs with similar frequency (about two-thirds) in birds and mammals; (ii) occurs later in life and is slower in birds than in similar-sized mammals; (iii) occurs later in life and is slower with an increasingly slower pace of life in both vertebrate classes; and (iv) is only weakly associated, if any, with the degree of sociality in both classes after accounting for the effect of body size and pace of life. However, when removing the effect of species differences in pace of life, a higher degree of sociality was associated with later and weaker reproductive senescence in females, which suggests that the degree of sociality is either indirectly related to reproductive senescence via the pace of life or simply a direct outcome of the pace of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’
Published: 2021
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7. Maternal effects shape offspring physiological condition but do not senesce in a wild mammal

Author: François Débias, Maryline Pellerin, Louise Cheynel, Benjamin Rey, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Erwan Quéméré, Jean-François Lemaître, Sylvia Pardonnet, Jeanne Duhayer, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), University of Liverpool, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: life history, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Senescence, Offspring, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Physiology, Forests, eco, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, immunology, 03 medical and health sciences, Capreolus, Immune system, biology.animal, Animals, roe deer, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Physiological condition, Deer, Body Weight, Maternal effect, Age Factors, biology.organism_classification, Roe deer, 030104 developmental biology, ageing, Ageing, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Maternal Inheritance, body condition, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Maternal Age
Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.; International audience; In vertebrates, offspring survival often decreases with increasing maternal age. While many studies have reported a decline in fitness-related traits of offspring with increasing maternal age, the study of senescence in maternal effect through age-specific changes in offspring physiological condition is still at its infancy. We assessed the influence of maternal age and body mass on offspring physiological condition in two populations of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) subjected to markedly different environmental conditions. We measured seven markers to index body condition and characterize the immune profile in 86 fawns which became recently independent of their known-aged mothers. We did not find striking effects of maternal age on offspring physiological condition measured at 8 months of age. This absence of evidence for senescence in maternal effects is likely due to the strong viability selection observed in the very first months of life in this species. Offspring physiological condition was, on the other hand, positively influenced by maternal body mass. Between-population differences in environmental conditions experienced by fawns also influenced their average body condition and immune phenotype. Fawns facing food limitation displayed lower values in some markers of body condition (body mass and haemoglobin levels) than those living in good quality habitat. They also allocated preferentially to humoral immunity, contrary to those living in good conditions, which allocated more to cellular response. These results shed a new light on the eco-physiological pathways mediating the relationship between mother's mass and offspring condition.
Published: 2021
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8. Short-term telomere dynamics is associated with glucocorticoid levels in wild populations of roe deer

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Maryline Pellerin, Corinne Régis, Benjamin Rey, Jeanne Duhayer, Hannah Froy, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Jeffrey Carbillet, Rachael V. Wilbourn, Louise Cheynel, Jean-François Lemaître, Sylvia Pardonnet, Hélène Verheyden, François Débias, Daniel H. Nussey, Sarah L. Underwood, Rupert Palme, A. J. Mark Hewison, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Institute of Evolutionary Biology [Edinburgh], School of Biological Sciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK., Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), BBSRC grant no. (BB/ L020769/1), OFB staff, ANR-15-CE32-0002,AGEX,Vieillissement sexe-spécifique en milieu naturel(2015), ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), ANR-11-IDEX-0007,Avenir L.S.E.,PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE(2011), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Institute of Infection and Global Health [University of Liverpool, UK], University of Liverpool, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) : grant no. (BB/L020769/1), and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Subjects: Male, life history, 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Aging, senescence, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, capreolus capreolus, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, Stress, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Environmental stress, stress, 03 medical and health sciences, Capreolus, biology.animal, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, medicine, Animals, Life-history, Life history, Glucocorticoids, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, Deer, aging, Stressor, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Telomere, biology.organism_classification, Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, Female, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Glucocorticoid, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; While evidence that telomere length is associated with health and mortality in humans and birds is accumulating, a large body of research is currently seeking to identify factors that modulate telomere dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that high levels of glucocorticoids in individuals under environmental stress should accelerate telomere shortening in two wild populations of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) living in different ecological contexts. From two consecutive annual sampling sessions, we found that individuals with faster rates of telomere shortening had higher concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, suggesting a functional link between glucocorticoid levels and telomere attrition rate. This relationship was consistent for both sexes and populations. This finding paves the way for further studies of the fitness consequences of exposure to environmental stressors in wild vertebrates.
Published: 2021
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9. DNA methylation as a tool to explore ageing in wild roe deer populations

Author: Sylvia Pardonnet, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Jeanne Duhayer, François Débias, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Caesar Z. Li, Corinne Régis, Maryline Pellerin, Steve Horvath, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Benjamin Rey, Jean-François Lemaître, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), David Geffen School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Fielding School of Public Health, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Ecologie et évolution des populations, and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Epigenomics, Male, Aging, senescence, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], growth, sex differences in lifespan, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Epigenesis, Genetic, 03 medical and health sciences, Capreolus, biology.animal, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Genetics, Animals, Epigenetics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Deer, life-history, dNaM, Methylation, DNA Methylation, biology.organism_classification, Roe deer, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, Ageing, Evolutionary biology, DNA methylation, Female, epigenetic clock, Biotechnology
Abstract: International audience; DNA methylation-based biomarkers of ageing (epigenetic clocks) promise to lead to new insights into evolutionary biology of ageing. Relatively little is known about how the natural environment affects epigenetic ageing effects in wild species. In this study, we took advantage of a unique long-term (>40 years) longitudinal monitoring of individual roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) living in two wild populations (Chizé and Trois-Fontaines, France) facing different ecological contexts, to investigate the relationship between chronological age and levels of DNA methylation (DNAm). We generated novel DNA methylation data from n = 94 blood samples, from which we extracted leucocyte DNA, using a custom methylation array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). We present three DNA methylation-based estimators of age (DNAm or epigenetic age), which were trained in males, females, and both sexes combined. We investigated how sex differences influenced the relationship between DNAm age and chronological age using sex-specific epigenetic clocks. Our results highlight that old females may display a lower degree of biological ageing than males. Further, we identify the main sites of epigenetic alteration that have distinct ageing patterns between the two sexes. These findings open the door to promising avenues of research at the crossroads of evolutionary biology and biogerontology
Published: 2021
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10. Applying comparative methods to different databases: lessons from demographic analyses across mammal species

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Victor Ronget, Jean-François Lemaître, Christophe Bonenfant, Guillaume Péron, Pol Capdevila, Marlène Gamelon, Roberto Salguero-Gómez, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Comparative demographic analyses aim to identify axes of variation in vital rates and the factors that determine the position of species along these axes. These analyses can be performed using different primary data sets, with marked heterogeneity in data quality and structure. Whether the outcome of demographic comparative analyses depends on the database used because theoretical predictions of evolutionary ecology are not that robust and depend on the set of species analysed or because data limitation prevents the identification of the expected patterns has never been investigated. This chapter fills this knowledge gap by performing a comparative demographic analysis across mammalian species from two distinct databases (Comadre and Malddaba) that were built for different purposes. The chapter first estimates some demographic metrics for each database, analyses their allometric relationships, and compares the estimates with theoretical expectations by performing phylogenetic regressions. Using Malddaba led to stronger allometric relationships closer to the expectation than Comadre. Moreover, the contribution of dimensionless demographic metrics to axes of variation in the shape of demographic trajectories was different between databases. The findings in the chapter demonstrate the key role of age dependence in vital rates for shaping demographic tactics across mammalian species and highlight the need for carefully choosing the database and the metrics to use depending on the question asked. Instead of opposing databases, the authors’ analysis nicely illustrates that different databases could be used to address different questions about life history variation.
Published: 2021

11. Do Equids Live longer than Grazing Bovids?

Author: Laurie Bingaman Lackey, Jean-François Lemaître, Dennis W. H. Müller, Patrick Duncan, Marcus Clauss, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Morgane Tidière, Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biodémographie évolutive, Ecologie et évolution des populations, Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation (Fraunhofer IOSB), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), University of Zurich, Tidière, Morgane, and La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, 010506 paleontology, demography, 10253 Department of Small Animals, Evolution, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Gestation period, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Life history theory, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogenetics, Grazing, Survival rate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Ecological niche, 630 Agriculture, Ecology, slow-fast continuum, Longevity, biological times, actuarial senescence, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, pace of life, 570 Life sciences, biology
Abstract: International audience; A large part of the diversity of longevity and actuarial senescence (i.e., the progressive decline of survival probabilities with age) across vertebrates can be related to body size, phylogeny, and the species' position on the slow-fast continuum of life histories. However, differences in mortality patterns between ecologically similar species, such as bovids and equids, remain poorly understood. Equids are commonly understood to outlive bovid species relative to their body mass, despite very similar feeding niches. Comparing survival patterns of 13 bovid and ten equid sub-species, our findings confirm that equids outlive bovid species, with a higher adult survival rate and a delayed onset of senescence for equids, but no difference of rate of actuarial senescence. These differences are associated with a slower generation time and longer inter-birth interval, due to a longer gestation period, for equids compared to bovids. Finally, our results suggest that all biological times (i.e., all life history traits expressed in time units) have evolved synchronously in bovids, whereas in equids gestation time and inter-birth interval either were never in synchrony with, or have slowed down relative to other biological times. Our findings suggest the existence of different selection pressures, or different constraints, on specific time-related traits between these two mammalian families.
Published: 2020
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12. Female reproductive senescence across mammals: A high diversity of patterns modulated by life history and mating traits

Author: Victor Ronget, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Senescence, Aging, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Fertility, Comparative biology, Biology, Sexual Behavior, Animal, 03 medical and health sciences, Reproductive senescence, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Animals, Mating, Life History Traits, Cellular Senescence, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Mammals, Reproduction, Placentation, 030104 developmental biology, Female, Allometry, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Senescence patterns are highly variable across the animal kingdom. However, while empirical evidence of actuarial senescence in vertebrates is accumulating in the wild and life history correlates of actuarial senescence are increasingly identified, both the extent and variation of reproductive senescence across species remain poorly studied. Here, we performed the first large-scale analysis of female reproductive senescence across 101 mammalian species that encompassed a wide range of Orders. We found evidence of reproductive senescence in 68.31 % of the species, which demonstrates that reproductive senescence is pervasive in mammals. As expected from allometric rules, the onset of reproductive senescence occurs later and the rate of reproductive senescence decreases with increasing body mass and delayed age at first reproduction. Moreover, for a given pace of life, females displaying a high level of multiple mating and/or with induced ovulation senesce earlier than females displaying a low level of multiple mating and/or with spontaneous ovulation. These results suggest that both female mating behavior and reproductive physiology shape the diversity of reproductive senescence patterns across mammals. We propose future avenues of research regarding the role played by environmental conditions or reproductive features (e.g. type of placentation) on the evolution of reproductive senescence.
Published: 2020
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13. Assessing the Diversity of the Form of Age-Specific Changes in Adult Mortality from Captive Mammalian Populations

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Morgane Tidière, Victor Ronget, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, demography, senescence, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Gompertz function, Bayesian analysis, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, population dynamics, lcsh:QH301-705.5, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Ecological Modeling, Mortality rate, aging, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Age specific, lcsh:Biology (General), Trajectory analysis, Diversity (business), Demography
Abstract: International audience; Actuarial senescence (i.e., the age-specific increase in mortality rate) is pervasive across mammalian species, but our current understanding of the diversity of forms that actuarial senescence displays across species remains limited. Although several mathematical models have been proposed to model actuarial senescence, there is still no consensus on which model to use, especially when comparing mortality patterns among species. To fill this knowledge gap, we fitted and compared different forms of increase using models commonly used in senescence studies (i.e., Gompertz, Weibull, and logistic) across 61 species of mammalian captive populations using the Bayesian Survival Trajectory Analysis (BaSTA) approach. For as much as 79% of the species, a Gompertz increase of mortality with age was the most parsimonious model that satisfactorily described the shape of age-specific mortality changes in adults. This highlights that the form of the increase in mortality is mostly consistent across mammalian species and follows the Gompertz rule with some rare exceptions. The implications of that result are twofold. First, the Gompertz rate of mortality increase should be used in cross-species comparative analyses of mammals, as already done in some studies. Second, although the Gompertz model accurately describes actuarial senescence in most mammals, there are notable exceptions, and the factors causing this deviation from an exponential mortality increase during the adult stage warrant further investigation.
Published: 2020
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14. Population position along the fast–slow life‐history continuum predicts intraspecific variation in actuarial senescence

Author: Hugo Cayuela, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Eric Bonnaire, Julian Pichenot, Jean-François Lemaître, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et évolution des populations, University of Zurich, Salguero‐Gómez, Roberto, and Cayuela, Hugo
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Amphibian, Senescence, life history, demography, senescence, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Bombina variegata, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, slow, Intraspecific competition, Life history theory, Birds, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, biology.animal, Animals, Life history, education, Life History Traits, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mammals, education.field_of_study, Actuarial science, biology, Continuum (measurement), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Bayes Theorem, biology.organism_classification, Variation (linguistics), 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 570 Life sciences, 590 Animals (Zoology), Animal Science and Zoology, amphibian, fast life history gradient, Anura, 1103 Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract: Patterns of actuarial senescence can be highly variable among species. Previous comparative analyses revealed that both age at the onset of senescence and rates of senescence are linked to position of a species along the fast–slow life‐history continuum. As there are few long‐term datasets of wild populations with known‐age individuals, intraspecific (i.e. between‐population) variation in senescence is understudied and limited to comparisons of wild and captive populations of the same species, mostly birds and mammals. In this paper, we examined how population position along the fast–slow life‐history continuum affects intraspecific variation in senescence in an amphibian, Bombina variegata. We used capture–recapture data collected in four populations with contrasting life‐history strategies. Senescence trajectories were analysed using Bayesian capture–recapture models. We show that in populations with fast life histories the onset of actuarial senescence was earlier and individuals aged at a faster rate than individuals in populations with slow life histories. Our study provides one of the few empirical examples of among‐population variation in actuarial senescence patterns in the wild and confirms that the fast–slow life‐history gradient is associated with both macroevolutionary and microevolutionary patterns of actuarial senescence.
Published: 2020
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15. The crustacean Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) (Isopoda: Oniscoidea), a new promising model for the study of cellular senescence

Author: Christine Braquart-Varnier, François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont, Thomas Becking, Charlotte Depeux, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Hélène Pauhlac, Tiffany Laverre, Jérôme Moreau, Sophie Beltran-Bech, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-CE13-0001,AmoCyst,Démêler les voies de signalisation impliquées dans l'enkystement des amibes pathogènes(2017), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Telomerase, Woodlouse, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Context (language use), Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Biomarkers of aging, biology.animal, Telomerase reverse transcriptase, Model organism, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Armadillidium vulgare, 0303 health sciences, biology, ved/biology, Vertebrate, biology.organism_classification, Ageing, Evolutionary biology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Drosophila melanogaster
Abstract: Senescence, the decline of physiological parameters with increasing age, is a quasi-ubiquitous phenomenon in the living world. The observed patterns of senescence, however, can markedly differ across species and populations, between sexes, and even among individuals. To identify the drivers of this variation in senescence, experimental approaches are essential and involve the development of tools and new study models. Current knowledge of the senescence process is mostly based on studies on vertebrates and main information about senescence in invertebrates is mostly limited to model organisms such asCaenorhabditis elegansorDrosophila melanogaster. In this context, we tested whether biomarkers of vertebrate ageing could be used to study senescence in a new invertebrate model: the common woodlouseArmadillidium vulgare(Latreille, 1804). More specifically, we looked for the effect of age in woodlouse on three well-established physiological biomarkers of ageing in vertebrates: immune cells (cell size, density, and viability), β-galactosidase activity, and the gene expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), an essential subunit of telomerase protein. We found that the size of immune cells was higher in older individuals, whereas their density and viability decreased, and that the β-galactosidase activity increased with age, whereas the TERT gene expression decreased. These findings demonstrate that woodlouse displays age-related changes in biomarkers of vertebrate senescence, with different patterns depending on gender. The tools used in studies of vertebrate senescence can thus be successfully used in studies of senescence of invertebrates such as the woodlouse. The application of commonly used tools to new biological models offers a promising approach to assess the diversity of senescence patterns across the tree of life.
Published: 2020
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16. Reproductive senescence and parental effects in an indeterminate grower

Author: Tiffany Laverre, Jérôme Moreau, Sophie Beltran-Bech, Charlotte Depeux, Hélène Pauhlac, Jean-François Lemaître, François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Avian clutch size, Senescence, clutch size, Offspring, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Paternal Age, Armadillidium vulgare, 03 medical and health sciences, Reproductive senescence, Animals, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, education.field_of_study, Reproductive success, Reproduction, aging, indeterminate growth, Indeterminate growth, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, ageing, Female, Genetic Fitness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Isopoda, Maternal Age, Demography
Abstract: International audience; Reproductive senescence is the decrease of reproductive performance with in- creasing age and can potentially include trans-generational effects as the offspring produced by old parents might have a lower fitness than those produced by young parents. This negative effect may be caused either by the age of the father, mother or the interaction between the ages of both parents. Using the common woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare, an indeterminate grower, as a biological model, we tested for the existence of a deleterious effect of parental age on fitness components. Contrary to previous findings reported from vertebrate studies, old parents produced both a higher number and larger offspring than young parents. However, their offspring had lower fitness components (by surviving less, producing a smaller number of clutches or not reproducing at all) than offspring born to young parents. Our findings strongly support the existence of trans-generational senescence in woodlice and contradict the belief that old individuals in indeterminate growers contribute the most to re- cruitment and correspond thereby to the key life stage for population dynamics. Our work also provides rare evidence that the trans-generational effect of senescence can be stronger than direct reproductive senescence in indeterminate growers.
Published: 2020
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17. Going beyond Lifespan in Comparative Biology of Aging

Author: Michael Garratt, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Gerontology, 0303 health sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Tree of life, General Medicine, Comparative biology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; Over the last few decades, comparative biology of aging has aimed toidentify factors responsible for the huge variability in lifespan observedacross the animal kingdom. While these studies have undeniablyimproved our understanding of the complex processes that shape lifespan,we argue that time has now come to focus on specific aging metrics (e.g.,age at the onset of aging, rate of aging) rather than on lifespan. Such a shiftin research programs would help decipher the fine-scale mechanismsshaping age-specific mortality profiles across the tree of life
Published: 2020
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18. An integrative view of senescence in nature

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Flourishing, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, Tree of life, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Reproductive senescence, Evolutionary biology, Evolutionary ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sociality, 010606 plant biology & botany, Diversity (politics), media_common
Abstract: Senescence—the decline in age‐specific contribution to fitness with increasing age—has been widely investigated in evolutionary ecology. A tremendous amount of detailed empirical analyses have now revealed the widespread occurrence of demographic senescence (i.e. both actuarial and reproductive senescence) and have started to identify factors (e.g. environmental conditions) that modulate its timing and intensity, both within and across species. In this special feature, we have built on this flourishing work to highlight several axes of research that would benefit from more integrative and multidisciplinary approaches. Several contributions compiled in this special feature emphasize that our understanding of senescence remains taxonomically limited, mostly focused on birds and mammals, and is therefore not representative of the biological diversity displayed across the tree of life. In line with this observation, the influence of some peculiar lifestyles (e.g. involving sociality or modularity) on the evolution of senescence is yet to be deciphered. Understanding of the diversity of senescence patterns across and within species and among traits will necessitate the establishment of new metrics as a golden standard to fully account for age‐specific changes recorded in individuals’ performance. This is illustrated with the specific case of actuarial senescence. This special feature also highlights that the diversity of biological samples collected from wild plants and animals, along with accurate demographic data, is expanding. The fast development of new molecular tools now offers a unique opportunity to launch research programmes at the interface of physiology, health and ageing in non‐model organisms. We argue that while these different research axes constitute key avenues of investigations for the coming years, they are only the tip of the iceberg. To appreciate the full complexity of the senescence process in nature, from its evolutionary causes to its demographic consequences, we also need a better understanding of the role played by both environmental conditions and gene–environment interactions, of constraints, and of senescence, an improved assessment of the influence of individual heterogeneity, and the consideration of transgenerational effects when quantifying the fitness consequences of senescence.
Published: 2020
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19. Syndrome de Klinefelter, rôle du chromosome Y dans l’espérance de vie humaine ?

Author: Cristina Vieira, M Fablet, J Teoli, Ingrid Plotton, Jean-François Lemaître, C Bardel, Damien Sanlaville, Gabriel A. B. Marais, François Gueyffier, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, General Medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 3. Good health
Abstract: Objectif L’esperance de vie des patients atteints du syndrome de Klinefelter est en moyenne diminuee de 2,1 ans par rapport aux sujets 46,XY eux-memes vivant moins longtemps que les sujets 46,XX. L’objectif etait de tester l’hypothese du role du chromosome Y dans la longevite par son action sur l’expression des genes. Materiel et methodes Dix neuf patients repartis en 4 groupes selon le nombre de gonosomes X et Y : 2 XYY, 5 XXY, 6 XY et 6 XX. Analyse en whole RNAseq par NGS (Illumina technologies) suivi d’une analyse d’expression differentielle des genes (AED-G) (package DESeq2 du logiciel R). Resultats L’AED-G a montre la formation de clusters de patients en fonction de leur caryotype avec un impact plus important de l’ajout d’un chromosome Y que celui d’un chromosome X (XXY vs XX : 0,23 % de genes differentiellement exprimes, XYY vs XY : 0,30 %, XXY vs XY : 0,05 %). En moyenne, deux tiers des genes differentiellement exprimes etaient surexprimes. Cet impact du chromosome Y se retrouvait a la fois pour les genes gonosomiques et autosomiques. Parmi les genes surexprimes, une analyse d’ontologie a montre un enrichissement pour ceux impliques dans le processus de senescence, plus particulierement pour le caryotype XYY. Discussion Ces resultats preliminaires montrent que le chromosome Y tend a induire une surexpression de genes impliques dans le processus de senescence pouvant etre mis en lien avec les pathologies cancereuses et le vieillissement tissulaire en faveur d’un effet potentiellement deletere du chromosome Y sur la longevite.
Published: 2020
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20. Eco‐evolutionary perspectives of the dynamic relationships linking senescence and cancer

Author: Rodrigo Hamede, Beata Ujvari, Jean-François Lemaître, Geordie Jennings, Samuel Pavard, Frédéric Thomas, Mathieu Giraudeau, Orsolya Vincze, Éco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia, Deakin University [Burwood], Centre for Integrative Ecology, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Debrecen Egyetem [Debrecen], Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), ANR-18-CE35-0009,TRANSCAN,ECOLOGIE ET EVOLUTION DES CANCERS TRANSMISSIBLES(2018), Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Biodémographie évolutive
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Ecology (disciplines), Population, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Context (language use), [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Biology, Trade-off, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, medicine, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Cancer, [SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology, Immunosenescence, medicine.disease, Evolutionary biology, Evolutionary ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Evidence for actuarial senescence (i.e. the decrease in survival with increasing age) is now widespread across the tree of life. However, demographic senescence patterns are highly variable both between and within species. To understand these variations, there is an urgent need to go beyond aggregated mortality rates and to investigate how age‐specific causes of mortality in animals interact with age‐specific physiological performance. We address this question in the context of cancers. Cancer is a leading cause of death in human populations and has recently been shown to be more prevalent across species than previously thought. Since anthropogenic perturbations drastically increase cancer rates in wild populations of animals, deciphering the complex interactions between senescence and cancer now constitutes a key challenge in evolutionary ecology. Based on classical evolutionary theories of ageing, we first demonstrate that the occurrence of cancers might constitute an underestimated piece of the life‐history jigsaw. We propose that the selection for an increased allocation of resources towards growth and reproduction during early life might potentially favour cancer development, a life‐history pathway that might be functionally mediated by the process of immunosenescence. While we discuss the relevance of other proximate mechanisms suggesting that cancer arises as a direct consequence of senescence, we also argue that cancer itself can promote senescence by notably increasing the amount of resources required for somatic maintenance. Contrary to theoretical predictions, recent empirical evidence suggests that senescence is an asynchronous process among physiological functions. At the same time, the timing of occurrence varies widely between the different types of cancers. We suggest that similar evolutionary forces might shape the synchronicity of senescence and cancer patterns, which emphasize the tight and complex relationships linking these processes. We propose a conceptual background to lay down the foundations and the directions of future research projects aiming to disentangle the dynamic relationship between the evolution of cancer and senescence. We argue that studies embracing these research directions will markedly improve our understanding of both cancer prevalence and timing at the individual, population and species level. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Published: 2019
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21. An aging phenotype in the wild

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Adult, Mammals, 0106 biological sciences, Genetics, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Phenotype, 03 medical and health sciences, Text mining, Helminths, Animals, Parasites, business, Cellular Senescence, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Deterioration of the immune system with age increases winter mortality in Soay sheep
Published: 2019
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22. Performance of generation time approximations for extinction risk assessments

Author: Dalia Amor Conde, Johanna Staerk, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Victor Ronget, Fernando Colchero, Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, threatened species, extinction risk, Generalized least squares, generation time, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, survival, Statistics, 14. Life underwater, Proxy (statistics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics, Extinction, Generation time, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, risk assessment, 15. Life on land, IUCN Red List, body mass, life table, Threatened species, Metric (unit), Vital rates, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Risk assessment
Abstract: Generation time is a fundamental component of extinction risk assessments for the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. The calculation of generation time requires age-specific data on survival and fecundity rates and knowledge of population growth rates. These data are generally lacking for threatened species, so approximations including only partial demographic information need to be used. This leads to potential errors in generation time estimates. To quantify the magnitude of potential errors in generation time estimates, we compared seven approximations with exact generation time measures, calculated either from complete life tables available for 58 mammalian species or from simulated data. We tested the influence of these errors on conservation assessments conducting mock assessments for ten species. We also tested the commonly used prediction of generation time based on the allometric relationship with body mass using phylogenetic generalized least squares. Root mean square errors were largest in measures assuming constant fecundity with age, some of which are currently used in Red List assessments. We found that the measure of generation time that only ignores population growth rates performed relatively well, but tended to underestimate the generation time for decreasing populations, and over-estimate it for increasing populations. In the mock assessment, we found that we underestimated the threat level in 10% to 90% of the species depending on the generation time approximation we used. The predictive metric of generation time based on body mass is inaccurate. We propose an alternative predictive metric based on body mass, age at first reproduction, and reproductive life span. Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate potential errors that occur when estimating generation time in the absence of key demographic information. We offer practical recommendations for extinction risk assessments including more rigorous mathematical formulations of generation time, such as the measure of generation time that includes population growth rates and the appropriate age-specific vital rates. Furthermore, we recommend alerting risk assessors of the uncertainties in proxy measures, such as the underestimation of generation time resulting from the assumption of constant fecundity in future Red List assessments.
Published: 2019
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23. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio indexes individual variation in the behavioural stress response of wild roe deer across fluctuating environmental conditions

Author: Jeanne Duhayer, Yannick Chaval, Joël Merlet, Maryline Pellerin, Jeffrey Carbillet, A. J. M. Hewison, François Débias, Typhaine Lavabre, Hélène Verheyden, Benjamin Rey, Sylvia Pardonnet, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Benoit Rannou, Corinne Régis, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Observatoire du Mont-Blanc, Rongeurs Sauvages, Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations - UR 1233 (RS2GP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre Régional d'Exploration Fonctionnelle et Ressources Expérimentales (CREFRE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), INRA, VetAgro Sup and ONCFS, and was performed in the framework of the LABEX ECOFECT (ANR-11-LABX-0048) of Universite de Lyon, within the program 'Investissements d'Avenir' (ANR-11-IDEX-0007), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Zoology, Biology, Stress, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Life history theory, Capreolus, biology.animal, N:L ratio, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Behaviour, Environmental conditions, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, education.field_of_study, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, 05 social sciences, biology.organism_classification, Roe deer, Habitat, Animal ecology, Capreolus capreolus, Animal Science and Zoology, Conservation biology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Understanding how wild animals adapt to perturbations and their consequences for life history traits and population dynamics is a current focus of attention in ecology and conservation biology. Here, we analysed variation in the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N:L ratio), a proxy of stress level, in wild roe deer Capreolus capreolus from three populations experiencing markedly different environmental conditions. We first assessed whether among-individual differences in the N:L ratio were consistent over time and across environmental contexts. We then investigated how both individual characteristics (behaviour at capture, age, sex, body mass), and environmental context (habitat and year quality) were linked to this indicator of stress level. We found moderate, but consistent, repeatability of the N:L ratio in all three populations, indicating stable among-individual differences in the way individuals cope physiologically with varying environmental conditions. In addition, we found a weak, but consistent, association between the N:L ratio and behaviour at capture in two of the three populations. Finally, the N:L ratio also varied in relation to temporal changes in environmental conditions. In particular, individuals had, on average, higher levels of stress in poor-quality years in two of the three populations. We discuss our results in relation to the coping styles framework. Significance statement Due to global change, natural populations are increasingly faced with unpredictable fluctuations of their environment. The stress response, via the release of glucocorticoids, is a key mechanism that enables individuals to cope with these variations. However, all individuals do not necessarily cope with life threatening and/or stressful situations in the same way, but as yet, the major drivers underlying variation in stress level remain unclear. We showed that the N:L ratio, reflecting baseline stress level, was repeatable and influenced by both individual and environmental factors. In particular, variation in the N:L ratio was linked to the quality of the year in terms of resource availability and, to a lesser extent, to the individual's behaviour at capture. Our study demonstrates that both environmental context and individual characteristics drive variation in the N:L ratio in a wild vertebrate population.
Published: 2019
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24. Fully microscopic scission-point model to predict fission fragment observables

Author: Stéphane Goriely, Jean-François Lemaître, Stéphane Hilaire, Jean-Luc Sida, Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: Physics, Proton, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Fission, Binding energy, Nuclear Theory, Kinetic energy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physique atomique et nucléaire, Neutron temperature, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Reactions, Neutron, Nuclear drip line, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Spontaneous fission
Abstract: We present an upgraded version of the SPY model, called SPY2 for version 2 of the scission point yield, toestimate mainly the yields and the kinetic energy distributions of fission fragments: The theoretical frameworkis similar to our previous version, i.e. a statistical scission point model, but this version is based on fullymicroscopic nuclear ingredients describing the fragments properties at the scission point. These include the staticproperties of some 7000 nuclei at 120 axial quadrupole deformations, such as binding energies, proton densities,single-particle level schemes, and states densities, coherently calculated within the constrained Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov model on the basis of the Skyrme BSk27 interaction. The use of microscopic ingredients has beenextended to the proton density distribution and the nuclear states densities. Considering realistic proton densitiesof fragments allows us to improve the definition of the scission point as well as the prediction of the kineticenergy distribution and to link the kinetic energy to the diffuseness of the fragments’ proton density. Newmicroscopic nuclear states densities improve the general coherence of the model, in particular regarding theinclusion of the odd-even pairing effect. In this updated SPY2 version, the calculation of the fission yieldsand kinetic energy distributions is significantly improved and found to be in relatively good agreement withexperiments, at least qualitatively. A detailed study is performed for three well known fissioning systems, namely,thermal neutron induced fission of 235U and 239Pu and spontaneous fission of 252Cf. A systematic analysis of thefission mode as well as mean fragments deformation and total kinetic energies has been performed for some2000 fissioning nuclei with 78, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2019
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25. Slow life-history strategies are associated with negligible actuarial senescence in western Palaearctic salamanders

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Claude Miaud, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Claudio Angelini, Olivier Peyronel, Aziz Avcı, Hugo Cayuela, Kurtuluş Olgun, Nazan Üzüm, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Syndicat des Gorges de l'Ardèche, Saint-Remèze, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Biodémographie évolutive, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), University of Zurich, and Cayuela, Hugo
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, life history, senescence, 01 natural sciences, 2300 General Environmental Science, 2400 General Immunology and Microbiology, Negligible senescence, Life History Traits, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, 0303 health sciences, Reproduction, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], General Medicine, Subject Category: Ecology Subject Areas: ecology, Indeterminate growth, actuarial senescence, Ectotherm, 590 Animals (Zoology), evolution Keywords: ageing, Lernaean Hydra, ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Amphibian, Senescence, Longevity, Urodela, 1100 General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Life history theory, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, salamanders, 1300 General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, biology.animal, Animals, Regeneration (ecology), 030304 developmental biology, Actuarial science, General Immunology and Microbiology, Interspecific competition, urodeles, salamander, Ageing, ageing, 570 Life sciences, biology, Salamander, amphibian, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Actuarial senescence (hereafter “senescence”) has been viewed for a long time as an inevitable and uniform process. However, the work on senescence has mainly focused on endotherms (especially mammals) with deterministic growth and low regeneration capacity at adult stages, leading to a strong taxonomic bias in the study of aging. Recent studies have highlighted that senescence could indeed display highly variable trajectory shape that correlates with species life history traits. Slow life histories and indeterminate growth seem to be associated with weak and late senescence. Furthermore, a few studies have suggested that high regenerative abilities could make senescence negligible in several ectotherms (e.g., hydra and salamanders). However, demographic data for species that would allow testing of these hypotheses are scarce and fragmented. Here, we investigated senescence patterns in a group of salamanders (i.e. “true salamanders”) from the Western Palearctic using capture-recapture data and Bayesian modeling. Our results showed that salamanders have slow life histories and that they experience negligible senescence. This pattern was consistent at both intra- and interspecific levels, suggesting that the absence of senescence may be a phylogenetically conserved trait. The regenerative capacities of true salamanders, and urodeles in general, likely explains why these small ectotherms have lifespans similar to that of large endotherms (e.g., ungulates, large birds) and undergo negligible senescence contrary to most amniotes including humans. Our study seriously challenges the idea that senescence is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the living world.
Published: 2019
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26. Does body growth impair immune function in a large herbivore?

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Hélène Verheyden, Jeffrey Carbillet, François Débias, Maryline Pellerin, Sylvia Pardonnet, Frédéric Douhard, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Benjamin Rey, Aiden J Mark Hewison, Louise Cheynel, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), ONCFS : 2011/18/6171 et ONCFS : 2015/19/6171, ANR-15-CE32-0002,AGEX,Vieillissement sexe-spécifique en milieu naturel(2015), ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), ANR-11-IDEX-0007,Avenir L.S.E.,PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE(2011), Ecotoxicologie & Santé des écosystèmes - ECSECO (ECI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR-15-CE32-0002-01 / ONCFS 2011/18/6171 2015/19/6171 / LABEX ECOFECT of Universite de Lyon within the program 'Investissementsd'Avenir' ANR-11-LABX-0048 ANR-11-IDEX-0007, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)
Subjects: Adult, 0106 biological sciences, animal diseases, Population, Zoology, Trade-off, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.IMM.II]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Innate immunity, Capreolus, Immune system, Immunity, biology.animal, Animals, Herbivory, education, Life history, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Roe deer, Herbivore, education.field_of_study, Reproductive success, Deer, Reproduction, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Phenotype, Body mass, [SDV.IMM.IA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology, bacteria, Female, Eco-immunology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; According to the principle of allocation, trade-offs are inevitable when resources allocated to one biological function are no longer available for other functions. Growth, and to a lesser extent, immunity are energetically costly functions that may compete with allocation to reproductive success and survival. However, whether high allocation to growth impairs immune system development during the growing period or immune system performance during adulthood is currently unknown in wild mammals. Using three roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations experiencing contrasting environmental conditions, we tested for potential costs of growth on immune phenotype over both the short-term (during growth), and the long-term (during adulthood) over the course of an individuals' life. We investigated potential costs on a set of 12 immune traits that reflect both innate and adaptive responses, and compared them between sexes and populations. Although fast growth tended to be associated with low levels of some humoral traits (globulins) during the growing period and some cellular immune traits (i.e. eosinophil and neutrophil counts) during adulthood, evidence for a trade-off between growth and other immune components was limited. Unexpectedly, no detectable growth costs on immunity were found in females from the population experiencing the least favourable environment. We discuss our findings in the light of the complex interplay between resource allocation strategies among reproduction, maintenance and immunity, in relation to local environmental conditions experienced by roe deer.
Published: 2019
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27. Senescence in the Wild: Theory and Physiology

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecologie et évolution des populations
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, 0303 health sciences, Aging, Reproduction, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Evolutionary theory, Population, Immunity, Trade-off, Comparative biology, Growth, Biology, Telomere, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Cell biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Oxidative stress, Fitness, Life history, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Demography
Abstract: International audience; Senescence is not limited to humans and laboratory organisms. In the wild, there is compelling evidence that both age-specific survival and fecundity decrease with increasing age. While these senescence patterns are highly variable across species and populations, it is now clear that the process of senescence is the rule rather than the exception in the living world. For a long time, the occurrence of senescence was considered as puzzling because a process with a negative influence on fitness should be counter-selected by natural selection. In this article, we perform a global assessment of the most influential theories that have been proposed to solve this paradox. Then, we evaluate whether the recent progress made in identifying the physiological basis of senescence in field studies fit the current theoretical framework proposed to explain the evolution of senescence in the living world.
Published: 2019
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28. Maternal reproductive senescence shapes the fitness consequences of the parental age difference in ruffed lemurs

Author: Adamantia Deligiannopoulou, Aurélie Siberchicot, Morgane Tidière, Mylisa Whipple, Jean-François Lemaître, Guillaume Douay, Xavier Thevenot, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Zoo de Lyon, Université de Lyon, and Biodémographie évolutive
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Aging, Evolution, Lemur, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Reproductive senescence, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, biology.animal, Animals, Primate, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Age differences, Reproduction, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Lemuridae, Age Factors, Maternal effect, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, Ageing, Female, Genetic Fitness, [SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], Demography, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: In humans, pronounced age differences between parents have deleterious fitness consequences. In particular, the number of children is lower when mothers are much older than fathers. However, previous analyses failed to disentangle the influence of differential parental age per se from a direct age effect of each parent. In this study, we analyse the fitness consequences of both parental age and parental age differences on litter size and offspring survival in two closely related species of lemurs living in captivity. As captive lemurs do not choose their reproductive partner, we were able to measure litter size and offspring survival across breeding pairs showing a wide range of parental age differences. However, we demonstrated that the effect of the parental age difference on litter size was fully accounted for by female reproductive senescence because females mating with much younger males were old females. On the other hand, both parental age difference and female reproductive senescence influenced offspring survival. Our results emphasize the importance of teasing apart the effect of parental reproductive senescence when investigating the health and fitness consequences of parental age differences and also provide new insights for conservation programmes of endangered species.
Published: 2018
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29. The influence of early‐life allocation to antlers on male performance during adulthood: Evidence from contrasted populations of a large herbivore

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Cécile Vanpé, Louise Cheynel, Benjamin Rey, Sylvia Pardonnet, A. J. Mark Hewison, Gilles Bourgoin, Hubert Ferté, Frédéric Douhard, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Maryline Pellerin, François Débias, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et évolution des populations, Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Transmission Vectorielle et Épidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires - EA 4688 (VECPAR), SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), ANR-11-IDEX-0007,Avenir L.S.E.,PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE(2011), ANR-15-CE32-0002,AGEX,Vieillissement sexe-spécifique en milieu naturel(2015), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire du Mont-Blanc, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, life history, animal structures, senescence, media_common.quotation_subject, Longevity, Population, Antlers, capreolus capreolus, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), 03 medical and health sciences, Capreolus, biology.animal, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Animals, roe deer, Mating, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, education.field_of_study, Herbivore, biology, Deer, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], biology.organism_classification, Antler, Roe deer, secondary sexual traits, Phenotype, 030104 developmental biology, ageing, Sexual selection, Animal Science and Zoology, France, Energy Metabolism, Switzerland, Demography
Abstract: International audience; To secure mating opportunities, males often develop and maintain conspicuous traits that are involved in intrasexual and/or intersexual competition. While current models of sexual selection rely on the assumption that producing such traits is costly, quantifying the cost of allocating to secondary sexual traits remains challenging. According to the principle of allocation, high energy allocation to growth or sexual traits in males should lead to reduced energy allocation to the maintenance of cellular and physiological functions, potentially causing them to age faster, with impaired survival. We evaluated the short-term and delayed consequences of energy allocation to antlers early in life in two contrasted populations of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Although most males mate successfully for the first time in their fourth year, antlers are grown annually from the first year of life onwards. We tested the prediction that a high level of allocation to antler growth during the first two years of life should lead to lower body mass, antler size and survival during the early and late prime stages, as well as to reduced longevity overall. Growing and carrying long antlers during the first years of life was not associated with any detectable cost in the late prime stage. The positive association between antler growth in early life and adult body mass instead supports that fawn antler acts as an honest signal of phenotypic quality in roe deer. For a given body mass, yearling males growing longer antlers displayed impaired performance during their late prime. We also found a trend for a short-term survival cost of allocation to relative antler length during the second year of life. Yearling males that grow long antlers relative to their mass might display a fast life-history tactic. We argue that differential allocation to secondary sexual traits generates a diversity of individual trajectories that should impact population dynamics.
Published: 2018
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30. Modelling allometry: statistical and biological considerations -a reply to Packard

Author: Morgane Tidière, Christophe Pélabon, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et évolution des populations, and Biodémographie évolutive
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, biological error, Scale (ratio), Multiplicative process, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Multiplicative function, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, scale, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, fitness function, Econometrics, Quantitative assessment, Biological evidence, elasticity, Allometry, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, measurement error
Abstract: International audience; Allometry studies describe how phenotypic traits increase relative to the increase of the size of the organism. Given that the increase in size of an organism is attributable to growth, a multiplicative process, allometric relationships are often analysed on a proportional scale (e.g. a log-log scale) to account for the multiplicative nature of the data. Nonetheless, the logarithmic transformation of the data when estimating allometric relationships has been the subject of debate. In a series of replies to various case studies of allometry, G. C. Packard has repeatedly criticized this approach under the premise that the logarithmic transformation of the data alters the estimate of the allometric exponent and obscures the biological meaning of the allometric parameters. Recently, Packard (2018) reanalysed data from our study on horn length allometry in bovids (Tidière et al., 2017) and reached conclusions that contrasted with those reported in our original study. Echoing many authors before us, we argue here that logarithmic transformation of the data in allometric studies is justified by the expected distribution of the residual variation in ontogenetic, static and evolutionary allometry. We also point out that allometric slopes thus obtained have a direct biological interpretation in terms of elasticities. Finally, we show that Packard's criticism is based on qualitative and not quantitative assessment of the models fitted on different scales, and his conclusions disregard statistical and biological evidence supporting models fitted on a log-log scale. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: biological error-elasticity-fitness function-measurement error-scale.
Published: 2018
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31. Early and Adult Social Environments Shape Sex-Specific Actuarial Senescence Patterns in a Cooperative Breeder

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Aurélie Cohas, Vérane Berger, Dominique Allainé, Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biodémographie évolutive
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Senescence, Male, life history, Aging, senescence, Longevity, mammal, Marmot, dominance, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, monogamy, Animals, Life history, Cooperative Behavior, Social Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sociality, Life Cycle Stages, Actuarial science, biology, Alpine marmot, Reproduction, Social environment, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, biology.organism_classification, Sex specific, Life stage, Early life, 030104 developmental biology, Social Dominance, Marmota, ta1181, Female
Abstract: International audience; Online enhancements: appendixes. Dryad data: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3cm38jd. abstract: Sociality modulates life-history traits through changes in resource allocation to fitness-related traits. However, how social factors at different stages of the life cycle modulate senescence remains poorly understood. To address this question, we assessed the influence of social environment in both early life and adulthood on actuarial senescence in the Alpine marmot, a cooperative breeder. The influence of helpers on actuarial senescence strongly differed depending on when help was provided and on the sex of the dominant. Being helped when adult slowed down senescence in both sexes. However, the effect of the presence of helpers during the year of birth of a dominant was sex specific. Among dominants helped during adulthood, females born in the presence of helpers senesced slower, whereas males senesced faster. Among domi-nants without helpers during adulthood, females with helpers at birth senesced faster. Social environment modulates senescence but acts differently between sexes and life stages.
Published: 2018

32. Microscopic description of the fission path with the Gogny interaction

Author: N. Dubray, Stéphane Hilaire, Jean-François Lemaître, Stéphane Goriely, Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Physics, Proton, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Fission, Nuclear Theory, Shell (structure), Nuclear data, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Potential energy, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Reactions, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Dijkstra's algorithm, Spontaneous fission
Abstract: International audience; The Gogny D1M potential energy surfaces are used to extract the fission barrier of a large number of nuclei and to study in a systematic way the evolution of the fission barrier height depending on the proton and neutron numbers to deduce possible links with nuclear shell closures and are compared with evaluated nuclear data. The least-action paths are also computed, using Dijkstra's algorithm, and compared to the least-energy paths. Spontaneous fission half-lives are also calculated and compared with experimental data.
Published: 2018
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33. Age-specific survival in the socially monogamous alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): evidence of senescence

Author: Pierre Dupont, Aurélie Cohas, Jean-François Lemaître, Dominique Allainé, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Vérane Berger, Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Marmota marmota, Hibernation, Senescence, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Marmot, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Cooperative breeding, Survivorship curve, Genetics, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Nature and Landscape Conservation, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Sexual selection, Animal Science and Zoology, Demography
Abstract: We investigated age-specific variation in survival of dominant individuals in a long-lived and monogamous mammal, the alpine marmot ( Marmota marmota ), from a large dataset collected during a 24-year intensive monitoring of a free-ranging population. We found evidence of actuarial senescence in dominant individuals for both sexes. Survivorship was constant with age until dominant marmots were between 6 and 8 years of age and declined markedly thereafter. No between sex differences occurred in the intensity of actuarial senescence, which might be related to the weak intensity of sexual selection in this socially monogamous mammal. More investigations are needed to know whether cooperative breeding, hibernation, and monogamy, which are key features of the alpine marmot life history, could have shaped the patterns of actuarial senescence we report.
Published: 2016
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34. Life Histories, Axes of Variation in

Author: Jean-Dominique Lebreton, Mathieu Douhard, Vérane Berger, Marlène Gamelon, Floriane Plard, Sébastien Devillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Christophe Bonenfant, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Ecologie et évolution des populations, and Richard Kliman
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Continuum (measurement), Ecology, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Species distribution, Vertebrate, Biology, Trade-off, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010601 ecology, Variation (linguistics), Evolutionary biology, biology.animal, %22">Fish , Life history, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The diversity of traits across species is organized around main axes of variation in life history. Among them, the slow–fast continuum first described by Stearns (1983) is the most frequently analyzed. After presenting the history of this slow–fast continuum, we perform an updated review of its empirical support from analyses of vertebrates. We show that conflicting results and interpretation reported in previous studies can be attributed to various problems, including the lack of consideration of dimension as the most crucial issue. When these problems are solved, in particular by doing a principal component analysis using only traits measured in units of time, the slow–fast continuum is the main axis of variation in life history across vertebrate species. Species range from a fast end with short developmental time, early reproduction, frequent reproductive attempts, and short lifespan to a slow end with long developmental time, delayed reproduction, spaced out reproductive attempts, and long lifespan. All these traits have similar loadings on the slow–fast continuum, supporting the concept of physiological time. We then discuss the possible existence of other axes of life history variation and identify some lines for future research.
Published: 2016

35. Allometric scaling of the elevation of maternal energy intake during lactation

Author: Nicolas Friggens, Wendy M. Rauw, Jean-François Lemaître, Frédéric Douhard, Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants (MoSAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), and Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Offspring, métabolisme énergétique, Metabolic theory of ecology, lactation, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, énergie alimentaire, modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, Lactation, energy intake, scaling, reproductive effort, medicine, Food and Nutrition, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, modélisation, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Research, Elevation, Modélisation et simulation, prise alimentaire, énergie absorbée, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Modeling and Simulation, Basal metabolic rate, Alimentation et Nutrition, Animal Science and Zoology, Allometry, Adaptation, Maternal body, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract: Background In most mammals, lactating mothers dramatically increase their food intake after parturition and reach a peak intake rate after a certain time while their offspring continue to grow. A common view, perpetuated by the metabolic theory of ecology, is that the allometric scaling of maternal metabolic rate with body mass limits the changes in energy intake and expenditure. Therefore these potential effects of metabolic scaling should be reflected in the elevation of maternal energy intake during lactation. To test this hypothesis, we collected published data on 24 species (13 domesticated) and established scaling relationships for several characteristics of the patterns of energy intake elevation (amplitude of the elevation, time to peak, and cumulative elevation to peak). Results A curvilinear allometric scaling relationship with maternal body mass (in double-logarithmic space) was found for the amplitude of maternal energy intake elevation, similarly to what has been observed for scaling relationships of basal metabolic rate in non-breeding mammals. This result indirectly supports the metabolic theory of ecology. However, this curvilinear allometric scaling does not seem to drive the scaling relationships found for the other characteristics of maternal energy intake. Both the duration and shape of the energy intake patterns showed substantial variation independently of species’ body mass. Conclusions Data available for a few mammals, mostly domesticated, provides little evidence for the hypothesis that a single law of metabolic scaling governs the elevation of maternal energy intake after parturition. Obtaining further food intake data in wild species will be crucial to unravel the general mechanisms underlying variation in this unique adaptation of mammalian females. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0164-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2016
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36. Short- and long-term repeatability of docility in the roe deer: sex and age matter

Author: Michel Goulard, Ulrika A. Bergvall, Lars Jäderberg, A. J. M. Hewison, Lucie Debeffe, Jean-François Lemaître, Hélène Verheyden-Tixier, Morgan David, Jean-Michel Gaillard, C. Monestier, Nicolas Morellet, P. Kjellander, Cécile Vanpé, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stockholm University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Antwerp (UA), University of Exeter, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, mammal, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Capreolus, biology.animal, Personality, Juvenile, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, repeatability, education, capture, Biology, individual differences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, education.field_of_study, biology, 05 social sciences, Repeatability, biology.organism_classification, Roe deer, Variation (linguistics), personality, Trait, Animal Science and Zoology, Demography
Abstract: Behavioural consistency is a key assumption when evaluating how between-individual differences in behaviour influence life history tactics. Hence, understanding how and why variation in behavioural repeatability occurs is crucial. While analyses of behavioural repeatability are common, few studies of wild populations have investigated variation in repeatability in relation to individual status (e.g. sex, age, condition) and over different timescales. Here, we aimed to fill this gap by assessing within-population variation in the repeatability of docility, as assessed by the individual's response to human handling, in a free-ranging population of European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Docility was an equally repeatable behaviour at both short- and long-term timescales, suggesting that this behavioural trait is stable across time. Repeatability did not differ markedly between age and sex categories but tended to be higher in juvenile males than in juvenile females. Finally, contrary to expectation, individual variation in the repeatability of docility was not correlated with individual body mass. Further studies are required to assess the life history consequences of the individual variation in docility we report here. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2015
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37. Early-late life trade-offs and the evolution of ageing in the wild

Author: Marlène Gamelon, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Vérane Berger, Mathieu Douhard, Christophe Bonenfant, Floriane Plard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Senescence, Male, Aging, Reproduction (economics), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biology, Evolution of ageing, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Life history theory, Birds, Pleiotropy, Animals, Empirical evidence, Review Articles, General Environmental Science, Mammals, Sex Characteristics, General Immunology and Microbiology, Ecology, Reproduction, Trade offs, Reptiles, General Medicine, Biological Evolution, Ageing, Female, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Empirical evidence for declines in fitness components (survival and reproductive performance) with age has recently accumulated in wild populations, highlighting that the process of senescence is nearly ubiquitous in the living world. Senescence patterns are highly variable among species and current evolutionary theories of ageing propose that such variation can be accounted for by differences in allocation to growth and reproduction during early life. Here, we compiled 26 studies of free-ranging vertebrate populations that explicitly tested for a trade-off between performance in early and late life. Our review brings overall support for the presence of early-late life trade-offs, suggesting that the limitation of available resources leads individuals to trade somatic maintenance later in life for high allocation to reproduction early in life. We discuss our results in the light of two closely related theories of ageing-the disposable soma and the antagonistic pleiotropy theories-and propose that the principle of energy allocation roots the ageing process in the evolution of life-history strategies. Finally, we outline research topics that should be investigated in future studies, including the importance of natal environmental conditions in the study of trade-offs between early-and late-life performance and the evolution of sex-differences in ageing patterns.
Published: 2015
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38. Response to Packard: make sure we do not throw out the biological baby with the statistical bath water when performing allometric analyses

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Floriane Plard, Cécile Vanpé, Jean-François Lemaître, Christophe Pélabon, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Toxicology, Evolutionary biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Core (graph theory), Phenotypic trait, Allometry, Biology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Quantifying accurately the relationship between a phenotypic trait and body mass is a long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology and constitutes the core of allometric analyses. The traditional approach to study allometric relationships (expressed as y = b xa , [[1][1]]) is to fit a linear (or
Published: 2015
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39. Early and adult social environments have independent effects on individual fitness in a social vertebrate

Author: Vérane Berger, Dominique Allainé, Aurélie Cohas, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, Litter Size, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Longevity, Population, Genetic Fitness, Biology, Social Environment, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cooperative breeding, Animals, education, Research Articles, Sociality, 030304 developmental biology, General Environmental Science, media_common, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, General Immunology and Microbiology, Reproductive success, Ecology, Social environment, General Medicine, Dominance (ethology), Marmota, Female, France, Seasons, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Demography
Abstract: Evidence that the social environment at critical stages of life-history shapes individual trajectories is accumulating. Previous studies have identified either current or delayed effects of social environments on fitness components, but no study has yet analysed fitness consequences of social environments at different life stages simultaneously. To fill the gap, we use an extensive dataset collected during a 24-year intensive monitoring of a population of Alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota ), a long-lived social rodent. We test whether the number of helpers in early life and over the dominance tenure length has an impact on litter size at weaning, juvenile survival, longevity and lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of dominant females. Dominant females, who were born into a group containing many helpers and experiencing a high number of accumulated helpers over dominance tenure length showed an increased LRS through an increased longevity. We provide evidence that in a wild vertebrate, both early and adult social environments influence individual fitness, acting additionally and independently. These findings demonstrate that helpers have both short- and long-term effects on dominant female Alpine marmots and that the social environment at the time of birth can play a key role in shaping individual fitness in social vertebrates.
Published: 2015
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40. Haematological parameters do senesce in the wild: evidence from different populations of a long-lived mammal

Author: Maël Jégo, Claude Warnant, Jean-François Lemaître, Gilles Bourgoin, Gilles Capron, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, François Klein, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNERA Cervidés Sanglier (ONCFS), and Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage
Subjects: Senescence, Male, Aging, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Zoology, Context (language use), Animals, Wild, Environment, Models, Biological, Capreolus, Sex Factors, biology.animal, Animals, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Herbivore, education.field_of_study, biology, Geography, Ecology, Deer, Age Factors, biology.organism_classification, Roe deer, Hematocrit, Ageing, Creatinine, Female, France, Reproduction
Abstract: Remerciements ECOFECT; International audience; Increasing evidence of senescence has been reported from long-term studies of wild populations. However, most studies have focused on life-history traits like survival, reproduction or body mass, generally from a single intensively monitored population. However, variation in the intensity of senescence across populations, and to a lesser extent between sexes, is still poorly understood. In addition, the pattern of age-specific changes in haematological parameters remains virtually unknown to date for any population of vertebrate living in the wild. Using repeated blood samples collected from known-aged (2-15 years of age) roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from two populations facing highly different environmental conditions, we filled the gap. In particular, we investigated age-specific changes in haematocrit, albumin and creatinine. We reported clear evidence of senescence in all haematological parameters. Moreover, senescence patterns differed between sexes and populations. The rate of senescence was higher in males than in females for haematocrit with no site difference. On the other hand, the rate of senescence in creatinine was higher at Trois Fontaines than at Chizé with no sex difference. Our findings provide a first demonstration of age-specific declines in haematological parameters in wild populations of large herbivores and show that the process of senescence in vertebrates is not restricted to body mass or fitness components. We also demonstrate that the senescence pattern of haematological parameters is context dependent and varies both between sexes and according to environmental conditions.
Published: 2014
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41. Nuclear Fission Modelling with SPY

Author: Stefano Panebianco, Stéphane Hilaire, Jean-Luc Sida, Jean-François Lemaître, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear fission, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Theory, General Physics and Astronomy, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, 01 natural sciences
Abstract: International audience; A precise knowledge of the impact of the compound nucleus characteristics on fission fragments properties like fission yield or kinetic energy is a big challenge. Since we are not able to track a nucleus splitting from compound nucleus to the fragments formation, we need a theoretical laboratory to study the fission mechanism and to have access to the correlation between the fragments properties and their nuclear structure, such as shell correction, pairing or collective degrees of freedom. To bring some answers, a new model named SPY (Scission Point Yields) has been developed to determine fission fragments characteristics using a statistical description of the fission process at the scission point. The most important property of the model relies on the nuclear structure of the fragments which is derived from full quantum microscopic calculations. This approach allows computing the fission final state of extremely exotic nuclei which are inaccessible by most of the fission model available on the market.
Published: 2014
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42. Do pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits covary in large herbivores?

Author: Mariona Ferrandiz-Rovira, Jean-François Lemaître, Aurélie Cohas, Sophie Lardy, Bernat C. López, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, Secondary sexual traits, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Weapon length, Biology, Post-copulatory competition, Competition (biology), Sexual Behavior, Animal, Copulation, Testis, Animals, Mating, Sperm competition, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Horns, media_common, Pre-copulatory competition, Reproductive success, Reproduction, Ruminants, Sperm, Sexual selection, Trait, Female, Research Article
Abstract: Background In most species, males compete to gain both matings (via pre-copulatory competition) and fertilizations (via post-copulatory competition) to maximize their reproductive success. However, the quantity of resources devoted to sexual traits is finite, and so males are predicted to balance their investment between pre- and post-copulatory expenditure depending on the expected pay-offs that should vary according to mating tactics. In Artiodactyla species, males can invest in weapons such as horns or antlers to increase their mating gains or in testes mass/sperm dimensions to increase their fertilization efficiency. Moreover, it has been suggested that in these species, males with territory defence mating tactic might preferentially increase their investment in post-copulatory traits to increase their fertilization efficiency whereas males with female defence mating tactic might increase their investment in pre-copulatory sexually selected traits to prevent other males from copulating with females. In this study, we thus test the prediction that male’s weapon length (pre-copulatory trait) covaries negatively with relative testes size and/or sperm dimensions (post-copulatory traits) across Artiodactyla using a phylogenetically controlled framework. Results Surprisingly no association between weapon length and testes mass is found but a negative association between weapon length and sperm length is evidenced. In addition, neither pre- nor post-copulatory traits were found to be affected by male mating tactics. Conclusions We propose several hypotheses that could explain why male ungulates may not balance their reproductive investment between pre- and post-copulatory traits.
Published: 2014
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43. The allometry between secondary sexual traits and body size is nonlinear among cervids

Author: Floriane Plard, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Cécile Vanpé, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, animal structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Antlers, Body size, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Life history theory, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Animals, Body Size, Mating, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Sex Characteristics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Deer, Limiting, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Antler, Phenotype, Sexual selection, Allometry, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Energy Intake, Large size
Abstract: International audience; Allometric relationships between sexually selected traits and body size have been extensively studied in recent decades. While sexually selected traits generally display positive allometry, a few recent reports have suggested that allometric relationships are not always linear. In male cervids, having both long antlers and large size provides benefits in terms of increased mating success. However, such attributes are costly to grow and maintain, and these costs might constrain antler length from increasing at the same rate as body mass in larger species if the quantity of energy that males can extract from their environment is limiting. We tested for possible nonlinearity in the relationship between antler size and body mass (on a log-log scale) among 31 cervids and found clear deviation from linearity in the allometry of antler length. Antler length increased linearly until a male body mass threshold at approximately 110 kg. Beyond this threshold, antler length did not change with increasing mass. We discuss this evidence of nonlinear allometry in the light of life-history theory and stress the importance of testing for nonlinearity when studying allometric relationships.
Published: 2014
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44. Males do not senesce faster in large herbivores with highly seasonal rut

Author: Olivier Gimenez, Marcus Clauss, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Laurie Bingaman Lackey, Dennis W. H. Müller, Morgane Tidière, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Zurich, and Tidière, Morgane
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, Aging, 10253 Department of Small Animals, 1303 Biochemistry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Captivity, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 1307 Cell Biology, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Endocrinology, Seasonal breeder, Phylogeny, media_common, 0303 health sciences, 630 Agriculture, Ecology, Reproduction, Ruminants, Biological Evolution, 1310 Endocrinology, Sexual selection, Seasons, Senescence, Mating season, media_common.quotation_subject, Longevity, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Competition (biology), 03 medical and health sciences, 1302 Aging, Species Specificity, 1311 Genetics, Genetics, 1312 Molecular Biology, Animals, Herbivory, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Herbivore, Body Weight, Cell Biology, Diet, 570 Life sciences, biology, Energy allocation
Abstract: Patterns of actuarial senescence vary among long-lived species. A proposed explanation of the evolution of species-specific senescence patterns is that increased levels of energy allocation to intra-male competition decrease the amount of energy available for somatic maintenance, leading to earlier or faster actuarial senescence. Previous studies did not provide support for such relationships, but did not focus on the intensity of allocation likely to shape inter-specific variation in actuarial senescence in males. Here, by analyzing data from 56 species of captive large herbivores, we tested whether actuarial senescence is more pronounced in species displaying a well-defined ‘rut’ period than in species with year-round reproduction. Using an original quantitative metric of the annual duration of reproductive activity, we demonstrated that the length of the mating season has no detectable effect on actuarial senescence. On the other hand, both diet and body mass are important factors shaping actuarial senescence patterns in male captive herbivores.
Published: 2014

45. New Fission Fragment Distributions and r-Process Origin of the Rare-Earth Elements

Author: N. Dubray, Jean-Luc Sida, Stefano Panebianco, Hans-Thomas Janka, Jean-François Lemaître, Stéphane Goriely, Stéphane Hilaire, Andreas Bauswein, Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Max-Planck-Institut, and Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Subjects: Nuclear Theory, Fission, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, fission fragment distribution, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, r-process nucleosynthesis, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), Fragment (logic), 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Ejecta, Nuclear Experiment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysique, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physique atomique et nucléaire, Stars, Neutron star, Distribution (mathematics), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, r-process, Production (computer science)
Abstract: Neutron star (NS) merger ejecta offer a viable site for the production of heavy r-process elements with nuclear mass numbers A ≥ 140. The crucial role of fission recycling is responsible for the robustness of this site against many astrophysical uncertainties, but calculations sensitively depend on nuclear physics. In particular, the fission fragment yields determine the creation of 110 ≤ A ≤ 170 nuclei. Here, we apply a new scission-point model, called SPY, to derive the fission fragment distribution (FFD) of all relevant neutron-rich, fissioning nuclei. The model predicts a doubly asymmetric FFD in the abundant A ~ 278 mass region that is responsible for the final recycling of the fissioning material. Using ejecta conditions based on relativistic NS merger calculations, we show that this specific FFD leads to a production of the A ~ 165 rare-earth peak that is nicely compatible with the abundance patterns in the Sun and metal-poor stars. This new finding further strengthens the case of NS mergers as possible dominant origin of r nuclei with A ≥ 140, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2013
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46. Diversification of the eutherian placenta is associated with changes in the pace of life

Author: Robert C. Brooks, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Jean-François Lemaître, Michael Garratt, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Aging, Time Factors, Offspring, Placenta, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Pregnancy, medicine, Animals, Cellular Senescence, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Mammals, 0303 health sciences, Fetus, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Reproduction, Body Weight, Placentation, Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, Biological Evolution, medicine.anatomical_structure, Evolutionary biology, Gestation, Pregnancy, Animal, Female, Cell aging
Abstract: Few mammalian organs vary as dramatically among species as the placenta. This variation is remarkable considering that the placenta’s primary function—transfer of nutrients and waste between mother and offspring—does not differ among species. Evolutionary changes in placental morphology remain poorly understood, with suggestions that parent–offspring conflict or evolutionary changes in life history might drive placental evolution. Here we demonstrate that life history differences among eutherian mammals are associated with major transitions in maternofetal interdigitation and placental invasiveness. We show that the repeated evolution of villous interdigitation is associated with reduced offspring production early in life and an increased lifespan. Further changes in placental morphology that reestablish a larger surface area are also associated with a change back to greater offspring production. After controlling for these differences in interdigitation, we also show that the least invasive placental type is associated with a fast pace of life. We predict that selection for a faster pace of life intensifies parent–offspring conflict, and that the repeated evolution of less-invasive placental structures might have allowed mothers to wrest back control of gestation from the fetus and alter their relative allocation to offspring production across life.
Published: 2013
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47. Polyandry Has No Detectable Mortality Cost in Female Mammals

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Sexual Reproduction, Male, Aging, Sexual Selection, Anatomy and Physiology, Evolutionary Processes, media_common.quotation_subject, Sexual Behavior, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, lcsh:Medicine, Biology, Reproductive cycle, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Ecology, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Reproductive biology, Animals, Mortality, lcsh:Science, Pace of life, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, Animal Management, Mammals, 0303 health sciences, Evolutionary Biology, Multidisciplinary, Animal Behavior, Mortality rate, Reproduction, lcsh:R, Reproductive System, Mammalogy, lcsh:Q, Veterinary Science, Female, Physiological Processes, Research Article
Abstract: In several taxonomic groups, females mate with several males during a single reproductive cycle. Although there is evidence that polyandry provides some benefits to females, it often involves mortality costs. However, empirical evidences of mortality costs of polyandry have so far been reported only in invertebrates. Whether polyandry has mortality costs in vertebrates is currently unknown. In the present study, we aimed to fill the gap by investigating the relationships between the level of polyandry (measured either by male relative testes mass or the percentage of multiple paternities) and female patterns of mortality across mammals. While we found that the two metrics of female mortality co-varied with pace of life, we did not find any evidence that polyandry leads to either decreased median lifespan or increased aging rate in mammals. We discuss such an absence of detectable mortality costs of polyandry in female mammals in light of recent advances in the study of mammalian reproductive biology and life-history tactics.
Published: 2013
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48. Comparing free-ranging and captive populations reveals intra-specific variation in aging rates in large herbivores

Author: Jean-Michel Gaillard, Laurie Bingaman Lackey, Marcus Clauss, Jean-François Lemaître, Dennis W. H. Müller, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Zurich
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Aging, 10253 Department of Small Animals, 1303 Biochemistry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Niche, Zoology, Captivity, Animals, Wild, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Life history theory, 1307 Cell Biology, 1302 Aging, Endocrinology, Sex Factors, 1311 Genetics, Species Specificity, Ruminant, Grazing, 1312 Molecular Biology, Genetics, Animals, Herbivory, Least-Squares Analysis, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, Herbivore, Models, Statistical, 630 Agriculture, biology, business.industry, Ecology, Cell Biology, Ruminants, biology.organism_classification, 1310 Endocrinology, Diet, 010601 ecology, Variation (linguistics), 570 Life sciences, Livestock, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Animals, Zoo, Female, business, Locomotion
Abstract: Although evidence that survival decreases with age in animal species is compelling, the existence of variation in aging rates across different populations of a given species is still questioned. Here, we compared aging rates of 22 pairs of ruminant species living in captive and free-ranging conditions. Based on the recent suggestion that feeding niche is a key factor influencing aging in captivity, we also investigated whether a species' natural diet influences the aging rates of captive ruminants relative to their wild conspecifics. We found that aging rate in a given species was higher under free-ranging conditions than in captivity, which provides the first evidence of consistent aging rate variation within species. Additionally, our study clearly demonstrates that differences in aging rates between captive and free-ranging ruminants increased as species were more specialized on grass diets.
Published: 2013
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49. Male survival patterns do not depend on male allocation to sexual competition in large herbivores

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, 0303 health sciences, Herbivore, Ecology, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Interspecific competition, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Sexual dimorphism, 03 medical and health sciences, Sexual selection, Cohort, Animal Science and Zoology, Mating, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Demography, media_common
Abstract: Understanding causes of between-sex differences in survival patterns is a long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology. Interspecific differences in male allocation to sexual competition have been suggested to shape species-specific patterns of male adult survival and actuarial senescence, and thereby the extent of between-sex differences in these parameters. Sexual competition is complex and involves both competition for gaining mating (i.e., precopulatory competition) and competition for fertilization opportunities (i.e., postcopulatory competition). However, to date, studies seeking for a relationship between allocation to precopulatory competition and male absolute adult survival have led to contrasting results and the influence of postcopulatory competition on these parameters has never been yet investigated. To fill the gap, we performed a comparative study in large herbivores using median lifespan (i.e., age at which only half of the initial cohort is still alive) and actuarial intensity of senescence (i.e., number of years elapsed between the median lifespan and the age where only one-tenth of the initial cohort is still alive). As expected, we found a lower adult survival and a stronger actuarial intensity of senescence in males than in females. Conversely, we did not find any evidence that variation in male allocation to pre- and/or postcopulatory traits explain between-species differences of both absolute and relative adult survival and intensity of actuarial senescence. These results challenge the idea that allocation to specific traits associated with sexual competition is responsible for between-sex differences in survival and senescence patterns generally reported in mammals. Key wor ds: actuarial senescence, aging, sexual selection, sexual size dimorphism, testes mass, ungulates, weapon size. [Behav Ecol]
Published: 2013
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50. Senescence in natural populations of animals: Widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology

Author: Jean-François Lemaître, Hannah Froy, Daniel H. Nussey, Steven N. Austad, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, Fallacy, Senescence, Aging, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Animals, Wild, Environment, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, Natural (archaeology), 03 medical and health sciences, Pleiotropy, Animals, Animal species, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Sex Characteristics, 0303 health sciences, Generality, Biological Evolution, Neurology, Geriatrics, Longitudinal field, Female, Natural History, Biotechnology
Abstract: That senescence is rarely, if ever, observed in natural populations is an oft-quoted fallacy within bio-gerontology. We identify the roots of this fallacy in the otherwise seminal works of Medawar and Comfort, and explain that under antagonistic pleiotropy or disposable soma explanations for the evolution of senescence there is no reason why senescence cannot evolve to be manifest within the life expectancies of wild organisms. The recent emergence of long-term field studies presents irrefutable evidence that senescence is commonly detected in nature. We found such evidence in 175 different animal species from 340 separate studies. Although the bulk of this evidence comes from birds and mammals, we also found evidence for senescence in other vertebrates and insects. We describe how high-quality longitudinal field data allow us to test evolutionary explanations for differences in senescence between the sexes and among traits and individuals. Recent studies indicate that genes, prior environment and investment in growth and reproduction influence aging rates in the wild. We argue that - with the fallacy that wild animals do not senesce finally dead and buried - collaborations between bio-gerontologists and field biologists can begin to test the ecological generality of purportedly 'public' mechanisms regulating aging in laboratory models.
Published: 2013
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