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1. The Unexpected Complexity of Filling Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes With Nickel (and Iodine) 1-D Nanocrystals

Author

Chunyang Nie, Marc Monthioux, Anne Marie Galibert, Emmanuel Flahaut, Brigitte Soula, Lucien Datas, Jeremy Sloan, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre de microcaractérisation Raimond Castaing (Centre Castaing), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), University of Warwick [Coventry], Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre de microcaractérisation Raimond Castaing (CMCR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), University of Warwick (UNITED KINGDOM), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse)

Subjects
Nanotube, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, law, Génie chimique, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), Filling, Metal iodide, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Dark field microscopy, 0104 chemical sciences, Computer Science Applications, Nickel, Micro et nanotechnologies/Microélectronique, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Nanocrystal, Transmission electron microscopy, Double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs)- 1D Nanocrystals, 1DNanocrystals, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; A variety of iodine-based one-dimensional (1-D) nanocrystals were introduced into double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) using the molten phase method, as an intermediate step for ultimately obtaining encapsulated metal nanowires. Based on high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations using different imaging modes (bright field, dark field, and scanningTEM)and associated analytical tools (electron energy loss spectroscopy), it is revealed that the reality of nanotube filling is much more complex than expected. For some iodides (typically NiI2 ), earlier decomposition during the filling step was observed, which could not be anticipated from the known data on the bulk material. Other filling materials (e.g., iodine) show a variety of atomic structuration inside and outside the CNTs, which is driven by the available space being filled. Most of the encapsulated structures were confirmed by modeling

Published
2017
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2. A new insight on the mechanisms of filling closed carbon nanotubes with molten metal iodides

Author

Marc Monthioux, Emmanuel Flahaut, Brigitte Soula, Anne Marie Galibert, Jeremy Sloan, Chunyang Nie, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), University of Warwick [Coventry], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), University of Warwick (UNITED KINGDOM), Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales - CEMES (Toulouse, France), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Molten metal, Inorganic chemistry, Hybrid nanomaterials, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Redox, law.invention, Metal, Surface tension, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Transition metal, law, Génie chimique, General Materials Science, Chemistry, 1D nanowires, General Chemistry, Iodides, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Alkali metal, 0104 chemical sciences, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology, Phase method
Abstract

International audience; Filling double-walled carbon nanotubes with iodine and various metal iodides (metals, alkali metals and transition metals) by the molten phase method was performed and the influence of possibly relevant chemical and physical properties of the filling materials on the filling rate was investigated. It was found, within the metal iodides series, that the filling rate can be mainly related to the redox potential (E MIx/M) of the filling material. Other parameters such as the possible formation of dimers, surface tension, or the early release of iodine may also play an additional role in the filling process.

Published
2016
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3. The unexpected complexity of filling double-wall carbon nanotubes with iodine-based 1D nanocrystals

Author

Lucien Datas, Anne Marie Galibert, Emmanuel Flahaut, Marc Monthioux, Chunyang Nie, Brigitte Soula, Jeremy Sloan, Matériaux Multi-fonctionnels et Multi-échelles (CEMES-M3), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), PRES Université de Toulouse, University of Warwick [Coventry], Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN), Nanotube, Materials science, 1D nanocrystals, Carbon nanotubes, chemistry.chemical_element, Halide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, Bright fields, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Yarn, Nanotube filling, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Filling, Nanotubes, Analytical tool, Imaging modes, Metal nanowire, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Dark field microscopy, Decomposition, Carbon, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanocrystals, chemistry, Nanocrystal, Chemical physics, Bulk materials, Double wall carbon nanotube, 0210 nano-technology, Iodine
Abstract

cited By 0; Conference of 11th IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference, NMDC 2016 ; Conference Date: 9 October 2016 Through 12 October 2016; Conference Code:125383; International audience; A variety of iodine-based 1D nanocrystals were introduced into double-wall carbon nanotubes using the molten phase method, as an intermediate step for ultimately obtaining encapsulated metal nanowires. Based on HRTEM observations using different imaging modes (bright field, dark field, STEM) and associated analytical tools (EELS), it is revealed that the reality of nanotube filling is much more complex than expected. For some halides (typically Nih), earlier decomposition during the filling step was observed, which could not be anticipated from the known data on the bulk material. Others (e.g., iodine) show a variety of atomic structuration inside and outside the CNTs which is driven by the available space being filled, and was ascertained by modelling. Overall, the whole study reveals a variety of filling efficiencies, the reason of which is discussed.

Published
2016
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4. Registry-induced electronic superstructure in double-walled carbon nanotubes, associated with the interaction between two graphene-like monolayers

Author

Cristina E. Giusca, Yann Tison, Jeremy Sloan, S. Ravi P. Silva, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), and Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Models, Molecular, Materials science, Macromolecular Substances, Surface Properties, Molecular Conformation, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, double-walled carbon nanotubes, Electron Transport, interwall interaction, law, 0103 physical sciences, Monolayer, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Computer Simulation, Particle Size, 010306 general physics, Graphene, Nanotubes, Carbon, General Engineering, electronic superstructure, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Optical properties of carbon nanotubes, chemistry, Models, Chemical, Chemical physics, scanning tunneling microscopy, registry mismatch, Graphite, Scanning tunneling microscope, 0210 nano-technology, Crystallization, Carbon, Superstructure (condensed matter)
Abstract

cited By 9; International audience; Prior to the implementation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in microelectronic devices, investigating their electronic structure down to the nanometer scale is necessary. In that prospect, we used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study the detailed atomic scale structure of double-walled carbon nanotubes, each comprising two rolled monolayers of graphene. Atomically resolved STM images usually displayed a motif and periodicity similar to that found in graphite but, on selected regions, atomically resolved motifs with a clearly defined superstructure were observed. This phenomenon has been reported previously but without a suitable explanation. We discuss the origin of this behavior in terms of modified stacking sequences due to the mismatch in registry between the chiral angles of the inner and the outer shells, associated with the interaction between the two carbon monolayers. These phenomena must be taken into account for the realization of lateral interference devices based on carbon nanotubes or graphene layers.

Published
2008
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5. Pressure dependence of Raman modes in DWCNT filled with PbI2 semiconductor

Author

Jean-Marc Broto, Pascal Puech, Emmanuel Flahaut, Jesus Gonzalez, Chrystian Power, Edgar Belandria, Jeremy Sloan, Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Pulsés (LNCMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Universidad de Los Andes (VENEZUELA), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), University of Oxford (UNITED KINGDOM), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Physique des Solides de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Phase transition, Phonon, Matériaux, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 01 natural sciences, Pressure coefficient, law.invention, Stress (mechanics), symbols.namesake, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanocrystalline material, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [PHYS.COND.CM-S]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Superconductivity [cond-mat.supr-con], Semiconductor, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, business, Raman spectroscopy
Abstract

International audience; Unpolarized Raman spectra of tangential modes on DWNTs filled with 1D nanocrystalline PbI2 semiconductor excited with 647 nm were studied at room temperature and elevated pressure up to 30 GPa. The tangential optical phonon modes of the carbon nanotubes are sensitive to the in plane stress and split into a contribution associated with the external and internal tube. Up to 11 GPa we find a pressure coefficient for the internal tube of 3.7 cm–1 GPa–1 and for the external tube of 6.3 cm–1 GPa–1. In addition, the tangential band of the external tubes broadens and decreases in amplitude. The corresponding Raman features of the internal tubes appear to be considerably less sensitive to pressure. In the range 11 to 15 GPa we observed a discontinuity in the slope (red shift) of the pressure dependence of the frequency of the tangential modes. This phase transition is associated to a possible structural distortion of the nanotube cross-section. When increasing the pressure furthermore up to 30 GPa the pressure coefficients for the tangential modes associated to the internal and external tubes are the same (10.6 cm–1 GPa–1). All findings lead to the conclusion that the outer tubes act as a protection shield fore the inner tubes (at least up to 11 GPa).

Published
2007
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6. Complement activation and protein adsorption by carbon nanotubes

Author

Edith Sim, Malcolm L. H. Green, Jeremy Sloan, Robert B. Sim, Emmanuel Flahaut, Carolina Salvador-Morales, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), University of Oxford (UNITED KINGDOM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE)

Subjects
Matériaux, Immunology, Complement Pathway, Alternative, Carbon nanotubes, Complement, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, Plasma protein binding, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Hemolysis, law.invention, Classical complement pathway, Drug Delivery Systems, Western blot, law, medicine, Humans, Complement Pathway, Classical, Molecular Biology, Adjuvant, Blood coagulation test, Inflammation, Vaccines, medicine.diagnostic_test, Chemistry, Nanotubes, Carbon, Fibrinogen, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Blood proteins, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Complement system, Apolipoproteins, Biochemistry, Adsorption, Blood Coagulation Tests, 0210 nano-technology, Protein adsorption
Abstract

International audience; As a first step to validate the use of carbon nanotubes as novel vaccine or drug delivery devices, their interaction with a part of the human immune system, complement, has been explored. Haemolytic assays were conducted to investigate the activation of the human serum complement system via the classical and alternative pathways. Western blot and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques were used to elucidate the mechanism of activation of complement via the classical pathway, and to analyse the interaction of complement and other plasma proteins with carbon nanotubes. We report for the first time that carbon nanotubes activate human complement via both classical and alternative pathways. We conclude that complement activation by nanotubes is consistent with reported adjuvant effects, and might also in various circumstances promote damaging effects of excessive complement activation, such as inflammation and granuloma formation. C1q binds directly to carbon nanotubes. Protein binding to carbon nanotubes is highly selective, since out of the many different proteins in plasma, very few bind to the carbon nanotubes. Fibrinogen and apolipoproteins (AI, AIV and CIII) were the proteins that bound to carbon nanotubes in greatest quantity

Published
2006

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