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1. Embedded real-time simulators for electromechanical and power electronic systems using system-on-chip devices

Author

Ramon Blasco-Gimenez, Eric Monmasson, L. Idkhajine, Ricardo Vidal-Albalate, Daniel Tormo, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Jaume I, and Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)

Subjects
Numerical Analysis, General Computer Science, Computer science, business.industry, 020209 energy, Applied Mathematics, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Induction generator, 02 engineering and technology, Modular design, Theoretical Computer Science, Power (physics), ARM architecture, Electric power system, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Gate array, Modeling and Simulation, Embedded system, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, System on a chip, Field-programmable gate array, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

This paper studies the suitability of System-on-Chip (SoC) devices to perform Embedded Real-Time Simulators (eRTS) of electrical systems. These new devices combine powerful ARM processors, a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and other peripherals which make them very convenient for controlling, monitoring and emulating a complete electrical system. There are two main categories of elements with their own respective characteristics and constraints: electromechanical/electromagnetic systems, and switching elements. Accordingly, the proposed investigation will focus on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) on one hand, and on a Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) on the other hand. In addition to Real-Time (RT) simulation results, SoC time/resources evaluations will be presented for different implementation strategies: full-software, full-hardware based on High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools, and using 64/32-bit floating- and fixed-point formats. The validity of the MMC implementation will be tested experimentally.

Published
2019
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2. The effect of prediction horizons in MPC for first order linear systems

Author

Flavia Khatounian, Jean Sawma, Eric Monmasson, Ragi Ghosn, L. Idkhajine, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Mathematical optimization, Horizon (archaeology), Computer science, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Linear system, 02 engineering and technology, Function (mathematics), First order, Power (physics), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Electric power system, Model predictive control, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control system, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithms are computationally intensive optimization based control techniques. Their complexity significantly increases when the cost function prediction horizon increases. This problem is more pronounced when applying this techniques to systems having fast dynamics, in this case the prediction horizon length is limited by the calculation power of the processor. The use of long prediction horizons should provide healthier results than single prediction horizon yet prediction horizon equal to one are widely used for the control of electrical system and are achieving beneficial results. This paper proves mathematically that in some special cases of MPC applied to first order systems the use of a prediction horizon equal to one is similar to the use of a prediction horizon greater than one. An MPC algorithm is then applied for the control of the current of an RL load driven by an H-Bridge, multiple prediction horizon are used and results are compared.

Published
2018
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3. Interests and limits of machine learning-based neural networks for rotor position estimation in EV traction drives

Author

Eric Monmasson, Wided Zine, Zaatar Makni, L. Idkhajine, Bruno Condamin, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valeo Driving Assistance Domain, and VALEO

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Engineering, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Field (computer science), Data modeling, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020901 industrial engineering & automation, law, Position (vector), Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Torque, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Artificial neural network, Rotor (electric), business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Estimator, Control engineering, Computer Science Applications, Control and Systems Engineering, Artificial intelligence, business, computer, Information Systems
Abstract

In this paper, a novel rotor position estimator for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor is presented and evaluated. The proposed estimator lies on one of the most popular methods in the field of artificial intelligence: Machine learning-based neural networks algorithm. The main interest is to introduce a cost-efficient position estimator that is comparable to classic methods in terms of functional performances. The estimator model is built by learning from a dataset that associates phase currents and voltages to the rotor position. Learning signals are generated using a simulation model. This is primarily intended to save the resources invested in testbench trials. In this work, offline training steps and results are described and commented. The efficiency of the proposed position estimator is first verified by functional simulations. Second, real-time experiments are conducted on an actual scale testbench. The NN-based estimator covers a wide speed range and is implemented in the context of IPMSM-based EV traction drives. More broadly, these findings can also be applicable to the ac-based electric drives for the position estimation purpose.

Published
2017
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4. Analysis of the impact of online identification on model predictive current control applied to permanent magnet synchronous motors

Author

Eric Monmasson, Ragi Ghosn, L. Idkhajine, Jean Sawma, Flavia Khatounian, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer science, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Least mean squares filter, Model predictive control, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Sensitivity (control systems), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Robust control, Synchronous motor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Machine control, Parametric statistics
Abstract

Model predictive control (MPC) is a model-based control strategy that introduces many advantages but also some drawbacks. The biggest challenge that faces MPC controller is its sensitivity towards parametric variation. This study aims to robustify MPCs by adding a least mean square (LMS) identification algorithm within their structure. The feasibility of this method is tested on a simple example which is the MPC current control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor driven by a two-level power converter. Many tests are firstly performed without including inside the MPC algorithms the LMS online tuning procedure. These tests are later compared with the ones obtained with the same control technique but where the identification algorithm is turned on. Results clearly show all the benefits of using this approach on the controller performances.

Published
2017
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5. Impact of thermal stress on the ageing behaviour of aluminum electrolytic capacitors for automotive applications

Author

Romain Cousseau, L. Idkhajine, Eric Monmasson, Nicolas Patin, Christophe Forgez, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Roberval (Roberval), and Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)

Subjects
Electrolytic capacitor, Test bench, Materials science, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Metallurgy, Automotive industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Filter capacitor, 7. Clean energy, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], chemistry, Hardware_GENERAL, Aluminium, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thermal model, 0210 nano-technology, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

DC link filter capacitors used in electric drives for automotive applications are most of the time aluminum electrolytic capacitors. However their high sensitivity to temperature results in very we...

Published
2017
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6. Improved electrical model of aluminum electrolytic capacitor with anomalous diffusion for health monitoring

Author

Romain Cousseau, L. Idkhajine, Christophe Forgez, Eric Monmasson, Nicolas Patin, Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Electrolytic capacitor, Tantalum capacitor, Numerical Analysis, Materials science, General Computer Science, Equivalent series resistance, Applied Mathematics, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, Automotive engineering, Theoretical Computer Science, law.invention, Capacitor, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Film capacitor, law, Modeling and Simulation, Aluminum electrolytic capacitor, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Electrical impedance, Decoupling (electronics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are the most cost effective solution for DC-link decoupling design in comparison to other technologies such as tantalum ones. However they are also the weakest part of static power converters. Thus, a lot of studies have been made in order to estimate their aging particularly through the Equivalent Series Resistance value (ESR) i.e. the real part of the impedance. Nowadays, aluminum electrolytic capacitor manufacturers have successfully created more sustainable high temperature components especially for automotive applications. In this context, most of electrical models found in the literature are not accurate over a broad frequency range. Furthermore, some studies show that the ESR is not always representative of the capacitor lifetime. As a consequence, an improved impedance model with the add of a diffusive element is proposed in this paper. Its purpose is to bring an efficient tool to quantify the evolution during the aging of each impedance part and not only the global real part for automotive dedicated DC-link capacitors.

Published
2017
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7. Quasi-continuous real-time simulation of an RLE load with a current MPC regulation

Author

Eric Monmasson, Flavia Khatounian, Jean Sawma, L. Idkhajine, Ragi Ghosn, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, Load modeling, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Software, Real-time simulation, Embedded system, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Process control, Current (fluid), Field-programmable gate array, MATLAB, business, computer, Simulation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, computer.programming_language
Abstract

This paper proposes a current Model Predictive continuous Real-Time Simulator (RTS) on the Zynq-7000 All Programmable (AP) System-on-Chip (SoC). This device is a new integrating an FPGA fabric along with a powerful processor. The RLE load dynamical model is implemented in the FPGA fabric of the Zynq-7000 and is run at very high frequencies (50 MHz) to the hardware and software capabilities of the chosen Zynq-7000 AP SoC device. Real-time simulation results are presented and MATLAB.

Published
2015
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8. Evaluation of the new generation of system-on-chip platforms for controlling electrical systems

Author

Flavia Khatounian, L. Idkhajine, Ragi Ghosn, Jean Sawma, Eric Monmasson, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Double-precision floating-point format, 02 engineering and technology, Grid, Model predictive control, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Software, Embedded system, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Benchmark (computing), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, System on a chip, Voltage source, business, Field-programmable gate array, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

This paper analyses the capacity of a new FPGA-based System-on-Chip (SoC) platform for the control of electrical systems. These new SoC platforms integrate both an FPGA fabric and a powerful processor. Among these platforms the Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable (AP) System on-Chip is evaluated. The chosen algorithmic benchmark consists on a realtime simulation of a Voltage Source Rectifier (VSR) connected to the grid and supplying a resistive load. This VSR is controlled via a Model Predictive Control technique. The VSR dynamical model is implemented in the FPGA fabric of the Zynq-7000 while the predictive controller is implemented in its processing part. Both software and hardware parts of the benchmark are challenging. The model predictive control technique is computationally intensive. Moreover, the VSR model should approximate a quasi continuous-time behavior which implies that its dynamical model has to be executed at very high frequencies (10 MHz). Realtime simulation results are presented and compared with double precision off-line software simulation results.

Published
2015
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9. A methodology for studying aluminum electrolytic capacitors wear-out in automotive cases

Author

Romain Cousseau, Nicolas Patin, L. Idkhajine, Eric Monmasson, Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Electrolytic capacitor, Materials science, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Mechanical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Temperature cycling, Converters, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Filter capacitor, 7. Clean energy, Automotive electronics, law.invention, Polymer capacitor, Capacitor, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Film capacitor, Hardware_GENERAL, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Electrolytic aluminum capacitors used in electric drive for automotive are deemed to be the weakest components of static power converters. A lot of studies have been made to estimate their aging but only for a nominal point. This paper presents a specific operation cycle implementation to study the impact of a variable and more realistic thermal cycling. Moreover, an improvement of the classical electrical model for an electrolytic capacitor is proposed by adding a diffusion-relative element called “anomalous diffusion”. Experimental results show the interest of this element for an impedance-fitting. Finally, thermal measurements validate thermal cycling simulations.

Published
2013
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10. Fully FPGA-Based Sensorless Control for Synchronous AC Drive Using an Extended Kalman Filter

Author

Eric Monmasson, L. Idkhajine, A. Maalouf, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Electronic speed control, Engineering, Digital signal processor, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Bandwidth (signal processing), 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Extended Kalman filter, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Control and Systems Engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Field-programmable gate array, business, Synchronous motor, Digital signal processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The aim of this paper is to quantify the interest of using hardware field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to implement complex control algorithms. As a benchmark, authors have chosen a sensorless speed controller for a synchronous motor. The estimation of the rotor position and speed is achieved using an extended Kalman filter (EKF), eliminating the need of their corresponding mechanical sensors. Due to the EKF complexity, such sensorless controller is systematically implemented in a software digital signal processor (DSP) device. The execution time is frequently evaluated to several tens or hundreds of microseconds. The motivation here is to prove that, when exploiting the treatment fastness of FPGAs (less than 6 μs ), it is possible to enhance the control bandwidth. To reach this objective, a comparison between the developed FPGA-based sensorless speed controller and its DSP-based counterpart is made. The same sensorless controller (with the same complexity) has been implemented in both cases. To prop up this comparison, simulation, hardware-in-the-loop, and experimental tests are presented.

Published
2012
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11. Optimal hardware/software partitioning of asystem on chip FPGA-based sensorless AC drive current controller

Author

Mohamed El Amine Benkhelifa, Eric Monmasson, L. Idkhajine, I. Bahri, Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes (ETIS - UMR 8051), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l'Electronique et de ses Applications (ENSEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)

Subjects
Sensorless controller, General Computer Science, Computer science, NSGA-II, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Theoretical Computer Science, Extended Kalman filter, Software, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Co-design methodology, System on a chip, Field-programmable gate array, Hardware architecture, Numerical Analysis, Multi-core processor, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Field programmable gate array, 020202 computer hardware & architecture, Modeling and Simulation, Embedded system, Synchronous machine, System on chip, business, Synchronous motor
Abstract

International audience; The recent field programmable gate array (FPGA) system on chip devices offer a new degree of design freedom. Indeed, these digital components allow the combination of software treatment (by the on-chip processor cores) and hardware treatment (hardware architecture made by the interconnection of the FPGA logic cells). In the field of industrial control applications, this digital technology is appropriate to reach an optimum between the control performances, the controller algorithm complexity and the design flexibility. On the other hand, a co-design methodology is necessary to make an efficient partitioning of the control algorithm so as to define modules to be software-made and modules to be hardware-made. To this aim, this paper deals with a co-design methodology adapted to SoC FPGA-based controllers for embedded power applications. The case study is a sensorless current controller of a synchronous machine using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). This co-design development is based on two reference implementations: a full software implementation and a full hardware implementation that are also discussed. To find the optimal HW/SW partitioning, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used.

Published
2012
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12. FPGA-based implementation of sensorless AC drive controllers for embedded electrical systems

Author

Imen Bahri, Eric Monmasson, A. Maalouf, L. Idkhajine, Laboratoire Génie électrique et électronique de Paris (GeePs), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Bahri, Imen

Subjects
Engineering, Electronic speed control, Vector control, business.industry, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Sorting, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Electric power system, Extended Kalman filter, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, System on a chip, business, Field-programmable gate array, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 021106 design practice & management
Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based implementation of sensorless speed controllers for an embedded aircraft electrical system composed of a Brushless Synchronous Starter/Generator (BSSG). To eliminate the mechanicals sensors, the proposed strategy provides position estimation based on two sensorless approaches depending. For very low speed and standstill, the injection of a rotating high frequency voltage in the vector control scheme is validated experimentally with BSSG. For low and high speed, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is used. As first step of validation, the experimental results were performed with a Standard Synchronous Actuator (SSA). Experimental results prop up the efficiency and the interest of using FPGAs in such application. In order to evaluate the features of a system-on-chip (SoC) approach integrating a soft processor core, a HW-SW (Hardware-Software) partitioning has been performed using the EKF-based sensorless speed controller. An optimization algorithm NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) is used to find the optimal partitioning of control modules regarding constraints (time/area).

Published
2011

13. FPGAs in Industrial Control Applications

Author

Marcian Cirstea, L. Idkhajine, Imen Bahri, A Tisan, Mohamed Wissem Naouar, Eric Monmasson, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Gustave Eiffel (UNIV GUSTAVE EIFFEL), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Laboratoire des Systèmes Electriques [Tunis] (LR-SE-ENIT), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM)-Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Design tool, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 02 engineering and technology, Reconfigurable computing, Computer Science Applications, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, Extended Kalman filter, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Motor controller, Control and Systems Engineering, Control theory, Embedded system, Control system, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Field-programmable gate array, Digital signal processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Information Systems
Abstract

The aim of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies and their contribution to industrial control applications. Authors start by addressing various research fields which can exploit the advantages of FPGAs. The features of these devices are then presented, followed by their corresponding design tools. To illustrate the benefits of using FPGAs in the case of complex control applications, a sensorless motor controller has been treated. This controller is based on the Extended Kalman Filter. Its development has been made according to a dedicated design methodology, which is also discussed. The use of FPGAs to implement artificial intelligence-based industrial controllers is then briefly reviewed. The final section presents two short case studies of Neural Network control systems designs targeting FPGAs.

Published
2011
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14. Field programmable gate array-based sensorless control of a brushless synchronous starter generator for aircraft application

Author

Eric Monmasson, L. Idkhajine, A. Maalouf, S. Le Ballois, THALES Avionics Electrical Systems (TAES), THALES Avionics Electrical Systems, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Electric motor, [INFO.INFO-AR]Computer Science [cs]/Hardware Architecture [cs.AR], Engineering, Observer (quantum physics), business.industry, 020209 energy, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Avionics, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Extended Kalman filter, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Exciter, [INFO.INFO-DL]Computer Science [cs]/Digital Libraries [cs.DL], [INFO.INFO-ES]Computer Science [cs]/Embedded Systems, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Field-programmable gate array, Synchronous motor, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Sensorless control of synchronous machine (SM) is a well-investigated research topic. However, avionics manufacturers still have restrictions about its applications due to the complexity of the on-board systems. This study presents a study investigating the use of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to estimate the position and speed of a brushless exciter synchronous starter/generator. In spite of the machine complexity and the critical choice of the EKF covariance matrices, the EKF observer presents satisfying simulation results in estimating the position and the velocity of the mentioned motor during the start-up. Experimental results performed on an SM with an EKF implemented on a field programmable gate array are also shown to prove the efficiency of this type of implementation.

Published
2011
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15. Fully Integrated FPGA-Based Controller for Synchronous Motor Drive

Author

A. Prata, K. Bouallaga, L. Idkhajine, Eric Monmasson, Mohamed Wissem Naouar, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, 020209 energy, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Converters, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Control and Systems Engineering, Control theory, Gate array, Resolver, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Synchronous motor, business, Field-programmable gate array, Position sensor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Machine control
Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present a fully integrated solution for synchronous motor control. The implemented controller is based on Actel Fusion field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The objective of this paper is to evaluate the ability of the proposed fully integrated solution to ensure all the required performances in such applications, particularly in terms of control quality and time/area performances. To this purpose, a current control algorithm of a permanent-magnet synchronous machine has been implemented. This machine is associated with a resolver position sensor. In addition to the current control closed loop, all the necessary motor control tasks are implemented in the same device. The analog-to-digital conversion is ensured by the integrated analog-to-digital converter (ADC), avoiding the use of external converters. The resolver processing unit, which computes the rotor position and speed from the resolver signals, is implemented in the FPGA matrix, avoiding the use of external resolver-to-digital converter (RDC). The sine patterns used for the Park transformation are stored in the integrated flash memory blocks.

Published
2009
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