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International audience; In the case of ordered categorical data, the concepts of minimum and maximum inequality are not straightforward. In this chapter, the authors consider the Cowell and Flachaire (2017) indices of inequality. The authors show that the minimum and maximum inequality depend on preliminary choices made before using these indices, on status and the sensitivity parameter. Specifically, maximum inequality can be given by the distribution which is the most concentrated in the top or bottom category, or by the uniform distribution.

Background and Aims Our aim was to understand the environmental conditions of the emergence and radiation of early angiosperms. Such a question has long remained controversial because various approaches applied in the past have drawn conflicting images of early angiosperm ecology. Methods We provided a new perspective on the question by using support vector machines to model the environmental niche of 51 species belonging to ten genera of extant lineages that diverged early during angiosperm evolution (basal angiosperms). Then, we analysed the resulting pattern of niche overlap and determined whether this pattern deviates from what would be expected on the basis of a null model or whether it might mirror a legacy of a common primitive niche based on a phylogenetic reconstruction. Key Results The niche of three-quarters of the species and all genera converged towards tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs). The latitudinal pattern of basal angiosperm richness indeed culminated in the tropics, and the elevational pattern revealed a humpback curve peaking between 2000 m and 3500 m when accounting for the effect of area. At first glance, this diversity pattern does not significantly differ from null predictions. However, we revealed a tendency for the basal-most taxa to occur in TMCFs so that phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that the niche of the common ancestor of the sampled basal angiosperms had a probability of 0.85–0.93 to overlap with TMCFs. Conclusions Our new approach indicates that the environmental convergence of extant basal angiosperms towards TMCFs would reflect a legacy of an ancestral niche from which the least basal taxa would have diverged following a random pattern under geometric constraints.

International audience; For several decades, the camera spatial resolution is gradually increasing with the CMOS technology evolution. The image sensors provide more and more pixels, generating new constraints for suitable optics. As an alternative, promising solutions propose super-resolution (SR) techniques to reconstruct high-resolution images or video without modifying the sensor architecture. However, most of the SR implementations are far from reaching real-time performance on a low-budget hardware platform. Moreover, convincing state-of-the-art studies reveal that artifacts can be observed in highly textured areas of the image. In this paper, we propose a local adaptive spatial super resolution (LASSR) method to fix this limitation. LASSR is a two-step SR method including a machine learning-based texture analysis and a fast interpolation method that performs a pixel-by-pixel SR. Multiple evaluations of our method are also provided using standard image metrics for quantitative evaluation and also a psycho-visual assessment for a perceptual evaluation. A first FPGA-based implementation of the proposed method is then presented. It enables high-quality 2-4 k super-resolution videos to be performed at 16 fps, using only 13% of the FPGA capacity, opening the way to reach more than 60 fps by executing several parallel instances of the LASSR code on the FPGA.

A major complexity classes are $L$, $POLYLOGTIME$ and $\oplus L$. A logarithmic Turing machine has a read-only input tape, a write-only output tape, and some read/write work tapes. The work tapes may contain $O(\log n)$ symbols. $L$ is the complexity class containing those decision problems that can be decided by a deterministic logarithmic Turing machine. We define the complexity class $POLYLOGTIME$ as the problems which can be decided by a random access machine in poly-logarithmic time. We prove there is problem in the complexity class $L$ which cannot be solved by a random access machine in poly-logarithmic time. Hence, we show $L \nsubseteq POLYLOGTIME$. The complexity class $\oplus L$ has the same relation to $L$ as $\oplus P$ does to $P$. We demonstrate there is a complete problem for $\oplus L$ that can be logarithmic space reduced to a problem in $L$. Consequently, we show $L = \oplus L$.

The scientic framework of this thesis is the modeling of electrophysiologicals signals bymodern tools of statistics and mathematics for a better care of patients. Therefore, weproposed in the rst approach, a multiple change-point detection in amplitude of thetemporal evolution by a model based on the dispersion of local maximum value accordingto the moving average, the variance and the standard deviation of EEG derivations.The results and evaluation of this model on real and simulated data conrm clearly theinterpretations of neurologists. Subsequently, we consider a spectral approach of an autoregressiveAR model in order to discriminate the EEG of epileptic patients and normal atthe frequency domain. It has been proven that this model characterizes the EEG signalsfollowing the rhythmic frequency band (delta, theta, alpha, ..).These two models proposed in the framework of this thesis contribute to an improvementof the platform of the EEG signal by the localization of the epileptogenic area.The simulation studies were performed with the software R., Le cadre scientifique de cette thèse est la modélisation des signaux electrophysiologiques par des outils modernes de la statistique et des mathématiques pour une bonne prise en charge des patients. Par conséquent, nous avons proposé dans une première approche, une détection de rupture multiple en amplitude de l'évolution temporelle par un modèle basé sur la dispersion des valeurs maximales théoriques et locales compte tenue de la moyenne mobile, de la variance et de l'écart-type des dérivations EEG.Les résultats ainsi que l'évaluation de ce modèle sur des données réelles et simulées confirment bien les interprétations des neurologues.Par la suite, nous considérons une approche spectrale d'un modèle autorégressif AR permettant de discriminer les signaux EEG des patients épileptiques et normaux dans le domaine fréquentiel. Il a été prouvé que ce modèle caractérise bien les signaux EEG suivant la bande de fréquence rythmique (delta, theta, alpha,..).Ces deux modèles proposés dans le cadre de cette thèse contribuent de manière efficiente à une amélioration sur l'aspect interprétation médicale de la plateforme du signal EEG par la localisation précise de la zone épileptogene.Les études de simulations ont été exectuées avec le logiciel « R ».

P versus NP is one of the most important and unsolved problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? Another major complexity class is coNP. Whether NP is equal to coNP is another fundamental question that it is as important as it is unresolved. We shall show there is a problem in coNP that is not in P. Since P = NP implies P = coNP, then we prove that P is not equal to NP.

The scientic framework of this thesis is the modeling of electrophysiologicals signals bymodern tools of statistics and mathematics for a better care of patients. Therefore, weproposed in the rst approach, a multiple change-point detection in amplitude of thetemporal evolution by a model based on the dispersion of local maximum value accordingto the moving average, the variance and the standard deviation of EEG derivations.The results and evaluation of this model on real and simulated data conrm clearly theinterpretations of neurologists. Subsequently, we consider a spectral approach of an autoregressiveAR model in order to discriminate the EEG of epileptic patients and normal atthe frequency domain. It has been proven that this model characterizes the EEG signalsfollowing the rhythmic frequency band (delta, theta, alpha, ..).These two models proposed in the framework of this thesis contribute to an improvementof the platform of the EEG signal by the localization of the epileptogenic area.The simulation studies were performed with the software R., Le cadre scientifique de cette thèse est la modélisation des signaux electrophysiologiques par des outils modernes de la statistique et des mathématiques pour une bonne prise en charge des patients. Par conséquent, nous avons proposé dans une première approche, une détection de rupture multiple en amplitude de l'évolution temporelle par un modèle basé sur la dispersion des valeurs maximales théoriques et locales compte tenue de la moyenne mobile, de la variance et de l'écart-type des dérivations EEG.Les résultats ainsi que l'évaluation de ce modèle sur des données réelles et simulées confirment bien les interprétations des neurologues.Par la suite, nous considérons une approche spectrale d'un modèle autorégressif AR permettant de discriminer les signaux EEG des patients épileptiques et normaux dans le domaine fréquentiel. Il a été prouvé que ce modèle caractérise bien les signaux EEG suivant la bande de fréquence rythmique (delta, theta, alpha,..).Ces deux modèles proposés dans le cadre de cette thèse contribuent de manière efficiente à une amélioration sur l'aspect interprétation médicale de la plateforme du signal EEG par la localisation précise de la zone épileptogene.Les études de simulations ont été exectuées avec le logiciel « R ».

The P versus NP problem is one of the most important and unsolved problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? This incognita was first mentioned in a letter written by Kurt Gödel to John von Neumann in 1956. However, the precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Cook in a seminal paper. We show a solution of this question in a lower level that would be the answer of POLYLOGTIME versus NLOGTIME problem.

The P versus NP problem is one of the most important and unsolved problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? This incognita was first mentioned in a letter written by Kurt Gödel to John von Neumann in 1956. However, the precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Cook in a seminal paper. Since then, many computer scientists have believed the most probable answer is that P is different to NP. A key reason for this belief is the possible solution of P=NP would imply many startling results that are believed to be false. We prove the belief of almost all computer scientists was a truly supposition.

The P versus NP problem is one of the most important and unsolved problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? This incognita was first mentioned in a letter written by Kurt Gödel to John von Neumann in 1956. However, the precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Cook in a seminal paper. Since then, many computer scientists have believed the most probable answer is that P is different to NP. A key reason for this belief is the possible solution of P=NP would imply many startling results that are believed to be false. We prove the belief of almost all computer scientists was a truly supposition.

The P versus NP problem has become in one of the most interesting and crucial questions for many fields such as computer science, mathematics, biology and others. This outstanding problem consists in knowing the answer of the following incognita: Is P equal to NP? We show a solution of this question in a lower level that would be the answer of DLOGTIME versus NLOGTIME problem.

Magnetic clouds (MCs) are large-scale magnetic flux ropes ejected from the Sun into the interplanetary space. They play a central role in solar–terrestrial relations as they can efficiently drive magnetic activity in the near-Earth environment. Their impact on the Earth's magnetosphere is often attributed to the presence of southward magnetic fields inside the MC, as observed in the upstream solar wind. However, when they arrive in the vicinity of the Earth, MCs first encounter the bow shock, which is expected to modify their properties, including their magnetic field strength and direction. If these changes are significant, they can in turn affect the interaction of the MC with the magnetosphere. In this paper, we use data from the Cluster and Geotail spacecraft inside the magnetosheath and from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) upstream of the Earth's environment to investigate the impact of the bow shock's crossing on the magnetic structure of MCs. Through four example MCs, we show that the evolution of the MC's structure from the solar wind to the magnetosheath differs largely from one event to another. The smooth rotation of the MC can either be preserved inside the magnetosheath, be modified, i.e. the magnetic field still rotates slowly but at different angles, or even disappear. The alteration of the magnetic field orientation across the bow shock can vary with time during the MC's passage and with the location inside the magnetosheath. We examine the conditions encountered at the bow shock from direct observations, when Cluster or Geotail cross it, or indirectly by applying a magnetosheath model. We obtain a good agreement between the observed and modelled magnetic field direction and shock configuration, which varies from quasi-perpendicular to quasi-parallel in our study. We find that the variations in the angle between the magnetic fields in the solar wind and in the magnetosheath are anti-correlated with the variations in the shock obliquity. When the shock is in a quasi-parallel regime, the magnetic field direction varies significantly from the solar wind to the magnetosheath. In such cases, the magnetic field reaching the magnetopause cannot be approximated by the upstream magnetic field. Therefore, it is important to take into account the conditions at the bow shock when estimating the impact of an MC with the Earth's environment because these conditions are crucial in determining the magnetosheath magnetic field, which then interacts with the magnetosphere.

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Over a longer timescale, Holocene palaeolimnological reconstruction of variability in water levels of the Aral Sea since 11,700 BP indicates a long history of alternating phases of regression and transgression, which have been attributed variously to climate, tectonic and anthropogenic forcing. The hydrological history of the Aral Sea has been investigated by application of a variety of scientific approaches, including archaeology, palaeolimnological palaeoclimate reconstruction, geophysics, sedimentology, and more recently, space science. Many issues concerning lake level variability over the Holocene and more recent timescales, and the processes that drive the changes, are still a matter for active debate. Our aim in this article is to review the current debates regarding key issues surrounding the causes and magnitude of Aral Sea level variability on a variety of timescales from months to thousands of years. Many researchers have shown that the main driving force of Aral Sea regressions and transgressions is climate change, while other authors have argued that anthropogenic forcing is the main cause of Aral Sea water level variations over the Holocene. Particular emphasis is made on contributions from satellite remote sensing data in order to improve our understanding of the influence of groundwater on the current hydrological water budget of the Aral Sea since 2005. Over this period of time, water balance computation has been performed and has shown that the underground water inflow to the Aral Sea is close to zero with an uncertainty of 3 km(3)/year. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

During the Last Glacial Maximum, the pattern of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation was different from today. A combination of sediment chemistry and a scavenging model suggests that the glacial circulation was shallower and at least as vigorous as today. The strength and geometry of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is tightly coupled to climate on glacial–interglacial and millennial timescales1, but has proved difficult to reconstruct, particularly for the Last Glacial Maximum2. Today, the return flow from the northern North Atlantic to lower latitudes associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation reaches down to approximately 4,000 m. In contrast, during the Last Glacial Maximum this return flow is thought to have occurred primarily at shallower depths. Measurements of sedimentary 231Pa/230Th have been used to reconstruct the strength of circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean3,4, but the effects of biogenic silica on 231Pa/230Th-based estimates remain controversial5. Here we use measurements of 231Pa/230Th ratios and biogenic silica in Holocene-aged Atlantic sediments and simulations with a two-dimensional scavenging model to demonstrate that the geometry and strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are the primary controls of 231Pa/230Th ratios in modern Atlantic sediments. For the glacial maximum, a simulation of Atlantic overturning with a shallow, but vigorous circulation and bulk water transport at around 2,000 m depth best matched observed glacial Atlantic 231Pa/230Th values. We estimate that the transport of intermediate water during the Last Glacial Maximum was at least as strong as deep water transport today.

International audience; The issue of detecting abnormal vibrations from spectra is tackled in this article, when little is known about the mechanical behavior of the system, or the fault pattern. To do so, an original algorithm relying on the statistics of the maximum of log-periodograms is introduced. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves are built and show good performance with bearing deterioration even when little wear is present.

The issue of detecting abnormal vibrations from spectra is addressed in this article, when little is known both on the mechanical behavior of the system, and on the characteristic patterns of potential faults. With vibration measured from a bearing test rig and from an aircraft engine, we show that when only a small learning set is available, probabilistic approaches have several advantages, including modelling healthy vibrations, and thus ensuring fault detection. To do so, we compare two original algorithms: the first one relies on the statistics of the maximum of log-periodograms. The second one computes the probability density function (pdf) of the wavelet transform of log-periodograms, and a likelihood index when new periodograms are presented. A by-product of it is the ability to generate random log-periodograms according with respect to the learning dataset. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves are built in several experimental settings, and show the superiority of one of our algorithms over state-of-the-art machine-learning-oriented fault detection methods; lastly we generate random samples of aircraft engine log-periodograms.

We present an open-access dataset of grape harvest dates (GHD) series that has been compiled from international, French and Spanish literature and from unpublished documentary sources from public organizations and from wine-growers. As of June 2011, this GHD dataset comprises 380 series mainly from France (93% of the data) as well as series from Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Luxemburg. The series have variable length (from 1 to 479 data, mean length of 45 data) and contain gaps of variable sizes (mean ratio of observations/series length of 0.74). The longest and most complete ones are from Burgundy, Switzerland, Southern Rhône valley, Jura and Ile-de-France. The most ancient harvest date of the dataset is in 1354 in Burgundy. The GHD series were grouped into 27 regions according to their location, to geomorphological and geological criteria, and to past and present grape varieties. The GHD regional composite series (GHD-RCS) were calculated and compared pairwise to assess their reliability assuming that series close to one another are highly correlated. Most of the pairwise correlations are significant (p-value < 0.001) and strong (mean pairwise correlation coefficient of 0.58). As expected, the correlations tend to be higher when the vineyards are closer. The highest correlation (R = 0.91) is obtained between the High Loire Valley and the Ile-de-France GHD-RCS. The strong dependence of the vine cycle on temperature and, therefore, the strong link between the harvest dates and the temperature of the growing season was also used to test the quality of the GHD series. The strongest correlations are obtained between the GHD-RCS and the temperature series of the nearest weather stations. Moreover, the GHD-RCS/temperature correlation maps show spatial patterns similar to temperature correlation maps. The stability of the correlations over time is explored. The most striking feature is their generalised deterioration at the late 19th-early 20th century. The possible effects on GHD of the phylloxera crisis, which took place at this time, are discussed. The median of all the standardized GHD-RCS was calculated. The distribution of the extreme years of this general series is not homogenous. Extremely late years all occur during a two-century long time window from the early 17th to the early 19th century, while extremely early years are frequent during the 16th and since the mid-19th century.*** Article disponible : http://www.clim-past.net/8/1403/2012/cp-8-1403-2012.html (consulté le 05/09/2012).

International audience; The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of variations of greenhouse gas concentrations, orbital parameters, sea-surface conditions, vegetation and dust deposition on the extent of East Siberian mountain glaciations during the late Quaternary. An atmosphere-only general circulation model is used in a series of 16 sensitivity tests at high spatial resolution over the region of interest to systematically evaluate the relative importance of these different forcing parameters. No attempt was made to reproduce in detail the history of late Quaternary mountain glaciations in East Siberia, because, given (a) the temporal and spatial scarcity of available evidence of mountain glaciations in this region and (b) the large uncertainties concerning the boundary conditions to be prescribed in this model, such an exercise must necessarily remain incomplete and partially inconclusive. The results of this study suggest that moisture delivery from the Atlantic is an important factor determining mountain glacier mass balance in Eastern Siberia and is very sensitive to the geometry of the West Eurasian ice sheet. This means that variable moisture blocking by the West Eurasian ice sheet during the Weichselian is the most important single factor explaining the opposite history of glacier and ice sheet extent in West and East Eurasia during the Weichselian. This work confirms earlier results showing that the large 140 kyr BP West Eurasian ice sheet caused regional-scale cooling extending towards Eastern Eurasia. Nevertheless, the simulated response of the regional summer temperature (and thus glacier extent because of the strong dependency of glacier mass balance of summer melt rates) is to a very large extent directly determined by insolation. For the Early Weichselian, this leads to a clear maximum of local glacier extent at 70 kyr BP, which is in line with the variations of top-of-the-atmosphere insolation on orbital time scales, but to some degree at odds with geological evidence which suggests larger glacier extent at 115 and 90 kyr BP than at 70 kyr BP. Through snow feedbacks, the effects of changes in the prescribed vegetation distribution and dust deposition rate are also substantial. In summary, it appears that the broad features of late Quaternary glaciation history in Eastern Eurasia can be understood in terms of known forcings.

Depuis les travaux pionniers d’E. P. Thompson sur les représentations à l’œuvre dans les troubles de subsistances, la notion d’économie morale a connu une fortune telle que les historiens l’ont progressivement mobilisée très largement hors du contexte et de la signification précise qui lui étaient primitivement associés, avant comme après la Révolution. Le présent article s’efforce de faire surgir les apories ou les risques de dilution de la notion, auxquels conduit un usage extensif de celle-ci, prenant en charge de façon indifférenciée acteurs, temps et espaces. Centrant la démonstration sur « la taxe », instrument de contrôle des prix dont l’usage fut constamment maintenu au cours de l’époque moderne et qui survécut durablement à la Révolution, il s’efforce de mettre en évidence les métamorphoses d’une pratique et des sens dont elle est investie. Au terme d’un parcours qui conduit de l’Ancien Régime à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale, il plaide pour un usage plus nettement circonscrit de la notion, tant historiquement que socialement. Since the pioneering work of E.P. Thompson on the representation of provisionning problems, the notion of moral economy has acquired a wider significance than originally intended. This article underscores the contradic­tions and risks of the impoverishment of this notion by its different uses and widening application. It shows the change in meaning and practice of this.

Let {kn\ be a positive integer sequence satisfying lim kn+i/kn = r, with n~++oo r 6]l,+oo[, and {Xn} a sequence of random variables sudh that the maximum, Mkn, of the first k» variables, under linear normalisation, converges in distribution to a max-semistable distribution. We prove that, if {Nn-n} is a sequence of integer random variables converging in probability to an integer random variable N then MkNn converges in distribution to E(GrN). The resuit is applied to the maximum of a random number of variables in the domain of attraction of the discrète Gumbei distribution and the max-semistable distribution G{x) = exp(-e(-x~2atnx)).

Université : Université scientifique et médicale de Grenoble