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International audience; Based on a survey conducted in France on the relationship to origins of abandoned and/or adopted persons, this article shows how their quest, the object of negotiations within the adoptive family, can be interpreted as a form of emancipation marking the entry into adulthood. It then initiates the constitution of a “kinship for oneself” with uncertain contours, woven from non-instituted relationships, subject to will, time, and election, and sometimes leading to the implementation of family solidarities. Once their existence has been established, it seems just as difficult to get rid of these potential links entirely as to make them exist. Distant, dormant, they remain suspended at the margins of the kinship of the adopted persons,while revealing the importance of their capacity to act and to choose: from their position as children and descendants, they construct singular relational constellations, affirming the plurality of their belonging; À partir d’une enquête conduite en France sur le rapport aux origines de personnes abandonnées et/ou adoptées, cet article montre en quoi leur quête, objet de négociations au sein de la famille adoptive, peut être interprétée comme une forme d’émancipation marquant l’entrée dans l’âge adulte. Elle initie alors la constitution d’une « parenté pour soi » aux contours incertains, tissée de relations non instituées, soumises à la volonté, au temps, à l’élection, et conduisant parfois à la mise en oeuvre de solidarités familiales. Une fois établie leur existence, il semble tout aussi ardu de se défaire entièrement de ces liens potentiels que de les faire exister. Distants, dormants, ils demeurent suspendus aux marges de la parenté des personnes adoptées, tout en révélant l’importance de leur capacité d’agir et de choisir : à partir de leur position d’enfants et de descendants, celles-ci construisent des constellations relationnelles singulières, affirmant la pluralité de leurs appartenances.

The paper analyses the narratives of sixty-three sperm donor conceived adults in France and the United Kingdom about their connection with the donor. First, it examines the way in which anonymity produces a specific connectedness between donors and those they have helped to conceive. Secondly, it looks at the stories of encounters with the donor through first contacts, first meetings and the establishment of relationships over time. Finally, the relationships that are established (or not) more widely with the relatives of donor-conceived people and donors are considered. As a whole, the paper shows how these relationships emerge outside any existing reference point, leading their protagonists to build their limits and principles as they unfold., L'intervention propose une analyse des discours et récits de soixante-trois adultes conçu·e·s par don de sperme en France et au Royaume-Uni à propos de leur connexion avec le donneur. Elle construit un parcours examinant d'abord lla manière dont l'anonymat produit un mode relationnel particulier entre les donneurs et celles et ceux qu'ils ont permis de concevoir. Elle se penche ensuite sur les récits de rencontre avec le donneur à travers les premières prises de contacts, les premières rencontres et l'établissement de liens sur la durée. Enfin, les liens qui s'établissent (ou non) plus largement avec les apparenté·e·s des personnes conçues par don et des donneurs sont considérés. L'ensemble montre combien ces relations émergent en dehors de tout repère existant, amenant leurs protagonistes à en construire les limites et les principes au fur et à mesure qu'elles se déroulent.

Traduction du titre : Preuve archivistique de l'origine. Traces écrites et physiques de parenté biologique dans les documents de la Protection de l'Enfance (France, 1995-2015); International audience; Framed on an investigation in the French Childhood social welfare services, this article analyses the “traces” kept within the files of the children born “in the secret” and/or abandoned. The treatment of the administrative documents, letters, pictures or things that have been kept informs the birth relationships conceptions in adoptive situations, enlightening a new side of contemporary multiparenthood.; Ключевые слова: родство, анонимные роды, отказ от ребенка, усыновление, происхождение, архивы На основе исследования, проведенного в архивах французской Службы защиты детей, мы проанализируем письменные и материальные "следы" биологических родителей, сохраняемые в делах детей-отказников или детей, рожденных анонимными матерями. Административные бумаги, письма, фотографии или вещи рассказывают об отношениях, связанных с рождением, их месте в жизни приемных детей и их новых семей, проливая свет на новое явление множественного родительства.

Traduction du titre : Preuve archivistique de l'origine. Traces écrites et physiques de parenté biologique dans les documents de la Protection de l'Enfance (France, 1995-2015); International audience; Framed on an investigation in the French Childhood social welfare services, this article analyses the “traces” kept within the files of the children born “in the secret” and/or abandoned. The treatment of the administrative documents, letters, pictures or things that have been kept informs the birth relationships conceptions in adoptive situations, enlightening a new side of contemporary multiparenthood.; Ключевые слова: родство, анонимные роды, отказ от ребенка, усыновление, происхождение, архивы На основе исследования, проведенного в архивах французской Службы защиты детей, мы проанализируем письменные и материальные "следы" биологических родителей, сохраняемые в делах детей-отказников или детей, рожденных анонимными матерями. Административные бумаги, письма, фотографии или вещи рассказывают об отношениях, связанных с рождением, их месте в жизни приемных детей и их новых семей, проливая свет на новое явление множественного родительства.

Traduction du titre : Preuve archivistique de l'origine. Traces écrites et physiques de parenté biologique dans les documents de la Protection de l'Enfance (France, 1995-2015); International audience; Framed on an investigation in the French Childhood social welfare services, this article analyses the “traces” kept within the files of the children born “in the secret” and/or abandoned. The treatment of the administrative documents, letters, pictures or things that have been kept informs the birth relationships conceptions in adoptive situations, enlightening a new side of contemporary multiparenthood.; Ключевые слова: родство, анонимные роды, отказ от ребенка, усыновление, происхождение, архивы На основе исследования, проведенного в архивах французской Службы защиты детей, мы проанализируем письменные и материальные "следы" биологических родителей, сохраняемые в делах детей-отказников или детей, рожденных анонимными матерями. Административные бумаги, письма, фотографии или вещи рассказывают об отношениях, связанных с рождением, их месте в жизни приемных детей и их новых семей, проливая свет на новое явление множественного родительства.

A paper that presents the practices and trajectories of the search for origins of sperm donor conceived adults in France and the United Kingdom. These searches are most often undertaken through direct-to-consumer DNA testing. I show how the "genetic" information gathered from these tests is put into a narrative, making DNA one clue among others in the search for origins.; Une intervention qui présente les pratiques et les parcours de recherche des origines d'adultes conçu·e·s par don de sperme en France et au Royaume-Uni. Ces recherches sont le plus souvent entreprises par l'intermédiaire de tests ADN direct-to-consumer. Je montre comment les informations "génétiques" qui en sont tirées sont mises en récit, faisant de l'ADN un indice parmi d'autres dans la recherche des origines.

A paper that presents the practices and trajectories of the search for origins of sperm donor conceived adults in France and the United Kingdom. These searches are most often undertaken through direct-to-consumer DNA testing. I show how the "genetic" information gathered from these tests is put into a narrative, making DNA one clue among others in the search for origins., Une intervention qui présente les pratiques et les parcours de recherche des origines d'adultes conçu·e·s par don de sperme en France et au Royaume-Uni. Ces recherches sont le plus souvent entreprises par l'intermédiaire de tests ADN direct-to-consumer. Je montre comment les informations "génétiques" qui en sont tirées sont mises en récit, faisant de l'ADN un indice parmi d'autres dans la recherche des origines.

Framed on an investigation in the French Childhood social welfare services, this article analyses the “traces” kept within the files of the children born “in the secret” and/or abandoned. The treatment of the administrative documents, letters, pictures or things that have been kept informs the birth relationships conceptions in adoptive situations, enlightening a new side of contemporary multiparenthood., Ключевые слова: родство, анонимные роды, отказ от ребенка, усыновление, происхождение, архивы На основе исследования, проведенного в архивах французской Службы защиты детей, мы проанализируем письменные и материальные "следы" биологических родителей, сохраняемые в делах детей-отказников или детей, рожденных анонимными матерями. Административные бумаги, письма, фотографии или вещи рассказывают об отношениях, связанных с рождением, их месте в жизни приемных детей и их новых семей, проливая свет на новое явление множественного родительства.

International audience; Research Framework: In a context characterized by new possibilities for parenthood within societies where family structures are becoming increasingly diverse, the issue of knowing one's origins is currently provoking intense political, social and scientific debates. These debates are emblematic of a more general movement that reflects a growing interest in the question of origins within contemporary patterns of family configuration, whether created by adoption or assisted reproduction. The concept of origins is thus a particularly relevant window shedding light on current social and political issues surrounding the future of adoption, the conditions for assisted reproduction through donation, the legislative framework of surrogacy and the application of biogenetic knowledge, as well as an opportunity to analyze contemporary reconfigurations of kinship and family links.Objectives: To identify the primary issues underlying the discourse on personal origins by outlining the context from which it emerged, and by bringing together the various disciplinary approaches to define its parameters.Methodology: This article is based on the various authors' contributions in this issue, as well as on theoretical and empirical studies that show how the concept of origins is used by those involved in adoption and assisted reproduction. The comparative perspective is chosen for this article.Results: The focus on origins reveals a profound evolution linked to the growing dissociation of procreation from kinship, which appear to be leading to the emergence of "new" relationships and actors. The rapid advancement of reproductive technologies is broadening the circumstances, already present in adoption, in which people have children but do not become parents in the legal sense, remaining "at the edges" of kinship.Conclusions: The concept of origins provides a particularly rich field for examining current representations and interpretations of the individuals associated with it (birth "parents" in adoption, egg and sperm donors, women who have carried a child for others), the narratives that shape them, and the place they occupy (or their absence) in the accounts of those who are adopted or are born through surrogacy.Contribution: This article brings a theoretical and heuristic approach to the concept of origins and demonstrates its relevance for examining the multiple relational realities created by current family arrangements. The articles in this issue all contribute to this examination by reflecting in complementary ways on the question of parentage.; Cadre de la recherche : Dans un contexte caractérisé par de nouvelles aspirations à la parentalité, au sein de sociétés où les formes familiales se diversifient, la question des origines suscite actuellement d’intenses débats politiques, sociaux et scientifiques. Ces débats sont emblématiques d’un mouvement plus général, qui témoigne d’une attention croissante à la question des origines dans les modes actuels de constitution des familles, qu’il s’agisse de l’adoption ou de la procréation assistée par autrui. La notion d’origine apparaît alors comme une entrée particulièrement pertinente pour éclairer les enjeux sociaux et politiques que soulèvent aujourd’hui le devenir de l’adoption, les conditions du recours à la procréation assistée avec don, l’encadrement législatif de la gestation pour autrui ou les usages des savoirs biogénétiques, ainsi que pour analyser les reconfigurations contemporaines de la parenté et des liens familiaux.Objectifs : Cet article a pour objectif de cerner les principaux enjeux qui sous-tendent la question des origines en retraçant les conditions d’émergence des discours sur le sujet de même qu’en faisant dialoguer les différents apports disciplinaires permettant d’en délimiter les contours.Méthodologie : Cet article s’appuie sur les différentes contributions des auteurs et autrices du numéro, de même que sur les travaux théoriques et empiriques qui retracent comment la question des origines est mobilisée par les personnes concernées par l’adoption de même que par la procréation assistée par autrui. Pour en rendre compte, la perspective comparative est valorisée.Résultats : L’attention aux origines révèle une évolution profonde liée à la dissociation croissante de la procréation et de la parenté, d’où semblent émerger des relations et des figures « nouvelles ». L’essor des technologies de la reproduction rend aujourd’hui plus nombreuses les circonstances, déjà présentes dans l’adoption, où des personnes procréent, mais ne deviennent pas – au sens légal - des parents, demeurant « aux marges » de la parenté.Conclusion : La notion d’origines offre un lieu d’examen particulièrement fécond des représentations et interprétations actuelles concernant les figures de l’origine (« parents » de naissance dans l’adoption, donneurs et donneuses de gamètes, femmes ayant porté un enfant pour autrui), les récits qui les constituent, la place qu’elles occupent (ou non) dans l’histoire des individus adoptés ou nés de la procréation par autrui.Contribution : Cet article apporte une réflexion théorique et heuristique sur la notion des origines tout en témoignant de sa pertinence pour réfléchir aux réalités relationnelles plurielles induites par les configurations familiales actuelles. L’ensemble des articles de ce numéro participe à cette réflexion en interrogeant la question des origines de manière complémentaire.

Aims. We present the first measurements of the angular-momentum flux in the solar wind recorded by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. Our aim is to validate these measurements to support future studies of the Sun’s angular-momentum loss. Methods. We combined 60-min averages of the proton bulk moments and the magnetic field measured by the Solar Wind Analyser and the magnetometer onboard Solar Orbiter. We calculated the angular-momentum flux per solid-angle element using data from the first orbit of the mission’s cruise phase in 2020. We separated the contributions from protons and from magnetic stresses to the total angular-momentum flux. Results. The angular-momentum flux varies significantly over time. The particle contribution typically dominates over the magnetic-field contribution during our measurement interval. The total angular-momentum flux shows the largest variation and is typically anti-correlated with the radial solar-wind speed. We identify a compression region, potentially associated with a co-rotating interaction region or a coronal mass ejection, which leads to a significant localised increase in the angular-momentum flux, albeit without a significant increase in the angular momentum per unit mass. We repeated our analysis using the density estimate from the Radio and Plasma Waves instrument. Using this independent method, we find a decrease in the peaks of positive angular-momentum flux, but otherwise, our results remain consistent. Conclusions. Our results largely agree with previous measurements of the solar wind’s angular-momentum flux in terms of amplitude, variability, and dependence on radial solar-wind bulk speed. Our analysis highlights the potential for more detailed future studies of the solar wind’s angular momentum and its other large-scale properties with data from Solar Orbiter. We emphasise the need for studying the radial evolution and latitudinal dependence of the angular-momentum flux in combination with data from Parker Solar Probe and other assets at heliocentric distances of 1 au and beyond.

Research Framework: New figures are emerging within the connections created by donor conception: same-donor-offspring.Objectives: Based on an anthropological study with sperm donor conceived adults in the United Kingdom and France, the article analyzes the distinctions that they establish between same-donor-offspring, siblings and the donor’s children in order to better understand what is involved in sharing “origins” when people have been conceived using the same donor.Methodology: The article draws on an empirical study through in-depth semi-directive interviews conducted between October 2017 and December 2019 with 17 sperm donor conceived adults in the United Kingdom and in France.Results: In the light of the relationships with siblings, the connections between same-donor offspring appear first as a paradoxical bodily bond that is materialized by a sharing of genes between strangers. The distinctions between children of the donor and donor conceived people then emphasize that, beyond genetics, it is the donation that specifies the links between same-donor-offspring. More than a progenitor, they share the circumstances of their conception, from which arise a shared narrative and common experiences that specify their bond. Finally, although the concrete relationships that are formed are characterized by their flexibility and their elective dimension, they nonetheless give rise to new norms and hierarchies.Conclusions: The study of the connections between same-donor-offspring suggests the constitution of a new relational category at the edges of kinship.Contribution: The article addresses donor conception through the collateral connections it produces. It contributes to the reflection on the content of the relations created by "origins"., Cadre de la recherche : De nouvelles figures émergent au sein des liens créés par l’assistance médicale à la procréation avec tiers donneur : les personnes issues du même don.Objectifs : À partir d’une enquête anthropologique auprès d’adultes conçu·e·s par don de sperme au Royaume-Uni et en France, l’article déploie une analyse des distinctions qui sont opérées entre personnes issues du même don, frères et sœurs et enfants du donneur afin de mieux comprendre ce qu’engage le partage d’» origines » quand on a été conçu·e grâce au même donneur.Méthodologie : L’analyse repose sur les entretiens semi-directifs approfondis menés entre octobre 2017 et décembre 2019 avec 17 adultes conçus par don de sperme qui ont identifié au moins une personne conçue grâce au même donneur au Royaume-Uni et en France.Résultats : À l’aune des relations avec les frères et sœurs, les connexions entre personnes issues du même don apparaissent d’abord comme un lien corporel paradoxal qui se matérialise par un partage de gènes entre des inconnu·e·s. Les distinctions entre enfants du donneur et personnes conçues par don soulignent ensuite qu’au-delà de la dimension génétique, c’est l’événement du don qui spécifie les liens entre personnes issues du même don. Plus qu’un géniteur, elles partagent les circonstances de leur conception, dont découlent un récit partagé et des expériences communes. Enfin, si les relations qui s’établissent de fait se caractérisent par leur souplesse et leur dimension élective, elles n’en font pas moins émerger de nouvelles normes et hiérarchies.Conclusions : L’étude des liens entre personnes issues du même don laisse entrevoir la constitution d’une nouvelle catégorie relationnelle aux confins de la parenté.Contribution : L’article propose d’aborder la procréation assistée avec tiers donneur par les relations collatérales qu’elle produit. Il contribue à la réflexion sur le contenu des liens créés par les "origines".

Economic preferences may be shaped by exposure to sex hormones around birth. Prior studies of economic preferences and numerous other phenotypic characteristics use digit ratios (2D : 4D), a purported proxy for prenatal testosterone exposure, whose validity has recently been questioned. We use direct measures of neonatal sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen), measured from umbilical cord blood ( n = 200) to investigate their association with later-life economic preferences (risk preferences, competitiveness, time preferences and social preferences) in an Australian cohort (Raine Study Gen2). We find no significant associations between testosterone at birth and preferences, except for competitiveness, where the effect runs opposite to the expected direction. Point estimates are between 0.05–0.09 percentage points (pp) and 0.003–0.14 s.d. We similarly find no significant associations between 2D : 4D and preferences ( n = 533, point estimates 0.003–0.02 pp and 0.001–0.06 s.d.). Our sample size allows detecting effects larger than 0.11 pp or 0.22 s.d. for testosterone at birth, and 0.07 pp or 0.14 s.d. for 2D : 4D ( α = 0.05 and power = 0.90). Equivalence tests show that most effects are unlikely to be larger than these bounds. Our results suggest a reinterpretation of prior findings relating 2D : 4D to economic preferences, and highlight the importance of future large-sample studies that permit detection of small effects.

International audience; A few months after doing a DNA test, Amy, who was conceived thanks to an anonymous sperm donation in the 90s in the United Kingdom (UK), was matched with a “half-sibling” on a genetic genealogy website. She expresses how strange she feels about being related to a stranger: “I find it quite hard to understand in the sense of I think it’s really strange how you’re half of the person genetically”.Origins have emerged as a central notion in the definition of personal identity in contemporary Euro-American societies. In new kinship forms such as donor conception, where procreation and kinship do not overlap, the connection to donors and donor siblings questions the link between kinship and personhood. What does it mean to be genetically related to a donor and/or a donor sibling? What impact does the knowledge of such connections have on the way donor offspring define themselves? This paper will explore how origins in donor conception question personhood and the notion of identity from the point of view of donor offspring. I will focus more specifically on searches for origins through DNA testing and genetic genealogy websites.The paper relies on a social anthropology qualitative study conducted between October 2017 and December 2019 through in-depths interviews with 52 sperm donor conceived adults in the UK (27) and in France (25). Among them, 30 have searched for origins through DNA testing and 20 have found the donor, a member of his family, and/or a donor sibling.

International audience; Alice was conceived with a sperm donation in the 1980s in England. Through a DNA test, she identified a man conceived with the same donor, whom she calls her “half-brother”. She expresses the paradox of their situation: “we have lots of things in common because we're related. But we're total strangers”. How to consider this stranger with whom she shares common origins? How to make sense of a connection that was not supposed to be uncovered under the anonymity system, and for which no legal or social category exist (Hertz & Nelson 2019)? Furthermore, how to think of the coexistence of this new figure and the brother Alice grew up with, who might have been conceived with a different donor?The aim of this presentation is to analyze, in a social-anthropological perspective, what the search and access to origins through DNA-testing produce for sperm donor conceived people, with a special focus on siblingship (Edwards 2015). I draw on a comparison between the UK and France where the state had originally prevented contacts between sperm donors and donor offspring, and between donor siblings. DNA testing has since brought new connections to light, which may seem, on the face of it, primarily based on gene sharing: donor siblings and the donors’ children. While genetic genealogy websites do not differentiate such connections, the narratives of donor offspring actually involve relational distinctions between the siblings they have grown up with, donor siblings and the donors’ children. I will show how genes are incorporated in discourses that exceed them (Indekeu & Hens 2019), which leads to the emergence of new statuses.I rely on a qualitative study through in-depths interviews with 52 sperm donor conceived adults in England and in France, among whom 16 have identified a donor sibling through DNA testing.

Bearing semantic elements of family myths and feminine discourse, culinary memoirs invite questions about their literary pertinence as a contemporary genre. This study considers their narrational ambitions, their poetic quality, the genre(s) from which they emerge, and also that which they define. We hypothesise that they have a literary relevance at the intersection of several genres. The examination of an extensive corpus allows us to observe its diversity and intertextuality, as well as the historical perspective of precursory texts, offering a new reading of earlier works.Rooted in autobiography and food writing, with traits of travel literature, culinary memoirs are a hybrid genre that explores identity, the quest for which is often motivated by the diasporic loss of homelands, or family trauma. We analyse the narrative and the emerging genre to understand how it represents self-writing and food within the travel narrative genre. As well as weaving culinary traditions with recipes, memoirs reveal a spiritual dimension, synonymous with an inward journey. Appraising culinary memoirs from the perspective of foodways, as culturally-defined consumption, and travel literature, elucidates the central questions of identity and origins within the context of inner and outward displacement.The genre’s multiple paradoxes are symptomatic of its resourcefulness, drawing from diverse elements to create an overarching food narrative, as a corpus of recipes that embodies a universal truth, to which nourishment, both physical and symbolic, holds the key., Les mémoires culinaires, qui empruntent des traits sémantiques aux mythes familiaux et au discours féminin, invitent à s'interroger sur leur pertinence littéraire en tant que genre contemporain. Cette étude considère leurs ambitions narratives, leur qualité poétique, le(s) genre(s) dont ils procèdent, mais aussi celui qu’ils constituent. L'examen d'un vaste corpus de mémoires permet d'en observer la diversité et l’intertextualité, et de dessiner une continuité historique avec les textes précurseurs dont l’approche est renouvelée.Empruntant à l'autobiographie, à l'écriture culinaire, ainsi qu’à la littérature de voyage, les mémoires culinaires sont un genre hybride qui explore l’identité, dont la quête est souvent motivée par la perte diasporique d’une patrie ou par un traumatisme familial. Nous analysons les liens, dans le récit et le genre tout entier, entre la nourriture, l’écriture de soi et le voyage. Outre le tissage de traditions culinaires avec des recettes, les mémoires révèlent une dimension spirituelle, synonyme de voyage intérieur. Lire les mémoires culinaires dans la double perspective des habitudes alimentaires culturellement bien définies et de la littérature de voyage permet d’élucider les questions centrales de l'identité dans le contexte des déplacements intérieurs et extérieurs.Les multiples paradoxes du genre sont symptomatiques de son ingéniosité, associant divers éléments pour créer une narration culinaire globale, en un corpus de recettes qui incarnent une vérité universelle, et proposent ainsi une nourriture à la fois physique et symbolique.

Framed on an investigation in the French Childhood social welfare services, this article analyses the « traces » kept in the files of the children born « in the secret » and/or abandoned. The treatment of the administrative documents, letters, pictures or things that have been kept informs the birth relationships conceptions in adoptive situations, enlightening a new side of contemporary multiparenthood., À partir d’une enquête dans les services de l’Aide sociale à l’enfance, cet article analyse les « traces » conservées dans les dossiers des enfants nés dans le secret et/ou abandonnés : le traitement des documents administratifs, des correspondances, des photographies ou des objets conservés informe les conceptions des relations liées à la naissance dans les situations adoptives, éclairant un aspect inédit des pluriparentalités contemporaines.

During the first half of the 20th century in Italy, the theme of national belonging was at the center of the political and cultural debate: the post-unitary discussions on national identity, the patriotism of interventionists, post-World War I, and later fascist, nationalism. Among the Italian intellectuals of the time, many shared double origins: their families were Italian, and yet they were born and raised abroad. Their belonging to the homeland was not automatic. I have looked at the way in which their need for an identity relates to the tensions that were shaking the country, their involvement in the political events of those years, and wondered whether it is possible to isolate any similarities between them that might be connected to their multicultural origins.In November 1927, an interview to Alberto Savinio was published in the Parisian journal “Comœdia.” In it, he criticized Italian art and claimed that he lived in Paris because the mental openness of the French favored artistic development. At the height of Fascism, these declarations bothered a number of Italian intellectuals, who accused him of not loving his homeland. He was therefore excluded from national cultural life for a few years. Giuseppe Ungaretti stood up for him, despite both having declared his Fascism and not sharing a particularly close relationship with Savinio. They had met in Paris in the early 1910s, when they both gravitated around Soffici and his group, especially Apollinaire, who was a fundamental reference: he was their artistic guide, but also someone who shared their uprootedness, since he was French by adoption. His enrollment in the French army was therefore particularly significant for them. Savinio and Ungaretti kept in touch throughout the decade and collaborated to the projects of journals such as “La Vraie Italie” and “Commerce,” whose goal was to make Italian art better known in France. Starting in 1925, their relationship became strained, also due to a general climate of mistrust, but the “Comœdia” affair shows us that their supernational conception of culture surpasses personal issues. Nevertheless, they often seemed to contradict this idea, repeatedly emphasizing Italy’s superiority compared to other countries and displaying growing nationalism, which reached its apex when they adhered to Fascism. They took part in World War I as a way of claiming their belonging to the Italian nation, but it was starting from the following years that they began to show their patriotism by exalting the fighters, criticizing peace agreements that proved unfavorable to Italy, and affirming the idea of Italy’s intellectual primacy. Their support of Fascism was the natural consequence. During the “Ventennio,” Savinio and Ungaretti wrote several articles in journals that were supportive of Mussolini, where they employed many of the rhetorical topoi of those years. This is the extreme point in their search for Italianness: the affirmation of their identity went beyond the individual and found its place within the collective dimension of the “State.” World War II, which they considered madness, brought about a change of heart regarding the regime. Ungaretti and Savinio shared the idea that Fascism had betrayed its principles. Italy’s greatness needed to play within a universal context, rather than an enclosed one. They thought that in order to achieve a collective renaissance, it was necessary to surpass national egotism and come back to Europe’s Christian spirit. Therefore, the need for an Italian identity faded into the background compared to the necessity of a European identity., Dans l’Italie de la première moitié du XXème siècle, le thème du sentiment d’appartenance nationale est central dans le débat politique et culturel : on passe des discussions post-unitaires au sujet de l’identité nationale, au patriotisme des interventionnistes, au nationalisme de l’après Ière guerre mondiale, à celui des fascistes. Parmi les intellectuels italiens de cette époque-là, beaucoup ont une double origine : leur famille est italienne et pourtant ils sont nés et ils ont grandi à l’étranger. Leur appartenance à la patrie n’est pas automatique. On s’est demandé dans quelle manière leur besoin d’identité se met en relation avec les tensions qui traversent le Pays, à quel niveau ils sont impliqués dans les événements politiques de ces années-là et s’il est possible de retrouver chez eux des analogies liées à leurs origines multiculturelles. En novembre 1927 on publique une interview d’Alberto Savinio dans le journal parisien « Comœdia ». Il critique l’art italienne et affirme être à Paris parce que l’ouverture mentale du peuple français favorise le développement artistique. En plein fascisme ces déclarations heurtent beaucoup d’intellectuels italiens, qui l’accusent de ne pas aimer sa patrie. On lui interdit de participer à la vie culturelle nationale pendant quelques années. Giuseppe Ungaretti prend sa défense, tout en ayant déclaré son fascisme et bien que ses relations avec Savinio ne soient pas très intimes. Ils se connaissent à Paris au début des années 1910, étant tous les deux en contact avec Soffici et son entourage, et surtout avec Apollinaire, qui est un point de repère fondamental : il est leur guide artistique, mais aussi quelqu’un qui partage leur statut de déracinés, en tant que français d’adoption. Son enrôlement dans l’armée française est donc très significatif à leurs yeux. Les contacts entre Savinio et Ungaretti se poursuivent tout au long du décennie, et ils collaborent aux projets des revues « La Vraie Italie » et « Commerce », dont l’objectif est de mieux faire connaître la réalité artistique italienne en France. À partir de 1925, les rapports entre les deux se tendent, aussi à cause d’un climat de méfiance général, mais l’affaire « Comœdia » nous montre que chez eux la conception supranationale de culture surmonte les problèmes personnels. Toutefois ils semblent souvent contredire cette idée, en soulignant à maintes reprises la supériorité de l’Italie par rapport aux autres Pays et en manifestant un nationalisme croissant, qui atteint le sommet par l’adhésion au fascisme. Ils participent à la Ière guerre mondiale afin d’affirmer leur appartenance à la nation italienne, mais c’est surtout à partir des années suivantes qu’ils manifestent leur patriotisme, en exaltant les combattants, en critiquant les accords de paix défavorables pour l’Italie, en affirmant l’idée d’une primauté intellectuelle de l’Italie. L’appui au fascisme en est la conséquence. Pendant le « Ventennio » Savinio et Ungaretti écrivent plusieurs articles dans des revues solidaires de Mussolini, où ils utilisent les topoi rhétoriques de ces années-là. C’est le point extrême de leur quête d’italianité : l’affirmation identitaire dépasse l’individualité et se situe dans la dimension collective de l’« État ». La IIème guerre mondiale, étant considérée une folie, détermine un changement d’avis à propos du régime. Ungaretti et Savinio partagent l’idée que le fascisme ait trahi ses principes. La grandeur de l’Italie devait agir dans un horizon universel et non pas enfermé. Ils pensent que pour une renaissance collective il faut se dépasser des égotismes nationaux et revenir à l’esprit chrétien de l’Europe. Le besoin d’une identité italienne passe donc au deuxième plan par rapport à la nécessité d’une identité européenne.

Background The Finnhorse was established as a breed more than 110 years ago by combining local Finnish landraces. Since its foundation, the breed has experienced both strong directional selection, especially for size and colour, and severe population bottlenecks that are connected with its initial foundation and subsequent changes in agricultural and forestry practices. Here, we used sequences of the mitochondrial control region and genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation of the four Finnhorse breeding sections: trotters, pony-sized horses, draught horses and riding horses. Furthermore, we estimated inbreeding and effective population sizes over time to infer the history of this breed. Results We found a high level of mitochondrial genetic variation and identified 16 of the 18 haplogroups described in present-day horses. Interestingly, one of these detected haplogroups was previously reported only in the Przewalski’s horse. Female effective population sizes were in the thousands, but declines were evident at the times when the breed and its breeding sections were founded. By contrast, nuclear variation and effective population sizes were small (approximately 50). Nevertheless, inbreeding in Finnhorses was lower than in many other horse breeds. Based on nuclear SNP data, genetic differentiation among the four breeding sections was strongest between the draught horses and the three other sections (FST = 0.007–0.018), whereas based on mitochondrial DNA data, it was strongest between the trotters and the pony-sized and riding horses (ΦST = 0.054–0.068). Conclusions The existence of a Przewalski’s horse haplogroup in the Finnhorse provides new insights into the domestication of the horse, and this finding supports previous suggestions of a close relationship between the Finnhorse and eastern primitive breeds. The high level of mitochondrial DNA variation in the Finnhorse supports its domestication from a large number of mares but also reflects that its founding depended on many local landraces. Although inbreeding in Finnhorses was lower than in many other horse breeds, the small nuclear effective population sizes of each of its breeding sections can be considered as a warning sign, which warrants changes in breeding practices. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-019-0480-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience

BackgroundTranscription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is pervasive, but their functionality is disputed. As a class, lncRNAs show little selective constraint and negligible phenotypic effects upon perturbation. However, key biological roles were demonstrated for individual lncRNAs. Most validated lncRNAs were implicated in gene expression regulation, in pathways related to cellular pluripotency, differentiation and organ morphogenesis, suggesting that functional lncRNAs may be more abundant in embryonic development, rather than in adult organs.ResultsHere, we perform a multi-dimensional comparative transcriptomics analysis, across five developmental time-points (two embryonic stages, newborn, adult and aged individuals), four organs (brain, kidney, liver and testes) and three species (mouse, rat and chicken). Overwhelmingly, lncRNAs are preferentially expressed in adult and aged testes, consistent with the presence of permissive transcription during spermatogenesis. LncRNAs are often differentially expressed among developmental stages and are less abundant in embryos and newborns compared to adult individuals, in agreement with a requirement for tighter expression control and less tolerance for noisy transcription early in development. However, lncRNAs expressed during embryonic development show increased levels of evolutionary conservation, both in terms of primary sequence and of expression patterns, and in particular at their promoter regions. We find that species-specific lncRNA transcription is frequent for enhancer-associated loci and occurs in parallel with expression pattern changes for neighboring protein-coding genes.ConclusionsWe show that functionally constrained lncRNA loci are enriched in developing organ transcriptomes, and propose that many of these loci may function in an RNA-independent manner.

International audience; In the course of researching their origins, some adopted individuals discover the existence of sisters or brothers by birth, also adopted or having remained in their family of origin. Connected by the circumstances of their birth without being related, often without a common language, without any shared daily life, socially and culturally distant, generally inscribed in a significant financial asymmetry, these "sisters" and "brothers" sometimes form relationships, although not without efforts. Paradoxically, while these individuals are not legally bound and while in France the sisters and brothers by law are not bound by any legal mutual obligation, their relations are nevertheless fraught with questions of moral and material obligation. In this paper, I offer to present the preliminary results of an ethnographic survey conducted in France among people adopted internationally who, during their "quest for origins", discovered and met sisters and brothers by birth. If there is a scientific literature and abundant testimonies on the research of mothers and fathers of birth, the research and the unexpected discovery of sisters and brothers have hardly been documented or analyzed. Thus, after having exposed the methodological dimensions of the ethnographic work carried out, I will use the materials collected to describe the relational modalities established between the people surveyed and their sisters and brothers by birth. I will discuss how the respondents articulate the different registers of siblingship in which they are inscribed; namely the adoptive, by birth or elective siblingships. Finally, I will show the complex workings of the moral and material obligations at the ordinary level of their precarious relations of siblingship with their sisters and brothers by birth. Indeed, is it enough to declare oneself “sisters” or “brothers” and to acknowledge a common “origin” in order to establish moral and material links that are mutually binding?; Il arrive au détour des recherches qu’elles mènent sur leurs origines que certaines personnes adoptées découvrent l’existence de sœurs ou de frères de naissance, également adopté.e.s ou demeuré.e.s dans leur famille d’origine. Relié.e.s par les circonstances de leur naissance sans être apparenté.e.s, souvent sans langue commune, hors de tout quotidien partagé, éloigné.e.s socialement et culturellement, généralement inscrit.e.s dans une asymétrie économique significative, ces « sœurs » et « frères » nouent parfois – non sans efforts – des relations. Paradoxalement, alors que ces individus ne sont pas liés juridiquement, alors qu’en France les sœurs et frères par le droit ne sont tenus à aucune obligation mutuelle légale, leurs relations sont pourtant durement travaillées par des questions d’obligation morale et matérielle.Dans cette communication, je propose de présenter les résultats préliminaires d’une enquête ethnographique menée en France auprès de personnes adoptées à l’international qui, au cours de leur « quête d’origines », ont découvert puis rencontré des sœurs et frères de naissance. S’il existe une littérature scientifique et de témoignage abondante sur la recherche des père et mère de naissance, la recherche et la découverte inopinée de sœurs et frères n’ont guère été documentées ou analysées. Ainsi, après avoir exposé les dimensions méthodologiques du travail ethnographique mené, je décrirai à partir des matériaux recueillis les modalités relationnelles établies entre les personnes enquêtées et leurs sœurs et frères de naissance. J’aborderai la façon dont les enquêté.e.s articulent les différents registres de germanité dans lesquels ils/elles sont inscrit.e.s ; à savoir les germanités adoptive, d’origine ou élective. Je montrerai enfin les ressorts complexe de l’obligation morale et matérielle à l’échelle de l’ordinaire de leurs rapports de germanité sur le fil avec leurs sœurs et frères de naissance ; sur le fil car continuellement menacés de se rompre. Est-ce, en effet, suffisant pour fonder des liens moraux et matériels mutuellement engageants, de se déclarer « sœurs » ou « frères » et de se reconnaître une « origine » commune?

International audience; This paper describes how British donor offspring use direct-to-consumer DNA testing and genetic genealogy websites in order to search for their donor's and/or donor siblings' identity.

La cosmologie, redevenue science en 1917, s’est rapidement confrontée aux questions d’origine, à tout le moins de commencement, de son objet. Son développement depuis un siècle est baigné d’un conflit plus ou moins latent avec d’autres discours sur le Tout. Ce conflit a pu et peut encore, parfois inhiber, parfois favoriser, son progrès. Son modèle standard actuel semble pouvoir décrire « presque » toute l’histoire de l’univers observé. Elle se doit de chercher de plus en plus profond dans ce « presque » tout en exprimant alors clairement son entrée en spéculation. Cosmology renewed its status as a science in 1917 and was quickly confronted with questions about the origins, or at least the beginning, of its object. Its progress until now has been affected by a more or less latent conflict with other discourses on the Everything: this has been alternately a help or an obstacle. Its present standard model seems capable of describing almost everything about the observable universe’s history. If it must dig deeper and deeper into this almost, it ought to specify that it ventures into speculation.

International audience; The College of Judges played a significant role in the political, institutional and legal world of Vicenza in the modern age. It was composed of legal experts belonging to aristocratic families, who found in this institution the right space to defend the identity, the prerogatives, the privileges and the statutes of the Respublica of Vicenza after the an- nexation to the Venetian State. Old and new families thus found in the College a suitable space to affirm their authority, enhance their status and manage the administrative and judicial affairs of both the city and the territory. In the past, interest has been given to the relations of power within the Vicenza ruling class, but also between the local power and the central power, to the attraction exercised by the courts of Venice among the elites formed in law, to families of recent nobility, to their path and to their alliances with the ancient aristocratic families within the College and the city councils. It is now necessary to consider an ancient aristocratic house that assumed a prestigious role in the Vicenza society and outside of the Venetian Republic, through the examination of the case of Marco Thiene who, in 1599, tried to be admitted to the College. The paper analyses the operation of the corporation, the recruitment criteria, such as the nobilitas (noble lineage), natalia (place of birth), aetas (age), studium (education), and mores (character) of the applicant Marco, as well as the relationship established among the cousins and uncles within the noble house of Thiene.; Il Collegio dei Giudici svolse un ruolo di notevole rilevanza nel mondo politico, istituzio- nale e giuridico di Vicenza in età moderna. Fu composto da esperti del diritto appartenenti a famiglie dell’aristocrazia, le quali trovarono in questa istituzione lo spazio adatto per difendere l’identità, le prerogative, i privilegi e gli statuti della Respublica di Vicenza dopo l’annessione allo Stato veneto. Dopo la disfatta di Agnadello e i successivi eventi bellici fino al 1516, le configurazioni sociali e politiche cambiarono notevolmente a Vicenza, ma la funzione del Collegio rimase quella di rappresentare il potere di un gruppo limitato ed eslusivo di esperti giuridici volti alla difesa degli statuti cittadini nei confronti del patriziato veneziano. Antiche e nuove famiglie trovarono così nel Collegio uno spazio idoneo per af- fermare la loro autorità, esaltare il loro status e gestire gli affari amministrativi e giudiziari sia della città che del territorio. L’interesse è stato prestato, in passato, ai rapporti di forza all’interno del ceto dirigente vicentino, ma pure tra il potere locale e il potere centrale, all’attrazione esercitata dai tribunali di Venezia presso le élite formate nel diritto (giuristi, avvocati, assessori), alle famiglie di recente nobiltà, al loro percorso e alle loro alleanze con le antiche famiglie aristocratiche nell’ambito del Collegio e dei consigli cittadini. Merita ora di essere considerata una antica Casa aristocratica che assunse un ruolo prestigioso nella società vicentina e fuori dai confini della Repubblica veneta, attraverso l’esame del caso di Marco Thiene che, nel 1599, cercò di essere ammesso al Collegio. L’analisi intende cogliere il funzionamento della corporazione, i criteri di reclutamento quali la “nobilitas”, i “natalia”, l’“aetas”, lo “studium”, i “mores” dell’impetrante Marco –, e il rapporto stabilitosi all’interno della nobile Casa tra i cugini e gli zii Thiene.; Sodni kolegij je v političnem, institucionalnem in pravnem svetu Vicenze moderne dobe imel pomembno vlogo. Sestavljali so ga pravni strokovnjaki iz aristokratskih družin, ki so v tej instituciji našle ustrezen prostor za zaščito identitete, prerogativ, privilegijev in statutov Vicenške republike po priključitvi k beneški državi. Čeprav se je po porazu pri Agnadellu in vojnih dogodkih, ki so mu sledili do leta 1516, družbena in politična struktura v Vicenzi precej spremenila, je kolegij ohranil vlogo zastopstva moči omejene in ekskluzivistične skupine pravnih strokovnjakov, katerih cilj je bil ščititi mestne statute v odnosu do beneških patricijev. Stare in nove družine so tako v kolegiju našle primerno okolje za potrjevanje svoje avtoritete, povzdigovanje svojega družbenega statusa ter ure- janje administrativnih in sodnih zadev tako mesta kot širšega ozemlja Vicenze. Doslej so zgodovinarji namenjali pozornost razmerju moči znotraj vodilnega vicenškega razreda ter med lokalnimi in centralnimi oblastmi, privlačnosti beneških sodišč za pravno elito (juriste, advokate, prisednike) ter mlajšim aristokratskim družinam, njihovi poti in za- vezništvom s starejšimi plemiškimi družinami znotraj kolegija in mestnih svetov. Prav bi bilo, da se zdaj posvetimo eni od starih aristokratskih rodbin, ki je prevzela ugledno vlogo v vicenški družbi in tudi izven meja Beneške republike, in sicer z obravnavo primera Marca Thiena, ki si je leta 1599 prizadeval za vstop v kolegij. Članek analizira delovanje združenja, kriterije za sprejem – nobilitas (plemiško poreklo), natalia (kraj rojstva), aetas (starost), studium (izobrazba) in mores (značaj) prosilca Marca – in odnos, ki se je vzpostavil med bratranci in strici znotraj plemiške rodbine Thiene.

Supplemental material available at Figshare: https://doi.org/10.25387/g3.7728512; Salmonids represent an intriguing taxonomical group for investigating genome evolution in vertebrates due to their relatively recent last common whole genome duplication event, which occurred between 80 and 100 million years ago. Here, we report on the chromosome-level genome assembly of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus), which represents one of the earliest diverged salmonid subfamilies. To achieve this, we first generated relatively long genomic scaffolds by using a previously published draft genome assembly along with long-read sequencing data and a linkage map. We then merged those scaffolds by applying synteny evidence from the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome. Comparisons of the European grayling genome assembly to the genomes of Atlantic salmon and Northern pike (Esox lucius), the latter used as a nonduplicated outgroup, detailed aspects of the characteristic chromosome evolution process that has taken place in European grayling. While Atlantic salmon and other salmonid genomes are portrayed by the typical occurrence of numerous chromosomal fusions, European grayling chromosomes were confirmed to be fusion-free and were characterized by a relatively large proportion of paracentric and pericentric inversions. We further reported on transposable elements specific to either the European grayling or Atlantic salmon genome, on the male-specific sdY gene in the European grayling chromosome 11A, and on regions under residual tetrasomy in the homeologous European grayling chromosome pairs 9A-9B and 25A-25B. The same chromosome pairs have been observed under residual tetrasomy in Atlantic salmon and in other salmonids, suggesting that this feature has been conserved since the subfamily split.

no abstract provided., Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 2018 (Special Issue 4): Think global, act local! Bell Beakers in Europe

International audience; Selon leur date de naissance, les personnes conçues par don au Royaume-Uni sont soumises à des règles différentes sur l’accès à leurs origines et ont à disposition divers moyens d’obtenir des informations : registre national géré par la Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), registres volontaires (Donor Conceived Register et Donor Sibling Link) et tests ADN privés via des sites internet de généalogie. Dans ce contexte, cette communication explore l’expérience d’adultes conçu.e.s par don de sperme concernant l’accès à leurs origines. Elle aborde d'une part les différentes postures face à l'accès aux origines, c'est à dire ce que les personnes font de l'information sur leur mode de conception. Elle propose d'autre part une première exploration des liens qui peuvent se tisser via le don à travers l'expérience d'un groupe constitué de personnes issues du même donneur.

The identification of Zamora with Numantia took place after the conquest of the former by king Alfonso III in the 9th century. The legend about the mythical origins of the city of the Douro was recovered by the Franciscan Juan Gil at the end of the 13th century. According to the friar, the heroic value of the inhabitants of Zamora, projected towards the past history of umantia, was a rhetorical strategy intended to reinforce the construction of a current identity. According to the author, the old model worked well, only because it denied the passage of time, and its capacity to adapt when confronting new circumstances was well suited to the needs of affirmation of an emerging proto-“nationalism”., La identificación de Zamora con Numancia se produjo a raíz de la conquista de la primera por Alfonso III en el siglo IX. La leyenda sobre los orígenes míticos de la urbe duriense siguió su cauce hasta que fue de nuevo recuperada por el franciscano Juan Gil a finales del siglo XIII. Para el fraile menor, el valor heroico de los zamoranos, proyectado hacia el pasado numantino, era una estrategia retórica destinada a reforzar la construcción de la identidad del presente. Para el autor, el viejo modelo resultaba operativo porque negaba el transcurso del tiempo, y porque su capacidad de volverse a actualizar ante nuevas circunstancias se ajustaba perfectamente a las necesidades de afirmación de un proto-“nacionalismo” emer-gente.

The ungulate domestication in the Near East: Origins and development

Traditionally a passageway for pilgrims en route for the Holy land, generating travelogues until the 17th century, the Mediterranean remained a dangerous place throughout the modern period. Explored by Arab geographers during the Middle Ages, it was then visited and described by numerous travellers who reported their experience from the 16th to the 18th century. Diplomats, merchants, cartographers, and naturalists collected information and data on their way to the Levant, the Barbary coast, Persia, and India. By the end of the Enlightenment, as the Grand Tour was wearing out on the continent, the Mediterranean became a locus of desire where Europeans went in quest of the origins of their civilisation. The Mediterranean was then turned into both a myth and an autonomous place; instead of being a mere passageway between the West, Africa and the East, the Mediterranean developped among travellers coming from the north a craze for its southern shores., Lieu de passage traditionnel des pèlerinages vers la Terre sainte qui générèrent de nombreux récits jusqu’au XVIIe siècle, la Méditerranée resta tout au long de l’époque moderne la source de multiples dangers. Mais tout comme elle avait été sillonnée par les géographes arabes au Moyen Âge, elle vit passer entre XVIe et XVIIIe siècles de nombreux voyageurs qui n’eurent de cesse d’écrire leur expérience. Diplomates et marchands, cartographes et naturalistes y collectèrent des connaissances de tous ordres sur le chemin du Levant, de la Barbarie, de la Perse et de l’Inde. À la fin de l’époque des Lumières, tandis que le Grand Tour s’épuisait sur le continent, la Méditerranée se mit à accueillir le désir d’un ailleurs où les Européens recherchaient les racines de leur civilisation. La mer Méditerranée se transforma à la fois en un mythe et en un milieu autonome, qui cessait de n’être qu’un espace intermédiaire entre l’Occident, l’Afrique et l’Orient pour devenir, en tant que Sud, l’enjeu d’une nouvelle passion des voyageurs venus du Nord.

International audience; Eurasian bifacial series present some common features, but are chiefly characterized by wide-ranging diversity in terms of bifacial technology and blank types, whereas the heavy-duty component presents a limited number of types or categories. Heavy-duty tools are present throughout the geographical areas but the frequency of handaxes and/or cleavers is generally low, except in some regions, where they are made on flakes and/or cobbles/pebbles, on siliceous stones or other rock types. So far, it appears to be generally accepted that bifacial technology became widespread from 800 to 700 ka onwards, both for Europe and Asia, except for some earlier occurrences in the Levant and India. It would thus be reasonable to infer that bifacial technology first reached the Levant from Africa before moving toward Asia, then Europe. However, the existing data point to a much more complex reality, suggesting contemporaneous technological worlds, with or without links between them. In the state of current knowledge, and based on the methodology used for analysing lithic series, it is impossible to clearly argue in favour of either a unique phenomenon with movements of hominins or/and ideas from an African source, or to point to evidence of several onsets of bifacial technology over time on a local substratum. The palaeoanthropological background shows the difficulties involved in characterizing the few available hominin fossils and clearly relating them to bifacial technology. The current context suggests that each area should be analysed independently. Accumulative technological processes in some areas due to successive arrivals and the influence of the local substratum, and local onsets must be considered, as these contribute to the diversity of the strategies encountered and the varied forms of bifacial technology.; Selon les zones géographiques et selon les séries comparées, l’Eurasie livre des séries bifaciales qui partagent des traits communs, mais, dans le temps et dans l’espace, c’est la diversité qui les caractérise. Les outils bifaciaux sont toujours présents, mais avec des fréquences réduites. Ils sont façonnés selon des stratégies variées, sur des supports et des matériaux eux-mêmes variés. Les données récentes attestent qu’ils se généralisent à partir de 800 à 700 ka à la fois en Europe et en Asie, excepté quelques témoignages plus anciens au Levant et en Inde. Il serait facile d’admettre que la technologie bifaciale a tout d’abord atteint le Levant avant l’Asie orientale et l’Europe. La réalité est plus complexe, suggérant des mondes technologiques contemporains étant ou non en relation. Les données dont nous disposons ne permettent pas à l’heure actuelle de concevoir un unique phénomène ayant abouti à la diffusion d’un Acheuléen est-africain par des mouvements de populations ou d’idées. Selon les méthodologies employées, des preuves d’émergence locale ne sont pas toujours claires selon les zones géographiques, par manque de données ou de datations. Les données paléoanthropologiques confirment la difficulté de relier des hommes aux outils bifaciaux et à les nommer. La réalité est que chaque secteur doit être étudié indépendamment, certains livrant des « outils bifaciaux », d’autres des « bifaces ». Des transformations locales ou bien issues de l’influence de nouvelles idées ou de groupes humains différents sont autant de possibilités et scénarios pour expliquer la diversité des stratégies rencontrées, démontrant la plasticité de la technologie bifaciale

International audience; This paper identifies several 15th/16th-century Portuguese (henceforth Classical Portuguese) features in four Portuguese-lexified creoles, i.e. (1) Cape Verdean Creole, (2) Guinea-Bissau Creole, (3) Papiamentu, and (4) Saramaccan. The last three share with each other the fact that they emerged in areas where social conditions for creolization were not met prior to the 17th century. Therefore, the presence of Classical Portuguese features in their core vocabulary and phonology requires an explanation. This paper argues that the shared features may have been inherited from Cape Verdean Creole.

International audience; L'adoption internationale a longtemps été saluée comme une démarche d'amour et d'humanité. Mais, depuis une vingtaine d'années, des doutes se font jour et troublent le regard porté sur ces formes de filiation. Les compétences parentales requises sont aujourd'hui encadrées, spécifiées et sujettes à des discours experts de plus en plus raffinés. L'origine et l'identité des adopté.e.s posent également question, témoignant d'inquiétudes révélatrices d'enjeux politiques plus profonds. Or, qui sont véritablement ces enfants immigrés ? Sont-ils totalement intégrés, « adoptés », ou demeurent-ils au contraire dans un entre-deux aussi labile que dangereux ? Toujours déjà renvoyé.e.s à leur passé biologique et biographique, les adopté.e.s apparaissent de plus en plus comme des sujets problématiques qui nécessiteraient une prise en charge psychologique et administrative, révélant ainsi des inquiétudes politiques et morales quant aux frontières de la nation et de la communauté.

This paper is the result of the International Cometary Workshop, held in Toulouse, France in April 2014, where the participants came together to assess our knowledge of comets prior to the ESA Rosetta Mission. In this paper, we look at the composition of the gas and dust from the comae of comets. With the gas, we cover the various taxonomic studies that have broken comets into groups and compare what is seen at all wavelengths. We also discuss what has been learned from mass spectrometers during flybys. A few caveats for our interpretation are discussed. With dust, much of our information comes from flybys. They include {\it in situ} analyses as well as samples returned to Earth for laboratory measurements. Remote sensing IR observations and polarimetry are also discussed. For both gas and dust, we discuss what instruments the Rosetta spacecraft and Philae lander will bring to bear to improve our understanding of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as "ground-truth" for our previous comprehensive studies. Finally, we summarize some of the initial Rosetta Mission findings., Comment: To appear in Space Science Reviews

International audience; The Human face in the Origins of the Neolithic: Interpreting human face depictions from Tell Qarassa North (9th millennium BC, Syria)

Contains fulltext : 136128.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The evolution of sophisticated differentiations of the gastro-intestinal tract enabled herbivorous mammals to digest dietary cellulose and hemicellulose with the aid of a complex anaerobic microbiota. Distinctive symbiotic ciliates, which are unique to this habitat, are the largest representatives of this microbial community. Analyses of a total of 484 different 18S rRNA genes show that extremely complex, but related ciliate communities can occur in the rumen of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer (301 sequences). The communities in the hindgut of equids (Equus caballus, Equus quagga), and elephants (Elephas maximus, Loxodonta africanus; 162 sequences), which are clearly distinct from the ruminant ciliate biota, exhibit a much higher diversity than anticipated on the basis of their morphology. All these ciliates from the gastro-intestinal tract constitute a monophyletic group, which consists of two major taxa, i.e. Vestibuliferida and Entodiniomorphida. The ciliates from the evolutionarily older hindgut fermenters exhibit a clustering that is specific for higher taxa of their hosts, as extant species of horse and zebra on the one hand, and Africa and Indian elephant on the other hand, share related ciliates. The evolutionary younger ruminants altogether share the various entodiniomorphs and the vestibuliferids from ruminants.

INRA UMR 1334 AGAP, Equipe DAVEM = Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne et des Espèces Méditerranéennes; Wild grapevine genetic diversity in southeast Turkey has not been documented to date. In the present work, in order to clarify the relationships between wild and cultivated grape accessions from southeastern Turkey, 22 nuclear and three chloroplast microsatellite loci were used on 21 wild grapevine Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) and 13 cultivated grapevine Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa accessions. The number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 4 (VVIn16) to 20 (VVIv67) and the mean allele number per locus was 10.09. Expected locus heterozygosity ranged from 0.586 (locus VVIb01) to 0.898 (locus (VVIv67)). The three cpSSR molecular markers presented variation in size both in cultivars and in wild Turkish accessions. Two size variants were detected for cpSSR3 (106 and 107 bp) for cpSSR5 (104 and 105 bp), and for cpSSR10 (115 and 116 bp). The six alleles in wild grapevines fell into three haplotypes B, C and D. A genetic structure according to accessions taxonomic status (wild or cultivated) was revealed by UPGMA analysis. This highlighted a clear separation between domesticated and wild accessions in Turkish germplasm. The results pointed out the need to further collect and characterize this wild and cultivated grapevine germplasm.

This study aims at answering the following question: what is jazz music? Starting with its musical specificities, I would like to reach the way jazz music is deeply linked to American social and cultural background. More than a simple definition, I tried to analyze it in order to reveal its inherent values and understand its historical context. To think about jazz music is to build an aesthetic coherence. Since jazz is not only swing and sounds, a proper jazz study must consider its origins by means of a genealogical method: why these people played such music at this precise moment? Musicological debates need social philosophy and historical sciences. This task has to take into account that it is a popular music emerging from the occidental and african music clash, all of this happening in a segregation context. If some can see music as abstraction, they leave out the very concrete and playful reality of jazz music. We play jazz, we dance jazz, it becomes movements, body attitudes and, by being so, requires more than a simple musicological analysis. My reflection is based on the following presupposition: jazz music takes part of the American Weltanschauung. This is the reason why I see jazz as a good introduction to American Cultural Studies and post-jazz musical theories.; Cette étude tente de répondre à la question "qu'est-ce que le jazz ?" en partant des spécificités musicologiques propres à cette musique pour rejoindre la pensée sociale et culturelle du jazz. Plus qu'un simple travail de définition, il s'agit d'analyser le jazz pour en extraire ses valeurs, d'interpréter les phénomènes musicaux jazzistiques en les plaçant toujours déjà dans un contexte historique et social déterminé. Penser le jazz, c'est établir son unité esthétique. Pourtant, on n'épuise pas le phénomène jazzistique à parler de swing et de sonorité : penser le jazz c'est aussi comprendre les origines musicales d'une telle musique et donc utiliser une méthode généalogique permettant de comprendre pourquoi, un jour, des hommes ont joué de la musique de telle manière. Le discours musicologique s'ouvre à la philosophie sociale et aux sciences historiques. Penser le jazz, c'est alors comprendre qu'il est une musique populaire, issu de la rencontre brutale des musique occidentale et africaine dans le contexte de la ségrégation raciale. Si certains discours sur la musique font de l'abstraction leur crédo, un discours sur le jazz semble devoir nécessairement prendre en compte les contextes socio-historiques dans lesquelles on joue du jazz. Le jazz se joue, se danse, s'incarne dans des gestes, des attitudes et des corps, et ce faisant, véhicule une pensée musicale que l'on ne peut pas comprendre si l'on s'en tient à une analyse musicologique. Penser le jazz comme pensée, ériger le jazz en porte d'entrée privilégiée d'une culture américaine naissante, comprendre l'encrage de la musique de jazz dans la Weltanschauung américaine sont les enjeux de cette étude qui donne en outre des pistes tant méthodologiques que généalogiques pour entreprendre une analyse des musiques populaires postérieures au jazz.

Zooarcheological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated in Southwest Asia ∼8,500 BC. They then spread across the Middle and Near East and westward into Europe alongside early agriculturalists. European pigs were either domesticated independently or more likely appeared so as a result of admixture between introduced pigs and European wild boar. As a result, European wild boar mtDNA lineages replaced Near Eastern/Anatolian mtDNA signatures in Europe and subsequently replaced indigenous domestic pig lineages in Anatolia. The specific details of these processes, however, remain unknown. To address questions related to early pig domestication, dispersal, and turnover in the Near East, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA and dental geometric morphometric variation in 393 ancient pig specimens representing 48 archeological sites (from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the Medieval period) from Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Syria, and Turkey. Our results reveal the first genetic signatures of early domestic pigs in the Near Eastern Neolithic core zone. We also demonstrate that these early pigs differed genetically from those in western Anatolia that were introduced to Europe during the Neolithic expansion. In addition, we present a significantly more refined chronology for the introduction of European domestic pigs into Asia Minor that took place during the Bronze Age, at least 900 years earlier than previously detected. By the 5th century AD, European signatures completely replaced the endemic lineages possibly coinciding with the widespread demographic and societal changes that occurred during the Anatolian Bronze and Iron Ages., This work was supported by grants from the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/F003382/1), the Leverhulme Trust (F/00 128/AX), the Belgian Program on Inter-University Poles of Attraction (IAP 6/22), the Research Fund of the KU Leuven (BOF-GOA 07/02), the Hercules Foundation (AKUL/09/16), and the Deutsche Archäologisches Institut (DAI). G.L. was supported by an RCUK Academic Fellowship, J.P. was supported by the German Science Foundation (PE 424/10-1), M.W. received a Methusalem grant from the Flemish Ministry for Science Policy, and C.G. was supported by the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin (Research Cluster 1, Project 8999539). All research within the framework of the Sagalassos Project was carried out by the Centre for Archeological Sciences of the KU Leuven. Archeozoological research in Iran was supported by the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicraft, and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO); the UMR 7209 of the CNRS/MNHN; the British Institute for Persian Studies; the Cultural Service of the French Embassy in Iran; and the University of Edinburgh. Interdisciplinary research into the Neolithic of Southwest Iran was supported by a joint French Japanese Cooperation project (04.2.444) and JSPS. The archaeozoological study of Neolithic Ulucak has been funded through an individual fieldwork grant from the Institute for Aegean Prehistory since 2008 and C.C. was supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (postdoctoral fellowship to non-EU researchers).

International audience; The Eastern African coast of both cultural diversity and alterity invite us to think over the conditions and consequences of the revisiting among various cultures, such as: African, Asiatic, and European, as well as their successive mixture in dealing with their mutual contributions and their deep transformations which ended up in modelling the region of the Indian Ocean, especially in Mozambique. This paper also deals with a type of analysis that involves a debate. In other words, it is related to a dialogue which is meant to reconcile these societies with their common past. Moreover, it is also dealing with creating/ launching some peaceful and solidary basis on both past and future perspectives. On doing so, it is expected to evidence some challenges from our present moment up to the coming future, which is to respect cultural diversities.; La diversité culturelle et l’altérité de la côte orientale de l’Afrique nous invite à une démarche pour réfléchir sur les conditions et les conséquences de la rencontre entre les diverses cultures (africaine, asiatique et européenne) et leurs emprunts successifs, leurs apports mutuels et les transformations profondes qui en ont résulté dans la région de l’océan Indien en général et au Mozambique en particulier. Cet article est une analyse qui nous permet de développer un débat, un dialogue ayant pour but de réconcilier les sociétés avec leur passé commun, mais aussi et surtout de jeter les bases de la solidarité et de la paix dans l’avenir, et de relever les défis de notre temps et du futur pour le respect de la diversité des cultures.

Located in the multicultural and intercultural context of island of La Réunion, education and transmission of family about cultural identity reunion are complex and threatened. The "refusal" or "ownership" is illustrated by multiple factors. The "refusal" is usually motivated by the pressure modernist republican assimilation and global representing a springboard to social advancement which leads to an abandonment of values considered old, and most often devalued. The reasons for the refusal is realized, in the same way, by ethnic and creole reunion community influences, more or less low symbolic capital, and little aware about its "roots", that is to say a "symbolic coherence ". The "ownership" of reunion cultural identity is on it, sometimes motivated by a militant of socio-politico-economic focus exclusively on La Réunion, but also awareness of the cultural wealth of Reunion, either naturally or face losses due to globalization, after the lack of experience or to feel they belong to a group, etc. These two trends are emerging based on the choices of education and transmission, registered within families. A third way between "refusal" and "ownership" seems to gradually impose : a path to a "weaving a new mixing" work on a conscious and intentional appropriation of a new cultural fiber and identity, where be reconciled the wealth of the cultural and the réunion creole identity, french identity, modernism and globalization., Situées dans le contexte pluriculturel et interculturel de l'île de La Réunion, l'éducation et la transmission familiale de l'identité culturelle réunionnaise sont complexes et menacées. Le « refus » ou l'« appropriation » s'illustrent par de multiples facteurs. Le « refus » est généralement motivé par la pression moderniste et assimilatrice républicaine et mondiale représentant un tremplin vers la promotion sociale ; ce qui entraine l’abandon de valeurs considérées comme anciennes, et les plus souvent dévalorisées. La motivation du refus se réalise de même par des influences des origines ethniques de cette communauté créole réunionnaise, à plus ou moins faible capital symbolique, et peu sensibilisée à ses « racines », c'est-à-dire à une « cohérence symbolique ». L'« appropriation » de l'identité culturelle réunionnaise se trouve, quant à elle, motivée parfois par un certain militantisme des tendances socio-politico-économiques exclusivement centrées sur La Réunion, mais aussi la prise de conscience de la richesse culturelle réunionnaise, soit naturellement, soit face aux pertes dues à la mondialisation, soit après l'expérience du manque ou encore pour sentir son appartenance à un groupe, etc. Ces deux courants se dessinent en fonction des choix d'éducation et de transmission, inscrites au sein des familles. Une troisième voie, entre « refus » et « appropriation » semble s'imposer peu à peu : une voie vers un « tissage d'un nouveau métissage » ; un travail sur une appropriation consciente et intentionnelle d'une nouvelle fibre culturelle et identitaire, où seraient conciliées la richesse de l'identité culturelle créole réunionnaise et celle de l'identité française, du modernisme et de la mondialisation.

International audience; Cette contribution tente de faire le point sur ce que l'on peut tenir pour certain quant aux débuts de l'institutionnalisation d'un enseignement de médecine à Paris

Bacteria use the global bipolarization of their chromosomes into replichores to control the dynamics and segregation of their genome during the cell cycle. This involves the control of protein activities by recognition of specific short DNA motifs whose orientation along the chromosome is highly skewed. The KOPS motifs act in chromosome segregation by orienting the activity of the FtsK DNA translocase towards the terminal replichore junction. KOPS motifs have been identified in gamma-Proteobacteria and in Bacillus subtilis as closely related G-rich octamers. We have identified the KOPS motif of Lactococcus lactis, a model bacteria of the Streptococcaceae family harbouring a compact and low GC% genome. This motif, 5'-GAAGAAG-3, was predicted in silico using the occurrence and skew characteristics of known KOPS motifs. We show that it is specifically recognized by L. lactis FtsK in vitro and controls its activity in vivo. L. lactis KOPS is thus an A-rich heptamer motif. Our results show that KOPS-controlled chromosome segregation is conserved in Streptococcaceae but that KOPS may show important variation in sequence and length between bacterial families. This suggests that FtsK adapts to its host genome by selecting motifs with convenient occurrence frequencies and orientation skews to orient its activity.

Have health and education, two fundamental principles of our society, evolved similarly and put their concerns together ? At the present state of the school Health educational development, the two authors, specialists in the history of health, return to the origins and to the changes of health concerns in schools. At the present time, when the problems of the health of citizens and the difficulties in maintaining health are still persistent, as is the will to participate in school health promotion, the article provides a historical telling of our society and its contradictory health behaviors when facing disease and death., La santé et l’éducation, deux principes fondamentaux de notre société, ont-elles évolué de façon similaire et leurs préoccupations se sont-elles rejointes ? A l’heure du développement de l’éducation de la santé à l’école, les deux auteurs, spécialistes de l’histoire de la santé, reviennent sur les origines des préoccupations de santé à l’école et leurs évolutions. À l’heure des problèmes toujours tenaces concernant la santé de certains citoyens et des difficultés à se maintenir en santé, de la volonté de faire participer l’École à la promotion de la santé, l’article apporte un éclairage historique révélateur de notre société sanitaire et de nombreux comportements contradictoires face à la maladie et à la mort., Nourrisson Didier, Parayre Séverine. Histoire de l’éducation à la santé à l’école : une lente et complexe ascension (XVIIIe-XXIe siècles). In: Spirale. Revue de recherches en éducation, n°50, 2012. Les éducations à… : quelles recherches, quels questionnements ? sous la direction de Maria Pagoni et Nicole Tutiaux-Guillon. pp. 81-94.

International audience; The isotopic compositions of terrestrial hydrogen and nitrogen are clearly different from those of the nebular gas from which the solar system formed, and also differ from most of cometary values. Terrestrial N and H isotopic compositions are in the range of values characterizing primitive meteorites, which suggests that water, nitrogen, and other volatile elements on Earth originated from a cosmochemical reservoir that also sourced the parent bodies of primitive meteorites. Remnants of the proto-solar nebula (PSN) are still present in the mantle, presumably signing the sequestration of PSN gas at an early stage of planetary growth. The contribution of cometary volatiles appears limited to a few percents at most of the total volatile inventory of the Earth. The isotope signatures of H, N, Ne and Ar can be explained by mixing between two end-members of solar and chondritic compositions, respectively, and do not require isotopic fractionation during hydrodynamic escape of an early atmosphere. The terrestrial inventory of 40Ar (produced by the decay of 40K throughout the Earth's history) suggests that a significant fraction of radiogenic argon may be still trapped in the silicate Earth. By normalizing other volatile element abundances to this isotope, it is proposed that the Earth is not as volatile-poor as previously thought. Our planet may indeed contain up to ~3000 ppm water (preferred range : 1000-3000 ppm), and up to ~500 ppm C, both largely sequestrated in the solid Earth. This volatile content is equivalent to a ~2 (±1) % contribution of carbonaceous chondrite (CI-CM) material to a dry proto-Earth, which is higher than the contribution of chondritic material advocated to account for the platinum group element budget of the mantle. Such a (relatively) high contribution of volatile-rich matter is consistent with the accretion of a few wet planetesimals during Earth accretion, as proposed by recent dynamical models. The abundance pattern of major volatile elements and of noble gases is also chondritic, with two notable exceptions. Nitrogen is depleted by one order of magnitude relative to water, carbon and most noble gases, which is consistent with either N retention in a mantle phase during magma generation, or trapping of N in the core. Xenon is also depleted by one order of magnitude, and enriched in heavy isotopes relative to chondritic or solar Xe (the so-called "xenon paradox"). This depletion and isotope fractionation might have taken place due to preferential ionization of xenon by UV light from the early Sun, either before Earth's formation on parent material, or during irradiation of the ancient atmosphere. The second possibility is consistent with a recent report of chondritic-like Xe in Archean sedimentary rocks that suggests that this process was still ongoing during the Archean eon (Pujol et al., 2011). If the depletion of Xe in the atmosphere was a long-term process that took place after the Earth-building events, then the amounts of atmospheric 129Xe and 131-136Xe, produced by the short-lived radioactivities of 129I (T1/2 = 16 Ma) and 244Pu (T1/2 = 82 Ma), respectively, need to be corrected for subsequent loss. Doing so, the I-Pu-Xe age of the Earth becomes ≤50 Ma after start of solar system formation, instead of ~120 Ma as computed with the present-day atmospheric Xe inventory.

Ocean Dweller Sequenced The Tunicates, which include the solitary free-swimming larvaceans that are a major pelagic component of our oceans, are a basal lineage of the chordates. In order to investigate the major evolutionary transition represented by these organisms, Denoeud et al. (p. 1381 , published online 18 November) sequenced the genome of Oikopleura dioica , a chordate placed by phylogeny between vertebrates and amphioxus. Surprisingly, the genome showed little conservation in genome architecture when compared to the genomes of other animals. Furthermore, this highly compacted genome contained intron gains and losses, as well as species-specific gene duplications and losses that may be associated with development. Thus, contrary to popular belief, global similarities of genome architecture from sponges to humans are not essential for the preservation of ancestral morphologies.

Livre bilingue français-portugais; Le capverdien (ou créole du Cap-Vert) est la langue maternelle de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde, vivant en République du Cap-Vert ou originaires de ce pays.S'il est vrai que le créole capverdien tire une grande partie de sa substance du portugais, il est tout aussi indéniable que la langue créole du Cap-Vert contient de nombreux mots et structures grammaticales issus de diverses langues africaines.Le présent ouvrage fait le point sur l'importance et la valeur de cet élément africain présent dans la langue capverdienne. Il montre, en utilisant des arguments linguistiques et historiques, que le créole du Cap-Vert peut légitimement être considéré comme une langue afro-portugaise et souligne les liens profonds qui continuent d'unir la langue capverdienne et les idiomes parlés par les ancêtres africains des Capverdiens d'aujourd'hui.; O caboverdiano (ou crioulo de Cabo Verde) é língua materna de mais de um milhão de pessoas em todo o mundo, incluindo os residentes na República de Cabo Verde e as comunidades da diáspora caboverdiana.Se bem que o caboverdiano seja uma língua de base fundamentalmente portuguesa, não se pode deixar de reconhecer nele a presença de numerosas palavras e estruturas gramaticais oriundas de diversas línguas africanas.Esta obra vem defender a importância e o valor do elemento africano na língua de Cabo Verde. Aqui se mostra, numa argumentação sustentada em dados linguísticos e históricos, que o crioulo de Cabo Verde pode legitimamente ser considerado uma língua afro-portuguesa, e se sublinha a persistência, ainda hoje, de laços profundos entre a língua caboverdiana e as línguas faladas pelos antepassados africanos da população caboverdiana.

The speech code is a vehicle of language: it defines a set of forms used by a community to carry information. Such a code is necessary to support the linguistic interactions that allow humans to communicate. How then may a speech code be formed prior to the existence of linguistic interactions? Moreover, the human speech code is discrete and compositional, shared by all the individuals of a community but different across communities, and phoneme inventories are characterized by statistical regularities. How can a speech code with these properties form? We try to approach these questions in the paper, using the “methodology of the artificial”. We build a society of artificial agents, and detail a mechanism that shows the formation of a discrete speech code without pre-supposing the existence of linguistic capacities or of coordinated interactions. The mechanism is based on a low-level model of sensory–motor interactions. We show that the integration of certain very simple and non-language-specific neural devices leads to the formation of a speech code that has properties similar to the human speech code. This result relies on the self-organizing properties of a generic coupling between perception and production within agents, and on the interactions between agents. The artificial system helps us to develop better intuitions on how speech might have appeared, by showing how self-organization might have helped natural selection to find speech.