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The aim of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of two well-established measures of sociocultural influence and internalization of the thin/low body fat ideal and muscular ideal. Data from 6272 emerging adults (68.9 % female), aged 18-30 years from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Italy, Japan, Spain, and the U.S. were included in this study. Participants completed measures of pressure from mother, fathers, peers, and media, to both increase muscles and lose weight, as well as internalization of the thin/low body fat ideal and muscular ideal. Overall, support for partial invariance was found across the scales. In addition, group level differences were found between countries as well as along demographic factors including gender, age, body mass index, and socioeconomic status. These findings make an important contribution by identifying these scales as useful tools that will support future cross-country and cross-cultural examinations of explanatory models of the development of body image and eating concerns grounded within sociocultural theories.

International audience; Standardised sensitivity data on marine habitats is an essential support in the management ofhuman activities at regional, national and international scales. We developed a methodology forassessing the sensitivity of marine habitats to human pressures, as well as associated guidanceon how to use the resulting sensitivity assessments. The sensitivity of 41 French Mediterraneanbenthic habitats to 12 physical pressures was assessed as part of the first stage of this project;other physical, chemical and biological pressures will be defined and assessed shortly. Resultswill feed into risk assessments allowing the identification of conservation priorities and thedevelopment of spatial planning strategies. By maximising methodological consistency in thegeneration of sensitivity data with other Member States, and sharing the outputs of this projectinternationally, we hope to facilitate collective use of sensitivity information under the HabitatsDirective, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Marine Spatial Planning Directive andthe Regional Sea Conventions (such as Barcelona Convention).

International audience; Despite facing increasing pressures and natural threats, complex marine and coastal ecosystems provide a large diversity of services which directly and indirectly contribute to our wellbeing. Assessing the socioeconomic importance of these ecosystem services has been increasingly recognised as a potential argument to support sustainable management of marine ecosystems. A diversity of qualitative and quantitative methodologies and tools has been used including monetary and non-monetary approaches. One way of scoping and simplifying assessments is to start with a clear focus on the management questions that could benefit from a better understanding of ecosystem services. Such a demand-driven approach requires an ecosystem service assessment that begins with the stakeholders. Expert scientific knowledge can be used to identify what data and types of assessment are actually needed to inform management decisions, and also what, practically, can be undertaken in terms of assessment. This chapter presents a stepwise process, called the ‘triage,’ that creates a transparent and strategic process engaging practitioners to determine where best to focus the effort of both natural and social scientists involved in a marine and coastal ecosystem services assessment.

This chapter presents an overview of the factors influencing the chemical, physical and biological status of soils, water and the biosphere in urban allotment gardens. It places in context the past activity associated with the sites within the urban ecosystem. It demonstrates links between the soil and water quality used as part of the functioning of allotments, and relationship to their ecosystem services (see Chapter 5). In urban environments, garden soils, water and biosphere are, like other urban spaces, affected by pollution due to their location either in the city centre or in the suburbs. The impact of traffic infrastructures and industrial zones on soil and water quality in urban gardens has been widely identified (Charlesworth et al., 2011). Early studies on the risk assessment established the relationship between garden soil pollution and emission sources in urban neighbourhoods. The pollutant (mainly metals) transfer from the soil to plants has been more extensively studied than the foliar transfer of pollutants from atmospheric deposition. Concerns over long-term risks in uncontrolled environments have been widely publicized (e.g. Lock and de Zeeuw, 2001).

International audience; Isothermal (vapour + liquid) equilibrium data (P–x–y) are presented for the 1-propene +1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-propene and the 1-propene + 2,2,3-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)oxirane binary systems. Both binary systems were studied at five temperatures, ranging from (279.36 to 318.09) K, atpressures up to 2 MPa. The experimental (vapour + liquid) equilibrium data were measured using an apparatus based on the ‘‘(static + analytic)’’ method incorporating a single movable Rapid On-Line Sampler-Injector to sample the liquid and vapour phases at equilibrium. The expanded uncertainties are approximated on average as = 0.07 K, 0.008 MPa, and 0.007 and 0.009 for the temperature, pressure, and the liquid and vapour mole fractions, respectively. A homogenous maximum-pressure azeotrope was observed for both binary systems at all temperatures studied. The experimental data were correlated with the Peng–Robinson equation of state using the Mathias–Copeman alpha function, paired with theWong–Sandler mixing rule and the Non-Random Two Liquid activity coefficient model. The model provided satisfactory representation of the phase equilibrium data measured

Phys. Rev. E ISI Document Delivery No.: AE1BR Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 33 Capron, M. Tordjeman, Ph. Charru, F. Badel, E. Cochard, H. Amer physical soc College pk; The xylem vessels of trees constitute a model natural microfluidic system. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of air flow in the Populus xylem. The vessel microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) at different length scales. The xylem vessels have length approximate to 15 cm and diameter approximate to 20 mu m. Flow from one vessel to the next occurs through similar to 10(2) pits, which are grouped together at the ends of the vessels. The pits contain a thin, porous pit membrane with a thickness of 310 nm. We have measured the Young's moduli of the vessel wall and of the pits (both water-saturated and after drying) by specific nanoindentation and nanoflexion experiments with AFM. We found that both the dried and water-saturated pit membranes have Young's modulus around 0.4 MPa, in agreement with values obtained by micromolding of pits deformed by an applied pressure difference. Air injection experiments reveal that air flows through the xylem vessels when the differential pressure across a sample is larger than a critical value Delta P-c = 1.8 MPa. In order to model the air flow rate for Delta P >= Delta P-c, we assumed the pit membrane to be a porous medium that is strained by the applied pressure difference. Water menisci in the pit pores play the role of capillary valves, which open at Delta P = Delta P-c. From the point of view of the plant physiology, this work presents a basic understanding of the physics of bordered pits.

International audience; Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium data are presented for binary systems containing perfluorobutane with carbon monoxide or nitric oxide. The measurements were undertaken for both systems at three temperatures ranging from (293 to 333) K, with pressures ranging from (0.965 to 16.130) MPa. The measured data were successfully correlated via the direct method using the Peng-Robinson equation of state incorporating the Mathias-Copeman/Stryjek-Vera alpha function and the Wong-Sandler mixing rule utilizing the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model.

International audience; Vapor-liquid equilibria of two compounds, glycerol (or 1,2,3-propanetriol) and 1,3-propanediol, and two mixtures, glycerol + water and glycerol + 1,3-propanediol, were determined using a static apparatus. The obtained pressure values range from 6 Pa to 45 kPa for the compounds and from (32 to 163) kPa for the mixtures. From the temperature dependence of the vapor pressures, the molar enthalpies of vaporization at the mean temperature of the experimental range were derived from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. From these results the standard enthalpies of vaporization at T = 298.15 K were calculated. The experimental data of the mixtures were correlated using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model.

Experimental study of the influence of protection structures on avalanches and impact pressures Abstract: In the frame of snow avalanche protection, the optimisation of defence structure design depends on the understanding of the flow dynamics and on a exhaustive knowledge of the flow-obstacle interaction. The study presented here utilises a mainly experimental approach. Small-scale laboratory tests were combined with field measurements and observations. Dense snow avalanches are modelled by granular materials. Dry cohesionless and mono-dispersed glass beads are released down an inclined channel. Reference tests (with no obstacles) were carried out in order to characterise the flow dynamic properties, and an obstacle was then mounted and force measurements were taken. The geometry of two obstacles was tested: a large wall spanning the whole width of the flow and a narrower wall allowing lateral flows. Results showed that an influence zone forms uphill from the obstacle and plays an important role in the flow dynamics. An analysis of this zone was carried out, together with precise measurements of the flow depth (laser technique), surface velocity (PIV) and impact forces (force sensors). In relation to density currents, powder snow avalanches are modelled by a dyed salt solution flowing down an inclined channel immersed in a water tank. We investigated the influence of two different catching-dam-type obstacles on the flow behaviour with respect to reference conditions. The maximum flow height and its front and core velocity were measured by means of image processing and ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. Results mainly showed the higher effectiveness of a dam with vertical uphill face rather than inclined and underscored the importance of the velocity norm in the computation of the total incoming flow velocity. In-situ full-scale measurements complement small-scale laboratory tests. A new full-scale experimental site was implemented on the existing avalanche defence system of Taconnaz (Chamonix, France). Three breaking mounds were equipped with velocity and pressure sensors. The reference event, the rough site conditions, the need for data synchronization and remote access defined the design constraints. In December 2010, the first event was recorded, which proved that the conceived system works effectively and also provided the first set of data. Preliminary results showed very high pressure peaks with high impact pressures even for low velocity regimes and thus a drag coefficient which increases when the Froude number decreases. Isolated rocks or ice blocks struck the sensors, contributing significantly to the total energy released by the avalanche. This work provided effective inputs for numerical and analytical models and enhanced the current knowledge of avalanche dynamics in order to optimise the future design guidelines for avalanche protection structures. Keywords: Snow avalanches, impact pressure, laboratory experiments, dense avalanches, granular flows, influence zone, dead zone to granular jump transition, powder avalanches, density currents, ultrasound Doppler velocimetry, full-scale measurements., L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en français

Cavitation erosion during the incubation period was investigated via pitting tests conducted on three different materials: an Aluminum alloy, a Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloy and a Duplex Stainless Steel. Pitting tests were conducted in a cavitation tunnel in the velocity range 45-90 m/s at a constant cavitation number. The test section was made of a straight nozzle 16 mm in diameter discharged into the radial 2.5 mm space between two flat walls. Cavitation appears in the form of a toroidal cavity attached to the nozzle exit and damage on the samples facing the nozzle is concentrated in a circular ring centered in the cavity closure region. The exposure time was adjusted to avoid pit overlapping. The material surface was examined using a conventional contact profilometer which allowed us to identify the pits, count them, and measure their main characteristics such as depth, surface area, and volume. From these the pitting rate, the coverage rate, and the depth of deformation rate were defined. Pits were classified according to their diameter. For all materials and operating conditions, pitting rate appears to follow an exponential law in relation to the pit diameter. This law depends upon two parameters only, which were identified as the coverage time tau (i.e. the time required for the surface to be covered by erosion pits) and a characteristic pit diameter delta, which corresponds to the pits whose contribution to the coverage process is the highest. Scaling laws for pitting were derived accounting for both material properties and flow velocity, and a procedure to make pitting test results non-dimensional is proposed. The influence of the material on pitting test results was analyzed. It is shown that the damage is not correlated in simple terms with the elastic limit determined from conventional tensile tests and it is conjectured that other parameters such as the strain rate might play a significant role and should be included in the analysis. The effect of flow velocity on both parameters tau and delta was analyzed and a classical power law was found for the influence of the flow velocity on pitting rate for all three materials. Finally, some analysis and discussion is given concerning distributions of pit volume and pit depth. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Since 1958 MPs’, whatever their assembly or their group, show an exemplary unity of vote. The latter is the result of party discipline, a compound subject, which some, in particular, MPs’ and those who have authority to assist them, define as self-discipline. Party discipline appears, however, as the outcome of a conditioning mixed with constraints exercised by organizations, parliamentary groups, political parties and Government. Their common interest is to maintain unity. They all act towards the elected members. The latter, on principle, subscribe to the voting instructions, worked out within the scope of the group, under the party and/or the executive power control. Nevertheless, the elected members may sometimes be reluctant.All these actions become pressure, confirming that unity is not only the result of cohesion but really of party discipline. Beyond the parliamentary practice, and because it guarantees powers’ collaboration, which is peculiar to the parliamentary system, party discipline has become, as its constancy shows, a major characteristic of the French Fifth Republic. An institutional practice that appeared, however, to go against the French representative system’s principles, established during the Revolution. If party discipline is now considered as, if not in accordance with, but at least compatible with them, it is that it reveals a new way to define the parliamentary system, based not on powers’ divisions anymore, but on their fusion; Depuis 1958, les parlementaires, quels que soient leur assemblée ou leur groupe, manifestent une unité de vote exemplaire. Celle-ci est la manifestation de la discipline de vote, phénomène complexe que certains, notamment, les parlementaires et ceux qui ont vocation à les assister, définissent comme une autodiscipline. Elle apparaît, cependant, comme le résultat d’un conditionnement mâtiné de contraintes exercées par des structures, groupes parlementaires, partis politiques et Gouvernement, qui ont intérêt au maintien de l’unité. Tous agissent en direction des élus qui, s’ils adhèrent par principe à la consigne de vote élaborée dans le cadre du groupe, sous le contrôle du parti et/ou du pouvoir exécutif, peuvent parfois exprimer quelques réticences. Ces actions, cumulées, prennent la forme de pressions et confortent l’existence de la discipline de vote.Au-delà de la pratique parlementaire, et parce qu’elle assure la collaboration des pouvoirs propre au régime parlementaire, la discipline de vote est devenue, comme le démontre sa constance, une caractéristique de la Cinquième République. Une pratique institutionnelle qui semblait pourtant contraire aux principes du régime représentatif, forgés à la Révolution. Si la discipline de vote est aujourd’hui considérée comme, sinon conforme, du moins compatible avec eux, c’est qu’elle révèle une lecture rénovée du régime parlementaire, fondée non plus sur la division, mais sur la fusion des pouvoirs

The alpine Mediterrranean highlands: geosystems under long-lasting natural and anthropogenic pressures (Millefonts catchment, Southern Alps, France)

International audience; Seagrasses appear relevant bioindicators of metallic contamination in coastal waters. Posidonia oceanica leaves were collected at six locations along the north and east coast of the Adriatic Sea selected on the basis of the presence of different types and levels of human-induced pressures. Concentration of seven trace-metals (Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb), as well as the Methyl-Mercury content, were determined. The level of contamination is low at the pristine site of Lavdara (Cu: 4.73 ± 0.01 μg/g; Hg: 0.054 ± 0.003 μg/g; Met-Hg: 0.015 ± 0.000 μg/g; Ni: 21.40 ± 0.63 μg/g; Pb: 0.90 ± 0.10 μg/g) and higher along the Slovenian coast (Cu: 11.83 ± 0.22 μg/g, Hg : 0.092 ± 0.004 μg/g ; Met-Hg: 0.027 ± 0.004 μg/g; Ni: 40.07 ± 2.08 μg/g, Pb: 1.50 ± 0.06 μg/g). Generally, Mercury and the associated trace metals contents are relatively high in P. oceanica collected in the Northern Adriatic region. This is due not only to the strong anthropogenic impact (ports of Trieste and Koper, former chloralkaline plant - PVC near Seget Donji) but also to the geological characteristics of the hinterland (former cinnabar ore in Slovenia). This preliminary study confirms the capability of P. oceanica to record trace metal in relation with humaninduced pressures, as well as with geological background of the coast.

International audience; The assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal area is essential to target management plans effectively, and moreover is required by the EU Water Framework Directive. A simple and cost-effective assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal zone is applied using two methodologies: a qualitative visual assessment which uses satellite images; and a quantitative assessment based on governmental census data. These methods are applied to defined areas (23 areas) of four Italian regions: Liguria, Tuscany, Latium and Sardinia. The results show a high agreement (83%) between these two methods, in which only four of the 23 areas are classified differently. These differences may mainly be ascribed to the qualitative or quantitative properties of the methods, and to the different geographical units adopted. These characteristics however provide complementary information, which suggests that the application of both proposed methods confirms reliability and allows fine-tuning of the assessment. The pressure assessment proposed is simple, time and cost-effective, and repeatable over time and space. It therefore can be applied in different contexts to respond to legislative requirements or to target management plans and remedial actions effectively.

International audience; The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of the material parameters such as permeability, thermal diffusivity, and pore size distribution on the mechanical behavior of cementitious structures submitted to frost action, such as surface scaling. An experimental device, in which a cement paste specimen is exposed to freezing-thawing cycles under a thermal gradient, has been developed. The experimental results show that under high thermal gradient (up to 1.5°C/mm), skin damage can occur without a saline layer in contact with the frozen surface. This can be explained and quantified in the framework of poromechanics. The model is based on the coupling between liquid-ice crystal thermodynamic equilibrium, liquid water transport, thermal conduction, and elastic properties of the different phases that form the saturated porous material. It eventually predicts that a less permeable sample is more susceptible to damage by surface defacement, which explains the observed experimental result.

A new technique for generating xylem cavitation and vulnerability curves was evaluated. The centrifugal force was used to lower the negative pressure in a xylem segment and to induce a positive pressure difference between sample's ends. This enabled the determination of sample hydraulic conductance during centrifugation and, hence, its variation with decreasing xylem pressures. The centrifuge technique was compared with standard methods on a large number of species including conifers, diffuse-porous and ring-porous woody angiosperms. A very good agreement was found for coniferous and diffuse-porous species. However, the technique was not appropriate for ring-porous species, probably because many vessels were cut open in the centrifuged xylem segments. The main advantage of this technique is its rapidity, the vulnerability curve of a xylem segment being constructed typically in less than half an hour. This will greatly facilitate the study of xylem cavitation in ecological or genetic researches.

International audience; A fluid-filled cylindrical cavern of circular cross section in a homogeneous infinite fluid-saturated polycristalline (salt) formation subjected to isotropic stress is set under internal pressure that differs from the confining pressure. The fluid in the cavern and in the mixture is treated as ideal and the solid as elastic. The state of stress that is established as a consequence of an outside pressure and a cavern pressure serves as the reference state. Perturbing the cavern pressure induces small changes in the solid and fluid densities and in the solid displacements. We compute these and other fields as functions of the radial distance from the cavern center and show that, depending on the relative stress levels, the (salt) formation experiences either a dilatation or a compaction that is highly concentrated in a thin boundary layer near the cavern wall and tapers off as one moves away from it. The amount of dilatation/compaction of the cylindrical wall and the thickness of the boundary layer grow with an increase in the difference between the referential confining pressure and the pressure in the cavern.