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1. FOOT: a new experiment to measure nuclear fragmentation at intermediate energies

Author

M. Pullia, E. Iarocci, Nadia Pastrone, C. La Tessa, M. Emde, M. Rovituso, Alberto Clozza, C. Sanelli, M. C. Morone, A. Di Crescenzo, G. Ambrosi, L. Narici, Giancarlo Sportelli, Veronica Ferrero, Francesco Tommasino, Matteo Franchini, Maria Cristina Montesi, M. Ionica, Stefano Argiro, Niccolò Camarlinghi, R. Faccini, Mauro Villa, Gabriella Sartorelli, Antonio Zoccoli, L. Galli, M. Vanstalle, K. Kanxheri, Christoph Schuy, Esther Ciarrocchi, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, Marco Durante, Valeria Rosso, M. Selvi, Ilaria Mattei, M. Sitta, M. Garbini, Uli Weber, Matteo Morrocchi, Giacomo Traini, Marco Francesconi, Piergiorgio Cerello, Eleuterio Spiriti, Nicola Belcari, S. Brambilla, L. Ramello, R. Hetzel, C. Finck, Andrey Alexandrov, Silvia Biondi, Giuseppe Battistoni, Osamu Sato, Adele Lauria, M. Marafini, Giuseppe Giraudo, R. Mirabelli, R. Spighi, F. Ferroni, Silvia Muraro, Leonello Servoli, Achim Stahl, S. M. Valle, G. De Lellis, Graziano Bruni, Angelo Schiavi, Alessio Sarti, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, E. Scifoni, Alessandra Pastore, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valle, S.M., Alexandrov, A., Ambrosi, G., Argirò, S., Battistoni, G., Belcari, N., Biondi, S., Bisogni, M.G., Bruni, G., Brambilla, S., Camarlinghi, N., Cerello, P., Ciarrocchi, E., Clozza, A., De Lellis, G., Di Crescenzo, A., Durante, M., Emde, M., Faccini, R., Ferrero, V., Ferroni, F., Finck, C., Francesconi, M., Franchini, M., Galli, L., Garbini, M., Giraudo, G., Hetzel, R., Iarocci, E., Ionica, M., Kanxheri, K., Lauria, A., La Tessa, C., Marafini, M., Mattei, I., Mirabelli, R., Montesi, M.C., Morone, M.C., Morrocchi, M., Muraro, S., Narici, L., Pastore, A., Pastrone, N., Patera, V., Pullia, M., Ramello, L., Rosso, V., Rovituso, M., Sanelli, C., Sarti, A., Sartorelli, G., Sato, O., Schiavi, A., Schuy, C., Scifoni, E., Sciubba, A., Selvi, M., Servoli, L., Sitta, M., Spighi, R., Spiriti, E., Sportelli, G., Stahl, A., Tommasino, F., Traini, G., Vanstalle, M., Villa, M., Weber, U., Zoccoli, A., Valle, S. M., Bisogni, M. G., Montesi, M. C., and Morone, M. C.

Subjects
Materials science, Tracking detector, medicine.medical_treatment, Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs, Physics::Medical Physics, Bragg peak, Scintillator, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Hadrontherapy, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Science (General), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Particle therapy, cross section, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, Settore FIS/04, Settore FIS/07, Nuclear fragmentation, Scintillating detectors, Charged particle, Time of flight, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Q, Beam (structure), lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract

Summary: Charged particle therapy exploits proton or 12C beams to treat deep-seated solid tumors. Due to the advantageous characteristics of charged particles energy deposition in matter, the maximum of the dose is released to the tumor at the end of the beam range, in the Bragg peak region. However, the beam nuclear interactions with the patient tissues induces fragmentation both of projectile and target nuclei and needs to be carefully taken into account. In proton treatments, target fragmentation produces low energy, short range fragments along all the beam range, which deposit a non negligible dose in the entry channel. In 12C treatments the main concern is represented by long range fragments due to beam fragmentation that release their dose in the healthy tissues beyond the tumor. The FOOT experiment (FragmentatiOn Of Target) of INFN is designed to study these processes, in order to improve the nuclear fragmentation description in next generation Treatment Planning Systems and the treatment plans quality. Target (16O and 12C nuclei) fragmentation induced by –proton beams at therapeutic energies will be studied via an inverse kinematic approach, where 16O and 12C therapeutic beams impinge on graphite and hydrocarbon targets to provide the nuclear fragmentation cross section on hydrogen. Projectile fragmentation of 16O and 12C beams will be explored as well. The FOOT detector includes a magnetic spectrometer for the fragments momentum measurement, a plastic scintillator for ΔE and time of flight measurements and a crystal calorimeter to measure the fragments kinetic energy. These measurements will be combined in order to make an accurate fragment charge and isotopic identification. Keywords: Hadrontherapy, Nuclear fragmentation cross sections, Tracking detectors, Scintillating detectors

Published
2019
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2. Ion charge separation with new generation of nuclear emulsion films

Author

E. Bellinzona, Alberto Mengarelli, M. Villa, E. Fiandrini, F. Raffaelli, Y. Dong, M. Ionica, Esther Ciarrocchi, Marco Francesconi, Nadia Pastrone, Francesco Pennazio, P. Carra, R. Spighi, Alessio Sarti, Antonio Zoccoli, M. Pullia, F. Ferroni, Pisana Placidi, M. Vanstalle, G. Silvestre, M. Emde, C. La Tessa, S. Muraro, L. Narici, M. C. Morone, A.C. Kraan, Marco Durante, R. Arteche Diaz, A. Di Crescenzo, L. Alunni Solestizi, Valeria Rosso, A. Secher, Niccolò Camarlinghi, L. Ramello, Nicola Belcari, E. Iarocci, L. Galli, M. De Simoni, Riccardo Faccini, E. Lopez Torres, C. Finck, Mario Sitta, M. Rovituso, G. De Lellis, M. Marafini, Marco Donetti, Gabriella Sartorelli, V. Gentile, S. Bianucci, Vincenzo Patera, Alberto Clozza, S. Savazzi, M. Fischetti, C. Sanelli, S. M. Valle, A. Sciubba, Osamu Sato, Adele Lauria, E. Scifoni, A. Embriaco, M. Selvi, Ambrosi Giovanni, Maria Cristina Montesi, Francesco Tommasino, Matteo Franchini, Veronica Ferrero, S. Colombi, K. Kanxheri, Christoph Schuy, Uli Weber, Leonello Servoli, A. Alexandrov, Achim Stahl, Stefano Argiro, A. Moggi, R. Mirabelli, Ilaria Mattei, Matteo Morrocchi, M. Garbini, R. Ridolfi, Giacomo Traini, L. Scavarda, Eleuterio Spiriti, Piergiorgio Cerello, V. Lante, Elisa Fiorina, R. Hetzel, Alessandra Pastore, Silvia Biondi, Giuseppe Battistoni, A. Del Guerra, Giuseppe Giraudo, G. Galati, N. Bartosik, Valeri Tioukov, Graziano Bruni, Sandro Tomassini, Giancarlo Sportelli, M. G. Bisogni, A. Schiavi, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montesi M.C., Lauria A., Alexandrov A., Solestizi L.A., Giovanni A., Argiro S., Diaz R.A., Bartosik N., Battistoni G., Belcari N., Bellinzona E., Bianucci S., Biondi S., Bisogni M.G., Bruni G., Camarlinghi N., Carra P., Cerello P., Ciarrocchi E., Clozza A., Colombi S., Guerra A.D., Simoni M.D., Crescenzo A.D., Donetti M., Dong Y., Durante M., Embriaco A., Emde M., Faccini R., Ferrero V., Ferroni F., Fiandrini E., Finck C., Fiorina E., Fischetti M., Francesconi M., Franchini M., Galati G., Galli L., Garbini M., Gentile V., Giraudo G., Hetzel R., Iarocci E., Ionica M., Kanxheri K., Kraan A.C., Lante V., Tessa C.L., Torres E.L., Marafini M., Mattei I., Mengarelli A., Mirabelli R., Moggi A., Morone M.C., Morrocchi M., Muraro S., Narici L., Pastore A., Pastrone N., Patera V., Pennazio F., Placidi P., Pullia M., Raffaelli F., Ramello L., Ridolfi R., Rosso V., Rovituso M., Sanelli C., Sarti A., Sartorelli G., Sato O., Savazzi S., Scavarda L., Schiavi A., Schuy C., Scifoni E., Sciubba A., Secher A., Selvi M., Servoli L., Silvestre G., Sitta M., Spighi R., Spiriti E., Sportelli G., Stahl A., Tioukov V., Tomassini S., Tommasino F., Traini G., Valle S.M., Vanstalle M., Villa M., Weber U., Zoccoli A., Lellis G.D., Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montesi, M. C., Lauria, A., Alexandrov, A., Solestizi, L. Alunni, Giovanni, Ambrosi, Argirò, S., Diaz, R. Arteche, Bartosik, N., Battistoni, G., Belcari, N., Bellinzona, E., Bianucci, S., Biondi, S., Bisogni, M. G., Bruni, G., Camarlinghi, N., Carra, P., Cerello, P., Ciarrocchi, E., Clozza, A., Colombi, S., Guerra, A. Del, Simoni, M. De, Crescenzo, A. Di, Donetti, M., Dong, Y., Durante, M., Embriaco, A., Emde, M., Faccini, R., Ferrero, V., Ferroni, F., Fiandrini, E., Finck, C., Fiorina, E., Fischetti, M., Francesconi, M., Franchini, M., Galati, G., Galli, L., Garbini, M., Gentile, V., Giraudo, G., Hetzel, R., Iarocci, E., Ionica, M., Kanxheri, K., Kraan, A. C., Lante, V., Tessa, C. La, Torres, E. Lopez, Marafini, M., Mattei, I., Mengarelli, A., Mirabelli, R., Moggi, A., Morone, M. C., Morrocchi, M., Muraro, S., Narici, L., Pastore, A., Pastrone, N., Patera, V., Pennazio, F., Placidi, P., Pullia, M., Raffaelli, F., Ramello, L., Ridolfi, R., Rosso, V., Rovituso, M., Sanelli, C., Sarti, A., Sartorelli, G., Sato, O., Savazzi, S., Scavarda, L., Schiavi, A., Schuy, C., Scifoni, E., Sciubba, A., Sécher, A., Selvi, M., Servoli, L., Silvestre, G., Sitta, M., Spighi, R., Spiriti, E., Sportelli, G., Stahl, A., Tioukov, V., Tomassini, S., Tommasino, F., Traini, G., Valle, S. M., Vanstalle, M., Villa, M., Weber, U., Zoccoli, A., and Lellis, G. De

Subjects
Health Physics and Radiation Effects, Materials science, QC1-999, General Physics and Astronomy, 29.40.Rg, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Charge identification, 0103 physical sciences, charged particles therapy, nuclear emulsions, Nuclear emulsion, ddc:530, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 42.62.Be, Nuclear Experiment, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Settore FIS/04, Physics, Settore FIS/07, Chemical physics
Abstract

In hadron therapy, the accelerated ions, interacting with the body of the patient, cause the fragmentation of both projectile and target nuclei. The fragments interact with the human tissues depositing energy both in the entrance channel and in the volume surrounding the tumor. The knowledge of the fragments features is crucial to determine the energy amount deposited in the human body, and - hence - the damage to the organs and to the tissues around the tumor target. The FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment aims at studying the fragmentation induced by the interaction of a proton beam (150-250 MeV/n) inside the human body. The FOOT detector includes an electronic setup for the identification of Z ≥ 3 fragments integrated with an emulsion spectrometer to measure Z ≤ 3 fragments. Charge identification by nuclear emulsions is based on the development of techniques of controlled fading of the particle tracks inside the nuclear emulsion, that extend the dynamical range of the films developed for the tracking of minimum ionising particles. The controlled fading strongly depends on temperature, relative humidity and treatment duration. In this study the performances in terms of charge separation of proton, helium and carbon particles, obtained on a batch of new emulsion films produced in Japan are reported.

Published
2019
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3. The FOOT (Fragmentation Of Target) Experiment

Author

M. Garbini, Angelo Schiavi, Giacomo Traini, Valery Tioukov, Esther Ciarrocchi, Alessandra Pastore, Cristiana Peroni, Luciano Ramello, M. Franchini, M. Vanstalle, M. C. Morone, Niccolò Camarlinghi, Riccardo Paramatti, Nadia Pastrone, Giancarlo Sportelli, M. G. Bisogni, Alessio Sarti, Michela Marafini, C. Sanelli, Emanuele Scifoni, A. Zoccoli, Graziano Bruni, E. Iarocci, C. Finck, Andrey Alexandrov, Gabriella Sartorelli, Vincenzo Patera, M. Selvi, Christoph Schuy, M. Pullia, Piergiorgio Cerello, Maria Cristina Montesi, Sergio Brambilla, Marco Durante, Mario Sitta, Marianna Testa, Valeria Rosso, Eleuterio Spiriti, Silvia Biondi, Giuseppe Battistoni, Stefano Argiro, Keida Kanxheri, Leonello Servoli, Chiara La Tessa, Nicola Belcari, Riccardo Faccini, Marco Francesconi, Livio Narici, Luca Galli, Antonia Di Crescenzo, Francesco Tommasino, Giuseppe Giraudo, R. Spighi, F. Ferroni, Ilaria Mattei, Matteo Morrocchi, R. Mirabelli, Giovanni De Lellis, M. Rovituso, Adalberto Sciubba, Alberto Clozza, Silvia Muraro, Osamu Sato, Adele Lauria, Veronica Ferrero, S. M. Valle, Ulrich Weber, M. Villa, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, medicine.medical_treatment, Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs, Physics::Medical Physics, Bragg peak, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Nuclear Experiment, Hadron therapy nuclear fragmentation, Physics, Particle therapy, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, Settore FIS/07, Charged particle, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Particle therapy uses protons or $^{12}$C beams for the treatment of deep-seated solid tumors. Due to the features of the energy deposition of charged particles in matter, a limited amount of dose is released to the healthy tissue in the beam entrance region, while the maximum of the dose is released to the tumor at the end of the beam range, in the Bragg peak region. However nuclear interactions between beam and patient tissues induce fragmentation both of projectile and target. This has to be carefully taken into account since different ions have different effectiveness in producing a biological damage. par In $^{12}$C treatments the main concern are long range forward emitted secondary ions produced in projectile fragmentation that release dose in the healthy tissue after the tumor. Instead, in a proton treatment, the target fragmentation produces low energy, short range fragments along all the beam range. The FOOT experiment (FragmentatiOn Of Target) is designed to study these processes. Target nuclei ($^{16}$O, $^{12}$C) fragmentation induced by 150-250 MeV proton beam will be studied by means of the inverse kinematic approach: $^{16}$O,$^{12}$C therapeutic beams, at the quoted kinetic energy per nucleon, collide on graphite and hydrocarbons target. The cross section on Hydrogen can be then extracted by subtraction. This configuration explores also the projectile fragmentation of these O and C beams, or other ions of therapeutic interest, such as $^4$He for instance. The detector includes a magnetic spectrometer based on silicon pixel and strip detectors, a scintillating crystal calorimeter able to stop the heavier produced fragments, and a $\Delta E$ detector, with TOF capability, to achieve the needed energy resolution and particle identification. In addition to the electronic apparatus, an alternative setup based on the concept of the "Emulsion Cloud Chamber", coupled with the interaction region of the electronic FOOT setup, will provide the measurement of lighter charged fragments: protons, deuterons, tritons and Helium nuclei. The FOOT data taking is foreseen in the available experimental rooms existing in the presently operational charged particle therapy facilities in Europe, and possibly at GSI. An initial phase with the emulsion setup will start in early 2018, while the complete electronic detector will take data starting in 2019. In this work a general description of the FOOT experiment and of its expected performances is presented.

Published
2017
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