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1. The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa

Author

Nigel C. A. Pitman, Sylvia Mota de Oliveira, Hans ter Steege, Alexandre Antonelli, Daniel Sabatier, Peter M. Jørgensen, Rens W. Vaessen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Dairon Cárdenas-López, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Instituto SINCHI, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), University of Gothenburg (GU), Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Missouri Botanical Garden, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, Rainforest, Range (biology), Amazonian, Biogeography, Biodiversity, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Amazonia, Phylogeny, Multidisciplinary, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Population size, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Checklist, 030104 developmental biology, Taxon, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Amazonia is the most biodiverse rainforest on Earth, and the debate over how many tree species grow there remains contentious. Here we provide a checklist of all tree species collected to date, and describe spatial and temporal trends in data accumulation. We report 530,025 unique collections of trees in Amazonia, dating between 1707 and 2015, for a total of 11,676 species in 1225 genera and 140 families. These figures support recent estimates of 16,000 total Amazonian tree species based on ecological plot data from the Amazonian Tree Diversity Network. Botanical collection in Amazonia is characterized by three major peaks, centred around 1840, 1920, and 1980, which are associated with flora projects and the establishment of inventory plots. Most collections were made in the 20th century. The number of collections has increased exponentially, but shows a slowdown in the last two decades. We find that a species’ range size is a better predictor of the number of times it has been collected than the species’ estimated basin-wide population size. Finding, describing, and documenting the distribution of the remaining species will require coordinated efforts at under-collected sites.

Published
2016
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2. Hyperdominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling

Author

Elodie Allie, José Luís Camargo, Kalle Ruokolainen, Jérôme Chave, Ana Andrade, Luzmila Arroyo, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Hans ter Steege, Nikée Groot, Juliana Schietti, Adriana Prieto, Carolina Levis, Miguel Alexiades, Roderick Zagt, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Abel Monteagudo M, René G. A. Boot, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Juan Carlos Licona, Julien Engel, Raquel Thomas, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Eric Arets, Marielos Peña-Claros, Jorcely Barroso, Rafael Herrera, Joey Talbot, Michelle O. Johnson, Ben-Hur Marimon Junior, Carlos Cerón, Timothy J. Killeen, Flávia R. C. Costa, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Priscila Souza, Peter van der Hout, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, William F. Laurance, Yadvinder Malhi, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Damien Bonal, Pascal Petronelli, Sophie Fauset, John Pipoly, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Aurélie Dourdain, Bruno Hérault, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Georgia Pickavance, Victor Chama Moscoso, Adriane Esquivel Muelbert, Zorayda Restrepo, Timothy R. Baker, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Alfredo Alarcón, Paulo S. Morandi, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Marc K. Steininger, Oliver L. Phillips, Clément Stahl, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Carlos A. Quesada, Christopher Baraloto, Robyn J. Burnham, Simon L. Lewis, Manuel Gloor, Marco Bruno Xavier Valadão, Ted R. Feldpausch, Agustín Rudas, Ophelia Wang, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Terry L. Erwin, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Anthony Di Fiore, Lourens Poorter, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Marisol Toledo, Juliana Stropp, Basil Stergios, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Julie Peacock, Vincent A. Vos, Roel J. W. Brienen, University of Leeds, Missouri Botanical Garden, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), University of Exeter, University of Oxford [Oxford], Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Utrecht University [Utrecht], The Field Museum, Duke University [Durham], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), James Cook University (JCU), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Turku, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Herbario Universitario PORT, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), National Park Service, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Van Hall Larenstein University of Professional Education, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), World Wide Fund (WWF), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Smithsonian Institution, Tropenbos International (TBI), Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Broward Co Extension Education, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Kent [Canterbury], Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Conservation International, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Jardín Botánico de Medellín, University College of London [London] (UCL), 282664, AMAZALERT Raising the alert about critical feedbacks between climate and long-term land use change in the Amazon, 283093, ROBIN Role Of Biodiversity In climate change mitigatioN, European Union, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), PPBio network, CNPq/PELD network, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025), ANR (TULIP: ANR-10-LABX-0041), CNPq, Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, European Project: 283080, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Florida International University (FIU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, University of Florida [Gainesville], Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), University of Oxford, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), and Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP)

Subjects
arbre forestier, Production du bois, Amazonian, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Bos- en Landschapsecologie, General Physics and Astronomy, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Carbon Cycling, Amazonegebied, Climax species, espèce dominante, Biomasse, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Biomass, Forêt tropicale humide, tropical forests, stockage du carbone, Multidisciplinary, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, trees, PE&RC, Wood, Physiologie végétale, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Tree, rain-forest, Écologie, productivity, F40 - Écologie végétale, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, forêt amazonienne, experimental drought, Rainforest, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Amazonia, Tropische bossen, allometry, Dominance (ecology), Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Forest, Croissance, Densité du peuplement, Vegetatie, Dominance, Vegetation, Forest Ecosystem, biomass, Composition botanique, Analyse de données, species composition, Carbon Storage, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Koolstof, mortality, Longévité, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, economics spectrum, Carbon, abondance spécifique, CICLO DO CARBONO, ta1181, Species richness, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Cycle du carbone, Espacement
Abstract

While Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, the abundance of trees is skewed strongly towards relatively few ‘hyperdominant' species. In addition to their diversity, Amazonian trees are a key component of the global carbon cycle, assimilating and storing more carbon than any other ecosystem on Earth. Here we ask, using a unique data set of 530 forest plots, if the functions of storing and producing woody carbon are concentrated in a small number of tree species, whether the most abundant species also dominate carbon cycling, and whether dominant species are characterized by specific functional traits. We find that dominance of forest function is even more concentrated in a few species than is dominance of tree abundance, with only ≈1% of Amazon tree species responsible for 50% of carbon storage and productivity. Although those species that contribute most to biomass and productivity are often abundant, species maximum size is also influential, while the identity and ranking of dominant species varies by function and by region., The Amazon rainforest is dominated by relatively few tree species, yet the degree to which this hyperdominance influences carbon cycling remains unknown. Here, the authors analyse 530 forest plots and show that ∼1% of species are responsible for 50% of the aboveground carbon storage and productivity.

Published
2015
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3. Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink

Author

Fredy Ramírez, Carlos A. Quesada, L da Costa, Pablo Núñez, J Teran-Aguilar, René G. A. Boot, Jorcely Barroso, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Niro Higuchi, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Zorayda Restrepo, Euler Melo Nogueira, Carolina V. Castilho, Timothy R. Baker, Marielos Peña-Claros, David W. Galbraith, Christopher Baraloto, Roderick Zagt, Emilio Vilanova, Timothy J. Killeen, Lourens Poorter, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, E. A. de Oliveira, John Terborgh, Simon L. Lewis, Georgia Pickavance, A. Di Fiore, Damien Bonal, Bruno Hérault, Julie Peacock, Kuo-Jung Chao, Casimiro Mendoza, Vincent A. Vos, Alexander Parada, Juliana Stropp, P. van der Hout, Roel J. W. Brienen, V. Chama, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Marisol Toledo, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Ted R. Feldpausch, F. Cornejo Valverde, Olaf Bánki, Yadvinder Malhi, N. C. Pallqui Camacho, R. Vásquez Martínez, Emanuel Gloor, Helen C. Keeling, E S Grahame, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Adriana Prieto, Terry L. Erwin, Agustín Rudas, Joey Talbot, I. C. Guimarães Vieira, Natalino Silva, Ana Andrade, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Anand Roopsind, Oliver L. Phillips, W E Magnussen, William F. Laurance, Mônica Forsthofer, Sophie Fauset, E. Alvarez Dávila, Luzmila Arroyo, H. ter Steege, Nikée Groot, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Jon Lloyd, Jérôme Chave, Michael P. Schwarz, Mireia Torello-Raventos, Juan Carlos Licona, G. M. F. van der Heijden, Miguel Alexiades, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, G. Pardo-Molina, José Luís Camargo, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, E.N. Honorio Coronado, University of Leeds, Coll Life & Environm Sci, University of Exeter, Sci Technol & Med, Dept Life Sci, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Sch Marine & Trop Biol, James Cook University (JCU), Prolongac Bolognesi Mze, Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Sch Geog & Environm, Environm Change Inst, University of Oxford [Oxford], University College of London [London] (UCL), Sch Anthropol & Conservat, University of Kent [Canterbury], Serv Ecosistemicosy Cambio Climat, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Ctr Trop Conservat, Duke University [Durham], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Programa Cienclas Agro & Mar, UNELLEZ Guanare, Herbario Universitario PORT, Biodiversiteit Ecosyst Dynam, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Dept Biol Sci, Int Ctr Trop Bot, Florida International University (FIU), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Tropenbos International (TBI), Embrapa Roraima, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Northeast Reg Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Madre De Dios, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Dept Anthropol, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Smithsonian Institution, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Ctr Trop Environm & Sustainabil Sci TESS, Sch Marine & Environm Sci, Cairns, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Manejo Forestal Tierras Trop Bolivia, Manejo Forestal de los Bosques Tropicales de Bolivia (FOMABO), Escuela Ciencias Forestales ESFOR, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Universidad Nacioal de Amazonia Peruana, Inst Invest Desarrollo Forestal INDEFOR, Fac Cienclas Forestales & Ambientales, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Inst Ciencias Nat, Univ Nacl Colombia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Commission of the European Communities, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Ecol & Biodivers Grp, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Australia], University of Wisconsin, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Univ Estadual, Missouri Botanical Garden, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), World Wide Fund (WWF), Universidad Mayor de San Simón [Cochabamba, Bolivie] (UMSS), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado [Bolivie], and University of Wisconsin-Madison

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], forêt tropicale, Carbon sequestration, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Trees, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tropical climate, Biomasse, Dynamique des populations, Biomass, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Plant Stems, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Carbon sink, food and beverages, Wood, séquestration du carbone, protection de la forêt, Carbon dioxide, Écosystème forestier, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Brazil, Carbon Sequestration, Rainforest, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Mortalité, 010603 evolutionary biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, geography, Tropical Climate, Atmosphere, 15. Life on land, Carbon Dioxide, Longévité, Carbon, K10 - Production forestière, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Cycle du carbone
Abstract

Atmospheric carbon dioxide records indicate that the land surface has acted as a strong global carbon sink over recent decades1, 2, with a substantial fraction of this sink probably located in the tropics3, particularly in the Amazon4. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the terrestrial carbon sink will evolve as climate and atmospheric composition continue to change. Here we analyse the historical evolution of the biomass dynamics of the Amazon rainforest over three decades using a distributed network of 321 plots. While this analysis confirms that Amazon forests have acted as a long-term net biomass sink, we find a long-term decreasing trend of carbon accumulation. Rates of net increase in above-ground biomass declined by one-third during the past decade compared to the 1990s. This is a consequence of growth rate increases levelling off recently, while biomass mortality persistently increased throughout, leading to a shortening of carbon residence times. Potential drivers for the mortality increase include greater climate variability, and feedbacks of faster growth on mortality, resulting in shortened tree longevity5. The observed decline of the Amazon sink diverges markedly from the recent increase in terrestrial carbon uptake at the global scale1, 2, and is contrary to expectations based on models.

Published
2015
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4. Does the disturbance hypothesis explain the biomass increase in basin-wide Amazon forest plot data?

Author

Timothy R. Baker, Agustín Rudas, M. C. Peñuela, D. C. Nepstad, A. Torres, Manuel Gloor, E. M. Jimenez, Fredy Ramírez, A. C. Alves De Oliveira, A. Peña Cruz, Kuo-Jung Chao, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Rafael Herrera, Lilian Blanc, Ted R. Feldpausch, H. ter Steege, Paulo M. Brando, Nállarett Dávila, Olaf Bánki, Adriana Prieto, Jon Lloyd, Jérôme Chave, Michael P. Schwarz, Marcos Silveira, Ana Andrade, E. Honorio, John Terborgh, Simon L. Lewis, S. Almeida, Esteban Álvarez, Abel Monteagudo, Yadvinder Malhi, Terry L. Erwin, H. A. Ramírez, Julie Peacock, Luzmila Arroyo, Carlos A. Quesada, Gerardo Aymard, J. N. M. Silva, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Juliana Stropp, R. Vásquez, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, Oliver L. Phillips, A. Di Fiore, Damien Bonal, Casimiro Mendoza, William F. Laurance, David A. Neill, P. Núñez Vargas, Timothy J. Killeen, G. M. F. van der Heijden, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Natalino Silva, André V. L. Freitas, Niro Higuchi, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Gloor, M., and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, CARBON SINK, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stockage, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Biomasse, Milieux et Changements globaux, DISTURBANCE, AMAZON RAINFOREST, General Environmental Science, Sampling bias, Weibull distribution, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Forêt tempérée humide, Carbon sink, échantillonnage, Old-growth forest, séquestration du carbone, Probability distribution, biomasse forestière, Carbone, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, forêt amazonienne, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Rainforest, Mortalité, 010603 evolutionary biology, augmentation, Mesure, Environmental Chemistry, Croissance, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Changement climatique, geography, Méthode statistique, MORTALITY, Modèle de simulation, 15. Life on land, artefact, POWER LAW, Medio Ambiente, 13. Climate action, Évaluation, Environmental science
Abstract

Positive aboveground biomass trends have been reported from old-growth forests across the Amazon basin and hypothesized to reflect a large-scale response to exterior forcing. The result could, however, be an artefact due to a sampling bias induced by the nature of forest growth dynamics. Here, we characterize statistically the disturbance process in Amazon old-growth forests as recorded in 135 forest plots of the RAINFOR network up to 2006, and other independent research programmes, and explore the consequences of sampling artefacts using a data-based stochastic simulator. Over the observed range of annual aboveground biomass losses, standard statistical tests show that the distribution of biomass losses through mortality follow an exponential or near-identical Weibull probability distribution and not a power law as assumed by others. The simulator was parameterized using both an exponential disturbance probability distribution as well as a mixed exponential-power law distribution to account for potential large-scale blowdown events. In both cases, sampling biases turn out to be too small to explain the gains detected by the extended RAINFOR plot network. This result lends further support to the notion that currently observed biomass gains for intact forests across the Amazon are actually occurring over large scales at the current time, presumably as a response to climate change.

Published
2009
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5. Branch xylem density variations across the Amazon Basin

Author

Claudia I. Czimczik, Timothy R. Baker, Yadvinder Malhi, E. Leal, Christopher Baraloto, J. Schmerler, Abel Monteagudo, Jon Lloyd, Alejandra Aguilar, Jérôme Chave, E. J. Hoyos, Carlos A. Quesada, Armando Torres-Lezama, Oliver L. Phillips, Michael P. Schwarz, P. Vitzthum, A. J. B. Santos, E. M. Jimenez, Rodolfo Vásquez-Martínez, Esteban Álvarez, Rafael Herrera, A. C. L. Costa, L. Arroyo, P. Núñez-Vargas, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, nadia Silva, J. Gallo, Sandra Patiño, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Adriana Prieto, Damien Bonal, Lina M. Mercado, Carolina Sarmiento, S. Soares deAlmeida, R. Paiva, B. Villanueva, J. D. Turriago, W. Palomino, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Patrick Meir, Niro Higuchi, Agustín Rudas, Marcos Silveira, D. Neil, Alfredo Sota, Viviana Horna, Timothy J. Killeen, Julie Peacock, A. Pena-Cruz, S. N. Panfil, N. Priante Filho, Flávio J. Luizão, M. C. Peñuela, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
bois, 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:Life, wood specific-gravity, carbon gain, Cordia, WOOD, 01 natural sciences, amazonie, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Silvicultura, variation interspécifique, arbre, Vegetal Biology, biology, xylème, Ecology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, tropical rain-forest, cavitation resistance, BRANCH, XYLEM DENSITY, GROWTH, hydraulic architecture, Aiouea, densité du bois, Woody plant, functional-significance, water transport, 010603 evolutionary biology, savanna trees, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Botany, canopy trees, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, branche, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, Water transport, Pioneer species, Dicotyledon, Xylem, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Urticaceae, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Medio Ambiente, long-term plots, lcsh:Ecology, Biologie végétale, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Xylem density is a physical property of wood that varies between individuals, species and environments. It reflects the physiological strategies of trees that lead to growth, survival and reproduction. Measurements of branch xylem density, ρx, were made for 1653 trees representing 598 species, sampled from 87 sites across the Amazon basin. Measured values ranged from 218 kg m−3 for a Cordia sagotii (Boraginaceae) from Mountagne de Tortue, French Guiana to 1130 kg m−3 for an Aiouea sp. (Lauraceae) from Caxiuana, Central Pará, Brazil. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in average ρx across regions and sampled plots as well as significant differences between families, genera and species. A partitioning of the total variance in the dataset showed that species identity (family, genera and species) accounted for 33% with environment (geographic location and plot) accounting for an additional 26%; the remaining "residual" variance accounted for 41% of the total variance. Variations in plot means, were, however, not only accountable by differences in species composition because xylem density of the most widely distributed species in our dataset varied systematically from plot to plot. Thus, as well as having a genetic component, branch xylem density is a plastic trait that, for any given species, varies according to where the tree is growing in a predictable manner. Within the analysed taxa, exceptions to this general rule seem to be pioneer species belonging for example to the Urticaceae whose branch xylem density is more constrained than most species sampled in this study. These patterns of variation of branch xylem density across Amazonia suggest a large functional diversity amongst Amazonian trees which is not well understood.

Published
2009
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