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1. Evidence of ammonium salts in comet 67P as explanation for the nitrogen depletion in cometary comae

Author: Frederik Dhooghe, Thierry Sémon, S. A. Fuselier, Susanne F. Wampfler, Tamas I. Gombosi, Kathrin Altwegg, Markus Schuhmann, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Martin Rubin, M. R. Combi, Johan De Keyser, Hans Balsiger, Hervé Cottin, Isaac Schroeder, Christelle Briois, Nora Hänni, Björn Fiethe, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), IMPEC - LATMOS, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], and Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Nitrogen depletion, Inorganic chemistry, food and beverages, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Nitrogen, Interstellar medium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ammonia, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Sublimation (phase transition), Ammonium, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Cometary comae are generally depleted in nitrogen. The main carriers for volatile nitrogen in comets are NH3 and HCN. It is known that ammonia readily combines with many acids, such as HCN, HNCO and HCOOH, encountered in the interstellar medium as well as in cometary ice to form ammonium salts (NH4+X−) at low temperatures. Ammonium salts, which can have a substantial role in prebiotic chemistry, are hard to detect in space as they are unstable in the gas phase and their infrared signature is often hidden by thermal radiation or by, for example, OH in minerals. Here we report the presence of all possible sublimation products of five different ammonium salts in the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko measured by the ROSINA instrument onboard Rosetta. The relatively high sublimation temperatures of the salts leads to an apparent lack of volatile nitrogen in the coma. This then also explains the observed trend of higher NH3/H2O ratios with decreasing perihelion distances in comets. A dust impact event detected by the ROSINA mass spectrometer towards the end of the Rosetta mission brings evidence of the presence of ammonium salts in comets. Ammonium salts can store enough nitrogen to explain the observed nitrogen depletion in comets and may have a role in amino acid formation.
Published: 2020

2. The surface distributions of the production of the major volatile species, H2O, CO2, CO and O2, from the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko throughout the Rosetta Mission as measured by the ROSINA double focusing mass spectrometer

Author: Kathrin Altwegg, Uwe Fink, Gabor Toth, Michael R. Combi, Yu-Chi Cheng, Kenneth C. Hansen, Nicolas Fougere, David Marshall, Tamas I. Gombosi, Martin Rubin, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Yinsi Shou, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Zhenguang Huang, Valeriy Tenishev, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, and Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Subjects: Atmospheres, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, coma, Kinetic energy, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Article, law.invention, Atmosphere, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, structure, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], nucleus, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atomic mass unit, Computational physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Direct simulation Monte Carlo, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) suite of instruments operated throughout the over two years of the Rosetta mission operations in the vicinity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It measured gas densities and composition throughout the comet's atmosphere, or coma. Here we present two-years' worth of measurements of the relative densities of the four major volatile species in the coma of the comet, H2O. CO2, CO and O2, by one of the ROSINA sub-systems called the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). The absolute total gas densities were provided by the Comet Pressure Sensor (COPS), another ROSINA sub-system. DFMS is a very high mass resolution and high sensitivity mass spectrometer able to resolve at a tiny fraction of an atomic mass unit. We have analyzed the combined DFMS and COPS measurements using an inversion scheme based on spherical harmonics that solves for the distribution of potential surface activity of each species as the comet rotates, changing solar illumination, over short intervals and as the comet changes distance from the sun and orientation of its spin axis over long time intervals. We also use the surface boundary conditions derived from the inversion scheme to simulate the whole coma with our fully kinetic Direct Simulation Monte Carlo model and calculate the production rates of the four major species throughout the mission. We compare the derived production rates with revised remote sensing observations by the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) as well as with published observations from the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO). Finally we use the variation of the surface production of the major species to calculate the total mass loss over the mission and, for different estimates of the dust/gas ratio, calculate the variation of surface loss over the nucleus., 144 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables, 1 supplemental table
Published: 2020

3. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko seen by ROSINA

Author: Sébastien Gasc, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Markus Schuhmann, J. De Keyser, Susanne F. Wampfler, Martin Rubin, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathrin Altwegg, S. A. Fuselier, Nora Hänni, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], and University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System
Subjects: Physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Heptane, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 520 Astronomy, Analytical chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Butane, Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 01 natural sciences, Toluene, Pentane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrocarbon, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Aromatic hydrocarbon, Benzene, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context. Unlike all previous cometary space missions, the Rosetta spacecraft accompanied its target, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, for more than two years on its way around the Sun. Thereby, an unexpected diversity and complexity of the chemical composition was revealed. Aims. Our first step of decrypting the exact chemical composition of the gaseous phase is the identifying and quantifying the bulk composition of the pure aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Methods. For this study, data from ROSINA–Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) onboard the Rosetta spacecraft and the laboratory twin model were used. A joint campaign of laboratory calibration measurements and space data analysis was performed to derive the hydrocarbon bulk composition for the post-inbound equinox period at 1.52 AU in May 2015. Furthermore, several other mission phases were investigated to determine the dependencies of season, location, and heliocentric distance on the relative abundances of hydrocarbons. Results. It is shown that the bulk composition of the gaseous phase includes a high number of aliphatic compounds such as methane, ethane, and propane, as well as the aromatic compounds benzene and toluene. Butane and pentane were successfully identified in measurements at closer distance to the comet in May 2016. Furthermore, the presence of hexane and heptane in the coma is confirmed on rare occasions during the mission. Their presence in DFMS space data appears to be linked to days or periods of high dust activity. In addition to the saturated aliphatic and aromatic compounds, a high number of remaining unsaturated species is present, which cannot be explained by fragmentation of saturated species or contribution from other organic molecules in addition to pure hydrocarbons. This indicates the existence of unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in the coma of comet 67P.
Published: 2019

4. Comparison of neutral outgassing of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound and outbound beyond 3 AU from ROSINA/DFMS

Author: S. M. Petrinec, S. A. Fuselier, O. Mousis, Urs Mall, Arnaud Beth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathleen Mandt, K. J. Trattner, Myrtha Hässig, George Livadiotis, Peter Wurz, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, Kirk C. Hansen, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, Frederik Dhooghe, Martin Rubin, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Insolation, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Comet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Coma (optics), Equinox, Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 01 natural sciences, Article, On board, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context.Pre-equinox measurements of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the mass spectrometer ROSINA/DFMS on board the Rosetta spacecraft revealed a strongly heterogeneous coma. The abundances of major and various minor volatile species were found to depend on the latitude and longitude of the nadir point of the spacecraft. The observed time variability of coma species remained consistent for about three months up to equinox. The chemical variability could be generally interpreted in terms of surface temperature and seasonal effects superposed on some kind of chemical heterogeneity of the nucleus.Aims.We compare here pre-equinox (inbound) ROSINA/DFMS measurements from 2014 to measurements taken after the outbound equinox in 2016, both at heliocentric distances larger than 3 AU. For a direct comparison we limit our observations to the southern hemisphere.Methods.We report the similarities and differences in the concentrations and time variability of neutral species under similar insolation conditions (heliocentric distance and season) pre- and post-equinox, and interpret them in light of the previously published observations. In addition, we extend both the pre- and post-equinox analysis by comparing species concentrations with a mixture of CO2and H2O.Results.Our results show significant changes in the abundances of neutral species in the coma from pre- to post-equinox that are indicative of seasonally driven nucleus heterogeneity.Conclusions.The observed pre- and post-equinox patterns can generally be explained by the strong erosion in the southern hemisphere that moves volatile-rich layers near the surface.
Published: 2019

5. On the origin of molecular oxygen in cometary comae

Author: Chris Carr, Martin Rubin, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Matthew Taylor, Hans Nilsson, S. A. Fuselier, K. L. Heritier, Pierre Henri, C. Simon Wedlund, E Vigren, Arnaud Beth, Marina Galand, Kathrin Altwegg, Anders Eriksson, J. De Keyser, Tamas I. Gombosi, F. L. Johansson, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: 530 Physics, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ion, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, 0103 physical sciences, MD Multidisciplinary, SPECTROMETER, ION, lcsh:Science, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, PLASMA, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Chemistry, 520 Astronomy, 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO, General Chemistry, 620 Engineering, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Multidisciplinary Sciences, Orders of magnitude (time), Science & Technology - Other Topics, lcsh:Q, Molecular oxygen, ROSETTA
Abstract: International audience; We have used generous assumptions in terms of production rates and ion fluxes to assess the production of O2- through ER reactions as a mechanism to explain Rosetta observations. Even with these assumptions, the amount of O2 produced is insignificant (by several orders of magnitude) with respect to what was detected by ROSINA–DFMS. There are not enough ions in the coma and the series of events required to trigger these processes are individually too rare. Furthermore, cometary ion fluxes are anti-correlated to the O2 densities observed by ROSINA. Finally, in terms of the instrument itself, there is little evidence of the production and detection of products O2- and energetic O2 by ROSINA–DFMS. While ER reactions may occur, they cannot explain the amounts of O2 detected. Primordial O21,3 remains compatible with the quantities and trends of molecular oxygen measured by ROSINA–DFMS, while other theories17 discuss other plausible sources.
Published: 2018

6. Sulphur isotope mass-independent fractionation observed in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by Rosetta/ROSINA

Author: Sébastien Gasc, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Ursina Calmonte, Thierry Sémon, Hans Balsiger, Martin Rubin, André Bieler, Susanne F. Wampfler, Kathrin Altwegg, Léna Le Roy, J-J Berthelier, J. De Keyser, Stephen A. Fuselier, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Fractionation, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Xenon, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Nebula, Isotope, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Mass-independent fractionation, Troilite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The knowledge about sulphur isotopic fractionation in volatile cometary species is limited as only measurements in five comets have been done and only for 34S/32S. The lack of information about the fractionation of 33S/32S makes it impossible to compare them with what is known from refractories. We present results of 34S/32S and for the first time 33S/32S isotopic ratio in H2S, OCS, and CS2 in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Observations used for this study were performed with Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer during October 2014 and May 2016. Bulk isotopic 33S/32S and 34S/32S ratio derived from these three species yield δ33S = (-302 ± 29)‰ and δ34S = (-41 ± 17)‰ respectively. The observed isotopic fractionation is significantly different from the solar system standard (V-CDT) and all other reported values for solar system objects, except other comets. Furthermore we show that neither mass dependent nor mass-independent fractionation due to photo dissociation as it has been observed in recent laboratory studies can be the cause of the significant depletion compared to solar system standard. In addition, we conclude that there seems to be an intrinsic difference in sulphur isotopic fractionation in cometary volatiles and refractories while the difference between molecules is most likely due to different chemical pathways. The significant fractionation of sulphur isotopes together with a high D2O/HDO vs. HDO/H2O and non-solar isotopic ratio for xenon (Marty 2017) as well as for Si (Marty 2017) point towards a non-homogeneously mixed protosolar nebula.
Published: 2017

7. Ion composition at comet 67P near perihelion: Rosetta observations and model-based interpretation

Author: Myrtha Hässig, Sébastien Gasc, Ursina Calmonte, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, E. Kopp, Arnaud Beth, André Bieler, Kirk C. Hansen, Marina Galand, Martin Rubin, Hans Balsiger, S. A. Fuselier, Nicolas Fougere, Erik Vigren, M. R. Combi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, K. L. Heritier, Anders Eriksson, Elias Odelstad, Véronique Vuitton, J. De Keyser, N. Biver, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imperial College Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), European Space Agency / Estec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Data analysis, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Coma (optics), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, UV radiation, Ion, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Sun, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Plasmas
Abstract: International audience; We present the ion composition in the coma of comet 67P with newly detected ion species over the 28 to 37 u mass range, probed by Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). In summer 2015, the nucleus reached its highest outgassing rate and ion-neutral reactions started to take place at low cometocentric distances. Minor neutrals can efficiently capture protons from the ion population, making the protonated version of these neutrals a major ion species. So far, only NH>sup>+4 has been reported at comet 67P. However, there are additional neutral species with proton affinities higher than that of water (besides NH3) that have been detected in the coma of comet 67P: CH3OH, HCN, H2CO and H2S. Their protonated versions have all been detected. Statistics showing the number of detections with respect to the number of scans are presented. The effect of the negative spacecraft potential probed by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC)/LAngmuir Probe (LAP) on ion detection is assessed. An ionospheric model has been developed to assess the different ion density profiles and compare them to the ROSINA/DFMS measurements. It is also used to interpret the ROSINA/DFMS observations when different ion species have similar masses, and their respective densities are not high enough to disentangle them using the ROSINA/DFMS high resolution mode. The different ion species that have been reported in the coma of 67P are summarised and compared with the ions detected at comet 1P/Halley during the Giotto mission.
Published: 2017

8. Halogens as tracers of protosolar nebula material in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Martin Hilchenbach, Johan De Keyser, Peter Wurz, Myrtha Hässig, Henri Rème, Stephen A. Fuselier, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Nicolas Fray, Tamas I. Gombosi, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Martin Rubin, Léna Le Roy, Urs Mall, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Romain Maggiolo, Bernard Marty, Andrew Gibbons, Kathrin Altwegg, Chia-Yu Tzou, Herbert Gunell, Eddy Equeter, Björn Fiethe, Christelle Briois, Hans Balsiger, Gaël Cessateur, Ursina Calmonte, Eddy Neefs, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] ( ULB ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, 530 Physics, Comet, Analytical chemistry, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Halide, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Nebula, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Halogen, Mass spectrum, [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: International audience; We report the first in situ detection of halogens in a cometary coma, that of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Neutral gas mass spectra collected by the European Space Agencys Rosetta spacecraft during four periods of interest from the first comet encounter up to perihelion indicate that the main halogen-bearing compounds are HF, HCl and HBr. The bulk elemental abundances relative to oxygen are ∼8.9 × 10−5 for F/O, ∼1.2 × 10−4 for Cl/O, and ∼2.5 × 10−6 for Br/O, for the volatile fraction of the comet. The cometary isotopic ratios for 37Cl/35Cl and 81Br/79Br match the solar system values within the error margins. The observations point to an origin of the hydrogen halides in molecular cloud chemistry, with frozen hydrogen halides on dust grains, and a subsequent incorporation into comets as the cloud condensed and the solar system formed.
Published: 2017

9. Change of outgassing pattern of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko during the March 2016 equinox as seen by ROSINA

Author: Hans Balsiger, André Bieler, Sébastien Gasc, Martin Rubin, Thierry Sémon, Chia-Yu Tzou, André Galli, Henri Rème, Peter Wurz, A. Korth, Jack H. Waite, Stephen A. Fuselier, Tamas I. Gombosi, Johan De Keyser, M. Hoang, Léna Le Roy, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Björn Fiethe, Urs Mall, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: Orbital plane, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Equinox, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spin axis, 620 Engineering, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sublimation (phase transition), Water ice, [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: International audience; As the spin axis of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) is not normal to the orbital plane, 67P has strong seasonal changes in the illumination conditions on the nucleus’ surface, with a short and intense summer in the Southern hemisphere. We have been monitoring these seasonal variations in the gas coma with the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument suite aboard the ESA's Rosetta spacecraft. Rosetta followed 67P from its rendezvous in 2014 August, from a distance of almost 3.5 au to Sun, through perihelion at 1.24 au, and away from Sun again. In this study, we present the change of outgassing pattern during the 2016 March equinox based on measurements acquired with the ROSINA instruments: while H2O, O2 and NH3 abundances rapidly decreased during this period, CO2, CO, H2S, CH4 and HCN abundances decreased much less and showed a strong south–north heterogeneity for the whole period, thus not following Sun. Sublimation temperatures of the pure ices are found to be uncorrelated with the slope of the decrease for the minor species. This can be interpreted as a consequence of two different ice phases, water ice and CO2 ice, in which the minor species are embedded in different relative abundances.
Published: 2017

10. Evidence for depletion of heavy silicon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Martin Rubin, André Bieler, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Michael R. Combi, Cécile Engrand, Hans Balsiger, Klaus Mezger, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kenneth C. Hansen, Björn Fiethe, Myrtha Hässig, Peter Wurz, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, S. A. Fuselier, Léna Le Roy, Tamas I. Gombosi, J. De Keyser, Susanne F. Wampfler, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Institut für Geologie [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), HEPPI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM AS ), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-CNRS/IN2P3, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
Subjects: Solar System, Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of silicon, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Spectrometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar wind, Meteorite, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Context. The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) was designed to measure the composition of the gas in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission. In addition to the volatiles, ROSINA measured refractories sputtered off the comet by the interaction of solar wind protons with the surface of the comet. Aims. The origin of different solar system materials is still heavily debated. Isotopic ratios can be used to distinguish between different reservoirs and investigate processes occurring during the formation of the solar system. Methods. ROSINA consisted of two mass spectrometers and a pressure sensor. In the ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS), the neutral gas of cometary origin was ionized and then deflected in an electric and a magnetic field that separated the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The DFMS had a high mass resolution, dynamic range, and sensitivity that allowed detection of rare species and the known major volatiles. Results. We measured the relative abundance of all three stable silicon isotopes with the ROSINA instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft. Furthermore, we measured $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C in C$_2$H$_4$, C$_2$H$_5$, and CO. The DFMS in situ measurements indicate that the average silicon isotopic composition shows depletion in the heavy isotopes $^{29}$Si and $^{30}$Si with respect to $^{28}$Si and solar abundances, while $^{13}$C to $^{12}$C is analytically indistinguishable from bulk planetary and meteorite compositions. Although the origin of the deficiency of the heavy silicon isotopes cannot be explained unambiguously, we discuss mechanisms that could have contributed to the measured depletion of the isotopes $^{29}$Si and $^{30}$Si., Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2017

11. The heterogeneous coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by ROSINA: H2O, CO2, and CO from September 2014 to February 2016

Author: Nicolas Fougere, Thierry Sémon, Annette Jäckel, Martin Rubin, Chia-Yu Tzou, S. A. Fuselier, Ulrich Mall, M. Hoang, Sébastien Gasc, Léna Le Roy, Peter Wurz, Dominique Toublanc, Ursina Calmonte, Philippe Garnier, J. De Keyser, André Galli, André Bieler, Kathrin Altwegg, Arnaud Beth, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Henri Rème, M. R. Combi, A. Korth, Hans Balsiger, J. H. Waite, Jérémie Lasue, Kirk C. Hansen, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Gothenburg (GU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Context (language use), Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Phase angle (astronomy), law, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, planets and satellites: atmospheres, Spectrometer, comets: general, Northern Hemisphere, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Local time, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Context.The ESA Rosetta mission has been investigating the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) since August 2014. Among the experiments on board the spacecraft, the ROSINA experiment (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) includes two mass spectrometers to analyse the composition of neutrals and ions and a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) to monitor the density and velocity of neutrals in the coma.Aims.We study heterogeneities in the coma during three periods starting in October 2014 (summer in the northern hemisphere) and ending in February 2016 (end of winter in the northern hemisphere). We provide a detailed description of the main volatiles dynamics (H2O, CO2, CO) and their abundance ratios.Methods.We analysed and compared the data of the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight (RTOF) mass spectrometer with data from both the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) and COPS during the comet escort phase. This comparison has demonstrated that the observations performed with each ROSINA sensor are indeed consistent. Furthermore, we used a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model to compare modelled densitites with in situ detections.Results.Our analysis shows how the active regions of the main volatiles evolve with the seasons with a variability mostly driven by the illumination conditions; this is the case except for an unexpected dichotomy suggesting the presence of a dust layer containing water deposited in the northern hemisphere during previous perihelions hiding the presence of CO2. The influence of various parameters is investigated in detail: distance to the comet, heliocentric distance, longitude and latitude of sub-satellite point, local time, and phase angle.
Published: 2017

12. Xenon isotopes in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko show that comets contributed to Earth's atmosphere

Author: E. Kopp, Stephen A. Fuselier, Michael R. Combi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Thierry Sémon, André Bieler, Myrtha Hässig, Bernard Marty, David V. Bekaert, Martin Rubin, Sébastien Gasc, C. Briois, Peter Wurz, Annette Jäckel, Ulrich Mall, Akiva Bar-Nun, Kirk C. Hansen, J. De Keyser, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, A. Korth, Hans Balsiger, T. C. Owen, Léna Le Roy, J. H. Waite, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Olivier Mousis, Henri Rème, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA) PRODEX program (Programme de Développement d’Expériences Scientifiques), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), and Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Comet, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, Orbiter, Xenon, law, 540 Chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Isotope, Spectrometer, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, 620 Engineering, Atmosphere of Earth, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: Comets contributed to Earth's atmosphere Models of xenon's origin in Earth's atmosphere require an additional, unknown source that has been a mystery for several decades. Marty et al. measured isotopic ratios of xenon released from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and found that they match the heretofore unknown source. The xenon appears to have been trapped in ice within the comet since before the solar system formed. Comets contributed about a quarter of the xenon on Earth, which constrains the amount of other materials (such as water) delivered to our planet by comets. Science , this issue p. 1069
Published: 2017

13. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo modelling of the major species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Yinsi Shou, Giovanna Rinaldi, Michael R. Combi, Nicolas Fougere, Myrtha Hässig, Valeriy Tenishev, Stephen A. Fuselier, Martin Rubin, U. Fink, Gabor Toth, J. De Keyser, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Chia-Yu Tzou, André Bieler, Stéphane Erard, Gianrico Filacchione, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Kirk C. Hansen, V. Debout, C. Leyrat, Zhenguang Huang, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Alessandra Migliorini, Ursina Calmonte, Giuseppe Piccioni, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Léna Le Roy, Kathrin Altwegg, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), IMPEC - LATMOS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Space Research and Planetary Sciences ( WP ), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson], and Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI )
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Equinox, Astrophysics, ROSINA, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, medicine, Boundary value problem, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Line-of-sight, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy and Astrophysics, VIRTIS, 620 Engineering, medicine.anatomical_structure, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], space vehicles, Direct simulation Monte Carlo, Nucleus
Abstract: We analyse the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) - the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer data between 2014 August and 2016 February to examine the effect of seasonal variations on the four major species within the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (H2O, CO2, CO, and O2), resulting from the tilt in the orientation of the comet's spin axis. Using a numerical data inversion, we derive the non-uniform activity distribution at the surface of the nucleus for these species, suggesting that the activity distribution at the surface of the nucleus has not significantly been changed and that the differences observed in the coma are solely due to the variations in illumination conditions. A three-dimensional Direct Simulation Monte Carlo model is applied where the boundary conditions are computed with a coupling of the surface activity distributions and the local illumination. The model is able to reproduce the evolution of the densities observed by ROSINA including the changes happening at equinox. While O2 stays correlated with H2O as it was before equinox, CO2 and CO, which had a poor correlation with respect to H2O pre-equinox, also became well correlated with H2O post-equinox. The integration of the densities from the model along the line of sight results in column densities directly comparable to the VIRTIS-H observations. Also, the evolution of the volatiles' production rates is derived from the coma model showing a steepening in the production rate curves after equinox. The model/data comparison suggests that the seasonal effects result in the Northern hemisphere of 67P's nucleus being more processed with a layered structure while the Southern hemisphere constantly exposes new material.
Published: 2016

14. Photochemistry of forbidden oxygen lines in the inner coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Jérôme Loreau, Christelle Briois, Frederik Dhooghe, Guillaume Gronoff, Romain Maggiolo, Herbert Gunell, J. De Keyser, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Andrew Gibbons, Stephen A. Fuselier, Myrtha Hässig, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Eddy Neefs, Kathrin Altwegg, Martin Rubin, Gaël Cessateur, André Bieler, Nathalie Vaeck, Ursina Calmonte, Léna Le Roy, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] ( ULB ), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), and Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI)
Subjects: Atmospheres, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Physique atomique et moléculaire, Astrophysics, Ionosphere and Upper Atmosphere, Space weather, 01 natural sciences, Planetary Geochemistry, Abundance (ecology), Phénomènes atmosphériques, 0103 physical sciences, Emission spectrum, airglow, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Research Articles, Astrophysique, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Solar flare, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, ROSINA/DFMS, Photodissociation, Airglow, Astronomy, 620 Engineering, Emission intensity, 3. Good health, Geochemistry, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko, Aurorae, airglow, and X-ray emission, Planetary Sciences: Comets and Small Bodies, oxygen line emissions, Research Article
Abstract: Observations of the green and red-doublet emission lines have previously been realized for several comets. We present here a chemistry-emission coupled model to study the production and loss mechanisms of the O(1S) and O(1D) states, which are responsible for the emission lines of interest for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The recent discovery of O2 in significant abundance relative to water 3.80 ± 0.85 within the coma of 67P has been taken into consideration for the first time in such models. We evaluate the effect of the presence of O2 on the green to red-doublet emission intensity ratio, which is traditionally used to assess the CO2 abundance within cometary atmospheres. Model simulations, solving the continuity equation with transport, show that not taking O2 into account leads to an underestimation of the CO2 abundance within 67P, with a relative error of about 25%. This strongly suggests that the green to red-doublet emission intensity ratio alone is not a proper tool for determining the CO2 abundance, as previously suggested. Indeed, there is no compelling reason why O2 would not be a common cometary volatile, making revision of earlier assessments regarding the CO2 abundance in cometary atmospheres necessary. The large uncertainties of the CO2 photodissociation cross section imply that more studies are required in order to better constrain the O(1S) and O(1D) production through this mechanism. Space weather phenomena, such as powerful solar flares, could be used as tools for doing so, providing additional information on a good estimation of the O2 abundance within cometary atmospheres., FLWOA, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2016

15. Ion chemistry in the coma of comet 67P near perihelion

Author: Martin Rubin, Michael G. Rinaldi, J. De Keyser, Peter Wurz, Michael R. Combi, Stephen A. Fuselier, Thierry Sémon, Kathrin Altwegg, Kirk C. Hansen, Ulrich Mall, Myrtha Hässig, Erik Vigren, B. Fiethe, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, C. Y. Tzou, Tamas I. Gombosi, Gaël Cessateur, H. Rème, C. Briois, Léna Le Roy, J. H. Waite, James L. Burch, Arnaud Beth, Hans Balsiger, Karlheinz Trattner, S. M. Petrinec, André Bieler, Kathleen Mandt, Marina Galand, Herbert Gunell, K. L. Heritier, Ursina Calmonte, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, A. Korth, T. W. Broiles, Sébastien Gasc, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Physics [London], Imperial College London, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center ( ATC ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] ( IRF ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, individual [comets], Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Equinox, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Ion, general [comets], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, 620 Engineering, plasmas, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, Solar wind, solar wind, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science
Abstract: The ESLAB 50 Symposium - spacecraft at comets from 1P/Halley to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko; International audience; The coma and the comet-solar wind interaction of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko changed dramatically from the initial Rosetta spacecraft encounter in August 2014 through perihelion in August 2015. Just before equinox (at 1.6 AU from the Sun), the solar wind signal disappeared and two regions of different cometary ion characteristics were observed. These “outer” and “inner” regions have cometary ion characteristics similar to outside and inside the ion pileup region observed during the Giotto approach to comet 1P/Halley. Rosetta/DFMS ion mass spectrometer observations are used here to investigate the H3O+/H2O+ ratio in the outer and inner regions at 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The H3O+/H2O+ ratio and the H3O+ signal are observed to increase in the transition from the outer to the inner region and the H3O+ signal appears to be weakly correlated with cometary ion energy. These ion composition changes are similar to the ones observed during the 1P/Halley flyby. Modeling is used to determine the importance of neutral composition and transport of neutrals and ions away from the nucleus. This modeling demonstrates that changes in the H3O+/H2O+ ratio appear to be driven largely by transport properties and only weakly by neutral composition in the coma.
Published: 2016

16. Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature

Author: T. C. Owen, Henri Rème, Martin Rubin, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Peter Wurz, Léna Le Roy, Ulrich Mall, Michael R. Combi, Ursina Calmonte, Thierry Sémon, E. Kopp, Annette Jäckel, C. Briois, Kirk C. Hansen, A. Korth, André Bieler, J. De Keyser, Stephen A. Fuselier, Olivier Mousis, J. H. Waite, Chia-Yu Tzou, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Peter Eberhardt, Akiva Bar-Nun, Kathrin Altwegg, Myrtha Hässig, Bernard Marty, Hans Balsiger, Peter Bochsler, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PRODEX/ROSINA PEA 90020., ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02,A*MIDEX,Projet Investissements d'Avenir ( 2012 ), European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Solar System, Nebula, Multidisciplinary, Spectrometer, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry.chemical_element, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Nitrogen, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, Jupiter, Pluto, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Planet, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry
Abstract: Making comets in the cold The speciation of nitrogen compounds in comets can tell us about their history. Comets are some of the most ancient bodies in the solar system and should contain the nitrogen compounds that were abundant when they formed. Using the ROSINA mass spectrometer aboard the Rosetta spacecraft orbiting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Rubin et al. found molecular nitrogen at levels that are depleted compared to those in the primordial solar system. Depletion of such a magnitude suggests that the comet formed either from the low-temperature agglomeration of pristine amorphous water ice grains or from clathrates. Science , this issue p. 232
Published: 2015

17. Time variability and heterogeneity in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Peter Eberhardt, André Bieler, Bernard Marty, Sébastien Gasc, Martin Rubin, B. Fiethe, Tobias Owen, Tamas I. Gombosi, Carmen Tornow, Myrtha Hässig, Henri Rème, Ekkehard Kührt, Annette Jäckel, Stephen A. Fuselier, Eddy Neefs, J. De Keyser, J. H. Waite, Hans Balsiger, Christelle Briois, Akiva Bar-Nun, Peter Wurz, Marina Galand, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, Léna Le Roy, Ursina Calmonte, Kirk C. Hansen, Ulrich Mall, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Olivier Mousis, Peter Bochsler, E. Kopp, A. Korth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, H. U. Keller, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Imperial College London, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency PRODEX Program, CNES, ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], German Aerospace Center ( DLR ), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] ( IGEP ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02/11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,Amidex ( 2011 ), European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and Science and Technology Facilities Council [2006-2012]
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Solar System, General Science & Technology, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Coma (optics), Astrophysics, ROSINA, Astrobiology, Latitude, law.invention, Orbiter, comet, law, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.STU.PG ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Physics, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, Spectrometer, COMETS, food and beverages, Planetary system, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Multidisciplinary Sciences, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Science & Technology - Other Topics, time variability, sense organs, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract: International audience; Comets contain the best-preserved material from the very beginning of our planetary system. Their nuclei and comae composition reveal clues about physical and chemical conditions during the early Solar system when comets formed. ROSINA/DFMS (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis / Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer) onboard the Rosetta spacecraft has measured the coma composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) with excellent time resolution and compositional detail. Measurements were made over many comet rotation periods and a wide range of latitudes. These measurements show large fluctuations in composition in a heterogeneous coma that has diurnal and possibly seasonal variations in the major outgassing species: H2O, CO, and CO2. These results indicate a complex coma-nucleus relationship where seasonal variations may be driven by temperature differences near the comet surface.
Published: 2015

18. Composition-dependent outgassing of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from ROSINA/DFMS. Implications for nucleus heterogeneity?

Author: Annette Jäckel, Martin Rubin, Chia-Yu Tzou, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Peter Wurz, Hans Balsiger, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Myrtha Hässig, Léna Le Roy, S. A. Fuselier, Kathleen Mandt, Kathrin Altwegg, Ulrich Mall, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, O. Mousis, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Data analysis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Coma (optics), [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, On board, Observational method, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, comets
Abstract: International audience; Early measurements of Rosetta’s target comet, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), showed a strongly heterogeneous coma in H2O, CO, and CO2.Aims. The purpose of this work is to further investigate the coma heterogeneity of 67P, and to provide predictions for the near- perihelion outgassing profile based on the proposed explanations.Methods. Measurements of various minor volatile species by ROSINA/DFMS on board Rosetta are examined. The analysis focuses on the currently poorly illuminated winter (southern) hemisphere of 67P.Results. Coma heterogeneity is not limited to the major outgassing species. Minor species show better correlation with either H2O or CO2. The molecule CH4 shows a different diurnal pattern from all other analyzed species. Such features have implications for nucleus heterogeneity and thermal processing.Conclusions. Future analysis of additional volatiles and modeling the heterogeneity are required to better understand the observed coma profile.
Published: 2015

19. The capabilities of ROSINA/DFMS to measure argon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Myrtha Hässig, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathrin Altwegg, Tobias Owen, Martin Rubin, J. De Keyser, S. A. Fuselier, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Léna Le Roy, Ursina Calmonte, Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Space Research and Planetary Sciences ( WP ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Comet, chemistry.chemical_element, Mass spectrometry, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Astrobiology, Orbiter, Argon isotopes, law, Rosetta, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Argon, Spectrometer, ROSINA/DFMS, Astronomy, Isotopes of argon, Noble gas, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Outgassing, chemistry, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Little is known about the noble gas abundances in comets. These highly volatile atoms are possible tracers of the history of cometary matter including the thermal evolution. They can help quantify the contribution of cometary impacts to terrestrial oceans and help elucidate on the formation history of comets and their role in the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres. This paper focuses on argon and the capabilities to measure this noble gas with in situ mass spectrometry at comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko the target of the European Space Agency's spacecraft Rosetta. Argon may have been detected by remote sensing in a single Oort cloud comet but to date nothing is known about the isotopic abundances of argon in comets. Furthermore no detection of argon in a Jupiter family comet has been reported. Comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko belongs to the group of Jupiter family comets and originates most likely in the Kuiper belt. Onboard Rosetta is ROSINA/DFMS (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer). DFMS has unprecedented mass resolution and high sensitivity and is designed to measure isotopic ratios including argon (Balsiger et al. 2007). Argon measurements using the DFMS lab model (identical to the flight model) demonstrate this capability. At very least this mass spectrometer has the resolution and sensitivity to reduce the upper limit on the argon outgassing rate relative to water by more than three orders of magnitude (for Ar 38). Most likely ROSINA/DFMS will provide the first detection of argon in a Jupiter family comet together with the first determination of the Ar 38/Ar 38 ratio at a comet. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2015

20. Inventory of the volatiles on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta/ROSINA

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Hans Balsiger, Ursina Calmonte, Michael R. Combi, Kathrin Altwegg, Myrtha Hässig, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Chia-Yu Tzou, Léna Le Roy, Björn Fiethe, Christelle Briois, André Bieler, Stephen A. Fuselier, Martin Rubin, Tamas I. Gombosi, Johan De Keyser, Annette Jäckel, Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: Physics, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Kuiper belt objects, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Organic molecules, Astrobiology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Interstellar comet, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The ESA Rosetta spacecraft (S/C) is tracking comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in close vicinity. This prolonged en- counter enables studying the evolution of the volatile coma composition.Aims. Our work aims at comparing the diversity of the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at large heliocentric distance to study the evolution of the comet during its passage around the Sun and at trying to classify it relative to other comets.Methods. We used the Double Focussing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) of the ROSINA experiment on ESA’s Rosetta mission to determine relative abundances of major and minor volatile species. This study is restricted to species that have previously been detected elsewhere.Results. We detect almost all species currently known to be present in cometary coma with ROSINA DFMS. As DFMS measured the composition locally, we cannot derive a global abundance, but we compare measurements from the summer and the winter hemisphere with known abundances from other comets. Differences between relative abundances between summer and winter hemispheres are large, which points to a possible evolution of the cometary surface. This comet appears to be very rich in CO2 and ethane. Heavy oxygenated compounds such as ethylene glycol are underabundant at 3 AU, probably due to their high sublimation temperatures, but nevertheless, their presence proves that Kuiper belt comets also contain complex organic molecules.
Published: 2015

21. Correcting peak deformation in Rosetta's ROSINA/DFMS mass spectrometer

Author: Kathrin Altwegg, Thierry Sémon, Gaël Cessateur, Myrtha Hässig, C. Briois, J. De Keyser, Tamas I. Gombosi, Eddy Equeter, Eddy Neefs, Frederik Dhooghe, Björn Fiethe, Martin Rubin, Andrew Gibbons, Herbert Gunell, Ursina Calmonte, Hans Balsiger, Stephen A. Fuselier, Romain Maggiolo, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Léna Le Roy, Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Quantum Chemistry and Photophysics Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, This work was supported by CNESgrants at LATMOS and LPC2E., ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project, POTHIER, Nathalie, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] ( ULB ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), and Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS )
Subjects: 530 Physics, Comet atmosphere, Comet, Analyser, Data analysis, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics, Deformation (meteorology), Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, PACS 82.80.Ms, 95.55.Pe, High resolution spectra, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation et méthodes en physique, Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, 010401 analytical chemistry, Planetary instrumentation, [ SDU.ASTR.IM ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 620 Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 0104 chemical sciences, Computational physics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 95.75.Pq, 95.55.Ym, Deconvolution, business, [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: The Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS), part of the ROSINA instrument package aboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft visiting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, experiences minor deformation of the mass peaks in the high resolution spectra acquired for m/Z = 16, 17, and to a lesser extent 18. A numerical deconvolution technique has been developed with a twofold purpose. A first goal is to verify whether the most likely cause of the issue, a lack of stability of one of the electric potentials in the electrostatic analyser, can indeed be held responsible for it. The second goal is to correct for the deformation, in view of the important species located around these masses, and to allow a standard further treatment of the spectra in the automated DFMS data processing chain., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2015

22. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Ulrich Mall, E. Kopp, Kathrin Altwegg, J. De Keyser, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Peter Bochsler, Eddy Neefs, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Bernard Marty, Hans Balsiger, Annette Jäckel, Henri Rème, T. C. Owen, Peter Eberhardt, A. Korth, Peter Wurz, Christelle Briois, Olivier Mousis, Stephen A. Fuselier, Lena Leroy, Chia-Yu Tzou, H. Waite, André Bieler, Martin Rubin, Myrtha Hässig, Kirk C. Hansen, Ursina Calmonte, Akiva Bar-Nun, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules ( UTINAM ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), University of Hawaii, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), PRODEX/ROSINA PEA 90020, CNES, European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, Spacecraft, business.industry, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, Jupiter, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Terrestrial planet, business, Earth (classical element)
Abstract: The provenance of water and organic compounds on Earth and other terrestrial planets has been discussed for a long time without reaching a consensus. One of the best means to distinguish between different scenarios is by determining the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratios in the reservoirs for comets and Earth’s oceans. Here, we report the direct in situ measurement of the D/H ratio in the Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the ROSINA mass spectrometer aboard the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft, which is found to be (5.3 ± 0.7) × 10 −4 —that is, approximately three times the terrestrial value. Previous cometary measurements and our new finding suggest a wide range of D/H ratios in the water within Jupiter family objects and preclude the idea that this reservoir is solely composed of Earth ocean–like water.
Published: 2015

23. Abundant molecular oxygen in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Ursina Calmonte, Catherine Walsh, Annette Jäckel, Bernard Marty, Stephen A. Fuselier, Ulrich Mall, Michael R. Combi, J. De Keyser, Akiva Bar-Nun, Thierry Sémon, Peter Wurz, J. H. Waite, E. F. van Dishoeck, Kirk C. Hansen, Christelle Briois, Chia-Yu Tzou, Tobias Owen, Léna Le Roy, Peter Bochsler, Myrtha Hässig, Henri Rème, A. Korth, André Bieler, Hans Balsiger, Romain Maggiolo, Olivier Mousis, Kathrin Altwegg, Martin Rubin, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, E. Kopp, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Hawaii, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PRODEX/ROSINAPEA 90020, CNES, European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 )
Subjects: Moons of Jupiter, Solar System, Extraterrestrial Environment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry.chemical_element, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Astrobiology, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Spacecraft, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU.STU.PG ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Carbon Monoxide, Photolysis, Multidisciplinary, [ SDU.STU.PL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Meteoroid, Ice, Water, Meteoroids, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry, 13. Climate action, Asteroid, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract: International audience; The composition of the neutral gas comas of most comets is dominated by H2O,CO and CO2, typically comprising as much as 95 percent of the total gas density1. In addition, cometary comas have been found to contain a rich array of other molecules, includingsulfuric compounds and complex hydrocarbons. Molecular oxygen (O2), however, despite its detection on other icy bodies such as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn2,3, has remained undetected in cometary comas. Here we report in situ measurement of O2 in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with local abundances ranging from one per cent to ten per cent relative to H2O and with a mean value of 3.8060.85 per cent. Our observations indicate that the O2/H2O ratio is isotropic in the coma and does not change systematically with heliocentric distance. This suggests that primordial O2 was incorporated into the nucleus during the comet’s formation, which is unexpected given the low upper limits fromremote sensing observations4. Current Solar System formation models do not predict conditions that would allow this to occur.
Published: 2015

24. Comparison of 3D kinetic and hydrodynamic models to ROSINA-COPS measurements of the neutral coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Annette Jäckel, Chia-Yu Tzou, Björn Fiethe, Urs Mall, Tamas I. Gombosi, Myrtha Hässig, Nicolas Fougere, Michael R. Combi, Zhenguang Huang, Martin Rubin, Stephen A. Fuselier, Johan De Keyser, Kenneth C. Hansen, Xianzhe Jia, Peter Wurz, Léna Le Roy, André Bieler, Henri Rème, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, Valeriy Tenishev, Sébastien Gasc, Hans Balsiger, Gabor Toth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Number density, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Numerical analysis, Comet, Data analysis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coma (optics), Space vehicles, Astrophysics, Function (mathematics), Kinetic energy, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Range (statistics), Hydrodynamics, Comets, Numerical methods, Constant (mathematics)
Abstract: International audience; 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) is a Jupiter-family comet and the object of investigation of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta. This report presents the first full 3D simulation results of 67P’s neutral gas coma. In this study we include results from a direct simulation Monte Carlo method, a hydrodynamic code, and a purely geometric calculation which computes the total illuminated surface area on the nucleus. All models include the triangulated 3D shape model of 67P as well as realistic illumination and shadowing conditions. The basic concept is the assumption that these illumination conditions on the nucleus are the main driver for the gas activity of the comet. As a consequence, the total production rate of 67P varies as a function of solar insolation. The best agreement between the model and the data is achieved when gas fluxes on the night side are in the range of 7% to 10% of the maximum flux, accounting for contributions from the most volatile components. To validate the output of our numerical simulations we compare the results of all three models to in situ gas number density measurements from the ROSINA COPS instrument. We are able to reproduce the overall features of these local neutral number density measurements of ROSINA COPS for the time period between early August 2014 and January 1 2015 with all three models. Some details in the measurements are not reproduced and warrant further investigation and refinement of the models. However, the overall assumption that illumination conditions on the nucleus are at least an important driver of the gas activity is validated by the models. According to our simulation results we find the total production rate of 67P to be constant between August and November 2014 with a value of about 1 × 1026 molecules s−1.
Published: 2015

25. Theoretical Modeling for the STEREO Mission

Author: Thomas H. Zurbuchen, Karoly Kecskemety, M. J. Reiner, Charlie J. Farrugia, Jon A. Linker, Antoinette B. Galvin, A. Llebaria, Noé Lugaz, J. W. Cook, Dusan Odstrcil, Sami K. Solanki, Rainer Schwenn, David M. Alexander, Martin A. Lee, Manfred Scholer, Victor J. Pizzo, József Kóta, Markus J. Aschwanden, Ilia I. Roussev, Vytenis M. Vasyliunas, L. F. Burlaga, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Bernd Inhester, Anne Sandman, Ward B. Manchester, Thomas Wiegelmann, Donald V. Reames, Peter Bochsler, Peter A. Robinson, Pete Riley, Milan Maksimovic, M. L. Kaiser, C. K. Ng, Janet G. Luhmann, Z. Mikic, Volker Bothmer, Russell A. Howard, Tamas I. Gombosi, L. M. Blush, P. C. Liewer, Iver H. Cairns, Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, University of New Hampshire (UNH), SAIC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), NOAA/SEC, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [University of Arizona] (LPL), University of Arizona, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL), University of California, Space Sciences Lab, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Institut für Astrophysik, Universität Göttingen, KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale (LAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des plasmas, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Center for Interdisciplinary Plasma Science, and Extraterr
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Solar energetic particles, Solar flare, business.industry, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Magnetic reconnection, Space weather, 01 natural sciences, Corona, STEREO mission, Solar corona, Solar wind, Coronal mass ejection (CME), Solar filaments . Heliosphere, Interplanetary shocks, Interplanetary particle beams, Solar energetic particle events (SEP), Solar flares, Stereoscopy, 3D reconstruction techniques, White-light emission, EUV emission, Interplanetary radio emission, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Aerospace engineering, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Heliosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; We summarize the theory and modeling efforts for the STEREO mission, which will be used to interpret the data of both the remote-sensing (SECCHI, SWAVES) and in-situ instruments (IMPACT, PLASTIC). The modeling includes the coronal plasma, in both open and closed magnetic structures, and the solar wind and its expansion outwards from the Sun, which defines the heliosphere. Particular emphasis is given to modeling of dynamic phenomena associated with the initiation and propagation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The modeling of the CME initiation includes magnetic shearing, kink instability, filament eruption, and magnetic reconnection in the flaring lower corona. The modeling of CME propagation entails interplanetary shocks, interplanetary particle beams, solar energetic particles (SEPs), geoeffective connections, and space weather. This review describes mostly existing models of groups that have committed their work to the STEREO mission, but is by no means exhaustive or comprehensive regarding alternative theoretical approaches.
Published: 2008

26. Rosina’s Scientific Perspective at Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Tamas I. Gombosi, Fritz Gliem, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, H. Rème, Kathrin Altwegg, E. Arijs, Hans Balsiger, Annette Jäckel, A. Korth, S. A. Fuselier, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre d'étude des environnements terrestre et planétaires (CETP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Physics Research Laboratory [Ann Arbor] (SPRL), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (MPI Aeronomie), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Colangeli L., Epifani E.M., and Palumbo P. (eds)
Subjects: Physics, Molecular composition, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Astrobiology, On board, Orbiter, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) on board Rosetta is designed to analyze the volatile material of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We show in this paper that the scientific requirements related to the volatile material of comets in general and specifically to the present Rosetta target can be met by the three ROSINA sensors. ROSINA will answer scientifically important questions concerning the elemental, isotopic and molecular composition of Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Published: 2004

27. Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis—ROSINA

Author: B. Wilken, E. Kopp, Stefano Livi, E. G. Shelley, D. T. Young, J. H. Waite, Lennard A. Fisk, Fritz Gliem, Hermann Wollnik, Peter Wurz, Tamas I. Gombosi, Joachim Woch, G. R. Carignan, Stephen A. Fuselier, H. Rème, A. G. Ghielmetti, J. L. Bertaux, E. Arijs, A. Korth, Hans Balsiger, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathrin Altwegg, Christian Mazelle, J. A. Sauvaud, Peter Bochsler, Peter Eberhardt, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude des environnements terrestre et planétaires (CETP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Physics Research Laboratory [Ann Arbor] (SPRL), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (MPI Aeronomie), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Lockheed Martin Palo Alto Research Laboratories, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Physikalisches Institut [Gießen], Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU)
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Ion flow, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Resolution (mass spectrometry), Spectrometer, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Astrobiology, Ion, Orbiter, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Wide dynamic range, High mass, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) will answer outstanding questions concerning the main objectives of the mission. To accomplish the very demanding objectives, ROSINA will have unprecedented capabilities, including: very wide mass range from 1 amu to >300 amu; very high mass resolution (ability to resolve CO from N2 and 13C from 12CH); very wide dynamic range and high sensitivity; the ability to determine cometary gas and ion flow velocities and temperatures.
Published: 1998

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27 results on '"Tamas I. Gombosi"'

1. Evidence of ammonium salts in comet 67P as explanation for the nitrogen depletion in cometary comae

2. The surface distributions of the production of the major volatile species, H2O, CO2, CO and O2, from the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko throughout the Rosetta Mission as measured by the ROSINA double focusing mass spectrometer

3. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko seen by ROSINA

4. Comparison of neutral outgassing of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound and outbound beyond 3 AU from ROSINA/DFMS

5. On the origin of molecular oxygen in cometary comae

6. Sulphur isotope mass-independent fractionation observed in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by Rosetta/ROSINA

7. Ion composition at comet 67P near perihelion: Rosetta observations and model-based interpretation

8. Halogens as tracers of protosolar nebula material in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

9. Change of outgassing pattern of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko during the March 2016 equinox as seen by ROSINA

10. Evidence for depletion of heavy silicon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

11. The heterogeneous coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by ROSINA: H2O, CO2, and CO from September 2014 to February 2016

12. Xenon isotopes in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko show that comets contributed to Earth's atmosphere

13. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo modelling of the major species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

14. Photochemistry of forbidden oxygen lines in the inner coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

15. Ion chemistry in the coma of comet 67P near perihelion

16. Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature

17. Time variability and heterogeneity in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

18. Composition-dependent outgassing of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from ROSINA/DFMS. Implications for nucleus heterogeneity?

19. The capabilities of ROSINA/DFMS to measure argon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

20. Inventory of the volatiles on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta/ROSINA

21. Correcting peak deformation in Rosetta's ROSINA/DFMS mass spectrometer

22. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio

23. Abundant molecular oxygen in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

24. Comparison of 3D kinetic and hydrodynamic models to ROSINA-COPS measurements of the neutral coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

25. Theoretical Modeling for the STEREO Mission

26. Rosina’s Scientific Perspective at Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko

27. Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis—ROSINA

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27 results on '"Tamas I. Gombosi"'

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