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It is widely acknowledged that teachers’ (de)motivating style (what they say, do and how they act) affects students’ learning. Understanding what leads teachers to adopt a (de)motivating style is necessary to develop effective training programmes. The current study aimed to identify antecedents of teachers’ motivating (i.e. need-supportive) and demotivating (i.e. need-thwarting) styles by (a) examining the relationships between five types of pressures and these styles and (b) investigating the mediating role of motivation. A total of 509 generalist primary school teachers completed a questionnaire about their perceived styles, perceived pressures from above (i.e. time constraints, pressure to display authority), below (i.e. perceptions of students’ disengagement) and within (i.e. beliefs about the effectiveness of rewards, and the adherence to entity theory), and their autonomous and controlled motivations to teach physical education. Structural equation modelling showed that a need-supportive style was negatively predicted by students’ disengagement and teachers’ adherence to entity theory, and this relation was fully mediated by autonomous motivation. A need-thwarting style was positively predicted by pressure to display authority and beliefs about the effectiveness of rewards. Results showed that when pressures from below and from within are reduced, teachers adopt a more need-supportive style, because they are more likely to enjoy and value teaching. Conversely, when pressures from above and from within are prevalent, teachers are more likely to adopt a need-thwarting style. This study identified the pressures to be targeted when developing interventions which aim to modify teachers’ (de)motivating styles which in turn could impact students’ motivation and behaviours.

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It is now well established that the intrauterine life environment is of major importance for health during later life. Endurance training during pregnancy is associated with positive metabolic adjustments and beneficial effects on the balance between pro and antioxidant (redox state) in the offspring. Our hypothesis is that these changes could rely on mitochondrial adaptations in the offspring due to modifications of the fetal environment induced by maternal endurance training. Therefore, we compared the liver and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and the redox status of young rats whose mothers underwent moderate endurance training (treadmill running) before and during gestation (T) to those of young rats from untrained mothers (C). Our results show a significant reduction in the spontaneous H2O2 release by liver and muscle mitochondria in the T vs. C rats (p In plasma, GPX activity and protein oxidation are significantly higher in T rats compared to C rats (p We demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, that it is possible to act on the bioenergetic functionning including alterations of the mitochondrial function in the offspring by modifying maternal physical activity before and during pregnancy. These changes could be crucial for the future health of the offspring.

International audience; Key points: Maternal training during gestation enhances offspring body composition and energy substrates handling in early adulthood. Offspring nutrition also plays a role as some beneficial effects of maternal training during gestation disappear after consumption of a high-fat diet.Abstract: Maternal exercise during gestation has been reported to modify offspring metabolism and health. Whether these effects are exacerbated when offspring are receiving a high-fat diet remains unclear. Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of maternal exercise before and during gestation on the offspring fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF) by assessing its body composition, pancreatic function and energy substrates handling by two major glucose-utilizing tissues: liver and muscle. Fifteen-week-old nulliparous female Wistar rats exercised 4 weeks before as well as during gestation at a constant submaximal intensity (TR) or remained sedentary (CT). At weaning, pups from each group were fed either a standard diet (TRCD or CTCD) or a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (TRHF or CTHF) for 10 weeks. Offspring from TR dams gained less weight compared to those from CT dams. Selected fat depots were larger with the HF diet compared to control diet (CD) but significantly smaller in TRHF compared to CTHF. Surprisingly, the insulin secretion index was higher in islets from HF offspring compared to CD. TR offspring showed a higher muscle insulin sensitivity estimated by the ratio of phosphorylated protein kinase B to total protein kinase B compared with CT offspring (+48%, P < 0.05). With CD, permeabilized isolated muscle fibres from TR rats displayed a lower apparent affinity constant (Km ) for pyruvate and palmitoyl coenzyme A as substrates compared to the CT group (-46% and -58%, respectively, P < 0.05). These results suggest that maternal exercise has positive effects on young adult offspring body composition and on muscle carbohydrate and lipid metabolism depending on the nutritional status.

Description de plusieurs missions confiées lors d'un stage au sein d'un service de l'État au niveau départemental comme la réalisation d'une note destinée au préfet de l'Isère, la cartographie des aides à l'emploi en Isère et des inégalités d'emploi, la cartographie relative à la politique de la ville en termes de rythmes scolaires, d'aménagement du temps de l'enfant, ou encore l'instruction des dossiers du Centre National pour le Développement du Sport (CNDS).

Durant mon stage au Conseil Général de la Gironde qui s'est déroulé du 14/01/13 au 18/02/13 au service tourisme et du 19/02/13 au 14/06/13 auprès de la mission CDESI, j'ai eu l'occasion de participer à de nombreux projets et actions et de mener à bien plusieurs missions. La mission de stage qui m'avait été confiée en premier lieu au service tourisme ayant été abandonnée assez rapidement, je me concentrerai dans cette partie uniquement sur les missions menées avec M. Auboin. Le travail de la mission CDESI au moment où j'ai réalisé mon stage se définit selon trois missions : - L'accompagnement et le suivi des porteurs de projets d'ESI : concernant les aménagements sur les ESI déjà inscrits par exemple, et les procédures à réaliser pour l'inscription d'un ESI. - L'organisation d'un raid. - Un travail de consultation et de concertation auprès d'acteurs des Sports de Nature. Lors de mon stage, j'ai été plus particulièrement active sur les deux premières missions. N'ayant été qu'observatrice du travail de consultation et de concertation, je ne développerai pas ce point dans cette partie.

Se déplacer de la position assise à la position debout est essentiel pour une mobilité verticale et une vie indépendante. Ce mouvement exige un contrôle moteur ainsi qu'une stabilité dynamique optimale. Si l'action de se lever est diminuée ou perturbée, des limitations fonctionnelles significatives peuvent être engendrées. Certains auteurs ont exploré les tests qui pourraient être pertinents pour évaluer la locomotion et le potentiel d'équilibre inhérents à ce mouvement. Le test du « levers de chaise enchaînés d'une minute » permet d'évaluer la force musculaire des membres inférieurs ainsi que l'équilibre. Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'évaluer par accélérométrie non seulement la force mais aussi la puissance musculaire moyenne et leurs évolutions lors de ce test et d'établir des normes de puissance et de force musculaire pour chaque décade d'âge auprès d'une population active.

The aim of this study was to better understand the motor behaviour of hip disarticulated (HD) subjects using a Canadian type prosthesis, and to assess the effects of a new exoprosthetic hip joint system (Hélix3D, Otto Bock®) on balance, gait initiation and gait of HD subjects.; Cette étude vise à mettre en évidence les spécificités posturales et locomotrices des sujets désarticulés de hanche (DH) utilisant une prothèse canadienne, et à évaluer l'effet d'une pièce de hanche récemment développée (Hélix3D, Otto Bock®) sur la posture, l'initiation de la marche et la locomotion de ces sujets DH.

Le Conseil général de l'Isère, dans le cadre de sa politique sportive départementale, a lancé en septembre 2008, un projet innovant et unique en Europe : le village sportif de l'Isère. (...) L'objectif de ce mémoire est, à partir de la sociologie de l'acteur réseau de Bruno Latour, d'identifier, d'observer et de retranscrire le rôle des différents acteurs et actants présents. L'analyse des acteurs et actants, ainsi que de leurs relations, doit permettre le déploiement de la controverse qui fonde le réseau. Cette analyse au sein du village, retranscrite dans un compte rendu, permettra dans un deuxième temps d'analyser s'il existe des décalages entre l'organisation classique du sport en France qui peut être défini comme la société déjà faite pour B. Latour et l'organisation qui peut découler de ces nouveaux projets initiés par des collectivités territoriales, apparenté à un social 2 qui représente ces nouveaux réseaux.

International audience; The constant bearing angle (CBA) strategy is a prospective strategy that permits the interception of moving objects. The purpose of the present study is to test this strategy. Participants were asked to walk through a virtual environment and to change, if necessary, their walking speed so as to intercept approaching targets. The targets followed either a rectilinear or a curvilinear trajectory and target size was manipulated both within trials (target size was gradually changed during the trial in order to bias expansion) and between trials (targets of different sizes were used). The curvature manipulation had a large effect on the kinematics of walking, which is in agreement with the CBA strategy. The target size manipulations also affected the kinematics of walking. Although these effects of target size are not predicted by the CBA strategy, quantitative comparisons of observed kinematics and the kinematics predicted by the CBA strategy showed good fits. Furthermore, predictions based on the CBA strategy were deemed superior to predictions based on a required velocity (V (REQ)) model. The role of target size and expansion in the prospective control of walking is discussed.

International audience; In the perspective of giving a better understanding of the cardioprotective effects attributable to the tandem low caloric intake and training, Lou/C rats would be an interesting model since these animals exhibit spontaneously these two characteristics for months, without any dietary manipulations or stressor stimuli. No information was so far available on their cardiac function. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was (i) to document cardiac function before and after ischemia in this strain, and (ii) to investigate whether spontaneous wheel-running activity can improve the ability of cardiac muscle to recover its function after an ischemic period. Cardiac mechanical and metabolic functions were measured in isolated Langendorff hearts from Wistar sedentary, Lou/C sedentary, and Lou/C wheel-running male rats submitted to a 20-min low-flow ischemia and 20-min reperfusion. In Lou/C sedentary rats, rate-pressure product, an index of cardiac work, was decreased before ischemia as compared to Wistar sedentary animals (- 24 %, p < 0.05). After ischemia, cardiac mechanical function recovery did not significantly differ between these two groups. Nevertheless, flux of non-oxidative glycolysis was lower before and after ischemia in Lou/C sedentary animals than in Wistar sedentary rats. In Lou/C rats, during normoxic perfusion, wheel-running activity significantly decreased heart rate (- 15 %), oxygen consumption (- 2.2 %) and cardiac efficiency (- 37 %), whereas coronary flow and flux of non-oxidative glycolysis were significantly increased (+ 15 % and + 263 %, respectively). After ischemia, recovery of cardiac mechanical function and cardiac efficiency were improved in Lou/C wheel-running rats versus Lou/C sedentary animals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the impact of ischemia-reperfusion is similar between Lou/C- and Wistar sedentary rats. Spontaneous wheel-running activity decreases cardiac efficiency before ischemia and confers a protection against ischemia- and reperfusion-induced injury in isolated Lou/C rat hearts.

Sportification of Canyoneering in France by the Association of Caving and Speleology (1980-1992). The socio-cultural differences and the stakes of professionalization. This work deals with the process of sportification in canyoneering by the French association of caving and speleology. Making the assumption that the agents are structured in the shape of a field: sociology of P. Bourdieu is used as theoretical framework. The study is based on written and oral sources (nine interviews). The results highlight a disagreement concerning legitimacy in the introduction of canyoneering and competition. This debate reactivates the traditional oppositions between caving and speleology. In relation with the social and cultural position of the association's leaders these strategies are explained by the possibility for these agents bring up to date in an advantageous way their competences and obtaining profits in particular through certain forms of professionalization.; Ce travail aborde le processus de sportivisation de l'activité canyoning amorcé par la Fédération française de spéléologie à la fin des années 1980. Faisant l'hypothèse d'une structuration des agents sous la forme d'un champ, la sociologie de P. Bourdieu sert de cadre théorique. L'étude s'appuie sur des sources écrites et orales (neuf entretiens semi-directifs). Les résultats mettent en évidence un clivage interne à la fédération quant à la légitimité d'y introduire le canyoning et la compétition. Ce débat vient réactiver les oppositions traditionnelles entre spéléologie scientifique et spéléologie ludo-sportive. En relation au positionnement social et culturel des dirigeants fédéraux ces stratégies s'expliquent par la possibilité pour les agents d'y actualiser de façon avantageuse leurs compétences et d'y obtenir certains profits, notamment à travers la professionnalisation.