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The analyticity property of de Sitter's quantum Yang-Mills theory in the framework of Kerin space quantization, including quantum metric fluctuation, is demonstrated. This property completes our previous work regarding quantum Yang-Mills theory in de Sitter's ambient space formalism, and we can construct an axiomatic quantum field theory similar to Wightman's axioms. The color confinement is proven for the general case, which was previously approved in the early universe. It is shown by using the interaction between gluon fields and the conformal sector of the gravitational field, which is a massless minimally coupled scalar gauge field. The gluon mass results from the interaction between the gluon fields and the massless minimally coupled scalar field as a conformal sector of the gravitational field and then the symmetry-breaking setting due to the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field., 9 pages

$SU(\infty)$-QGR is a foundationally quantum approach to gravity. It assumes that Hilbert spaces of the Universe as a whole and its subsystems represent the symmetry group $SU(\infty)$. The Universe is divided to infinite number of subsystems based on an arbitrary finite rank symmetry group $G$, which arises due to quantum fluctuations and clustering of states. After selection of two arbitrary subsystems as clock and reference observer, subsystems acquire a relative dynamics, and gravity emerges as a $SU(\infty)$ Yang-Mills quantum field theory, defined on the (3+1)-dimensional parameter space of Hilbert spaces of the subsystems. As a Yang-Mills model $SU(\infty)$-QGR is renormalizable and despite prediction of a spin-1 field for gravity at quantum level, when QGR effects are not detectable, it is perceived similar to Einstein gravity. The aim of the present work is to make the foundation of $SU(\infty)$-QGR more mathematically rigorous and fill the gaps in the construction of the model reported in earlier works. In particular, we show that the global $SU(\infty)$ symmetry manifests itself through the entanglement of every subsystem with the rest of the Universe. Moreover, we demonstrate irrelevance of the geometry of parameter space, which can be gauged out by a $SU(\infty)$ gauge transformation up to an irrelevant constant. Therefore, $SU(\infty)$-QGR deviates from gauge-gravity duality models, because the perceived classical spacetime is neither quantized, nor considered to be non-commutative. In fact, using quantum uncertainty relations, we demonstrate that the classical spacetime and its perceived geometry present the average path of the ensemble of quantum states of subsystems in their parameter space. Thus, $SU(\infty)$-QGR explains both the dimension and signature of the classical spacetime. We also briefly discuss $SU(\infty)$-QGR specific models for dark energy., 50 pages+22 pages, 2 figures

International audience; Quasinormal modes (QNMs), the damped oscillations in spacetime that emanate from a perturbed body as it returns to an equilibrium state, have served for several decades as a theoretical means of studying $n$-dimensional black hole spacetimes. These black hole QNMs can in turn be exploited to explore beyond the Standard Model (BSM) scenarios and quantum gravity conjectures. With the establishment of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, there now exists the possibility of comparing computed QNMs against GW data from compact binary coalescences. Encouraged by this development, we investigate whether QNMs can be used in the search for signatures of extra dimensions. To address a gap in the BSM literature, we focus here on higher dimensions characterised by negative Ricci curvature. As a first step, we consider a product space comprised of a 4D Schwarzschild black hole spacetime and a 3D nilmanifold (twisted torus); we model the black hole perturbations as a scalar test field. We find that the extra-dimensional geometry can be stylised in the QNM effective potential as a squared mass-like term. We then compute the corresponding QNM spectrum using three different numerical methods and determine possible constraints for extra dimensions.

The advent of Petawatt-class laser systems allows generating electro-magnetic fields of unprecedented strength in a controlled environment, driving increasingly more efforts to probe yet unobserved processes through their interaction with the quantum vacuum. Still, the lowest intensity scale governing these effects lies orders of magnitude beyond foreseen capabilities, so that such endeavor is expected to remain extremely challenging. In recent years, however, plasma mirrors have emerged as a promising bridge across this gap, by enabling the conversion of intense infrared laser pulses into coherently focused Doppler harmonic beams lying in the X-UV range. In this work, we present quantitative predictions on the quantum vacuum signatures produced when such beams are focused to intensities between $10^{24}$ and $10^{28}\ \mathrm{W.cm}^{-2}$ . These signatures, which notably include photon-photon scattering and electron-positron pair creation, are obtained using state-of-the-art massively parallel numerical tools. In view of identifying experimentally favorable configurations, we also consider the coupling of the focused harmonic beam with an auxiliary optical beam, and provide comparison with other established schemes. Our results show that a single coherently focused harmonic beam can produce as much scattered photons as two infrared pulses in head-on collision, and confirm that the coupling of the harmonic beam to an auxiliary beam gives rise to significant levels of inelastic scattering, and hence holds the potential to strongly improve the attainable signal to noise ratios in experiments., Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures

Current neutrino detectors will observe hundreds to thousands of neutrinos from a Galactic supernovae, and future detectors will increase this yield by an order of magnitude or more. With such a data set comes the potential for a huge increase in our understanding of the explosions of massive stars, nuclear physics under extreme conditions, and the properties of the neutrino. However, there is currently a large gap between supernova simulations and the corresponding signals in neutrino detectors, which will make any comparison between theory and observation very difficult. SNEWPY is an open-source software package which bridges this gap. The SNEWPY code can interface with supernova simulation data to generate from the model either a time series of neutrino spectral fluences at Earth, or the total time-integrated spectral fluence. Data from several hundred simulations of core-collapse, thermonuclear, and pair-instability supernovae is included in the package. This output may then be used by an event generator such as sntools or an event rate calculator such as SNOwGLoBES. Additional routines in the SNEWPY package automate the processing of the generated data through the SNOwGLoBES software and collate its output into the observable channels of each detector. In this paper we describe the contents of the package, the physics behind SNEWPY, the organization of the code, and provide examples of how to make use of its capabilities., Comment: Software available at https://github.com/SNEWS2/snewpy

Opto and microelectronic devices based on III-V semiconductors and especially InP are prone to interfacial or superficial chemical instabilities due to spontaneous surface oxidation. Simple contact with air leads to uncontrolled formation of surface native oxides, correlated with degradation of crystal lattice and loss of electrical properties. Within the EPI group, electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry have been developed to passivate InP with a polyphosphazene film. Electrochemical treatment is carried out in liquid ammonia at -55°C and under atmospheric pressure. The results obtained after anodic treatments are systematically coupled to surface analyses (mainly XPS) performed at CEFS2. This specific passivation of the InP/NH3(liquid) interface is the result of previous works conducted in the team. These studies allowed us to establish, the specific signature (“perfect model”) of the interface after passivation, both from the electrochemical and spectroscopic point of view. This ideal model of passivation was mainly studied on n-InP 1018 (doped with sulfur with a concentration of doping element equal to 4.9 ×10^18 atoms.cm-3). However, depending on the passivation technique used, a disparity in the coulometric load is observed. XPS signatures also show some discrepancies. Thus, a statistical study is performed on n-InP 1015, p-InP 1017 et n-InP 1018 to verify if the actual structure of the film is in agreement with our model. Strategies are realized to understand the origin of these disparities and to study the fundamental mechanism of the formation of this film. This will make it possible to estimate the anode load necessary for the formation of a covering film and to determine its thickness.To complete the study of the film stability as well as its covering rate, different complementary characterization protocols are developed in this thesis. An electrochemical characterization (evolution of the Mott-Schottky plot) correlated with a characterization of the extreme surface by XPS (monitoring of the stability of the film exposed to the air) was required.Functionalization of the amino group on top of the film is demonstrated in collaboration with the organic chemistry group ECCO (Electrosynthesis Catalysis and Organic Chemistry) of ICMPE (Institut de Chimie et de Matériaux Paris-Est).Finally, we employed the physical characterization (TRPL: Time-Resolved Photoluminescence and HF-MPL: High Frequency-Modulated Photoluminescence) available at the Institut PhotoVoltaïque d'Île de France (IPVF) as an original approach to validate this stability of the film and to verify its optical and electronic properties., Les dispositifs opto-microélectroniques basés sur InP (III-Vs) souffrent d'instabilités chimiques interfaciales ou superficielles en raison de l'oxydation spontanée de leur surface. Un simple contact avec l'air conduit à une formation incontrôlée d'oxydes de surface, corrélée à une dégradation du réseau de surface et à la perte des propriétés électriques. Au sein du groupe EPI a été développée des techniques électrochimiques (voltamétrie cyclique, chronopotentiométrie et chronoampérométrie) permettant de protéger InP par un film de type polyphosphazène. Le traitement électrochimique se fait dans l’ammoniac liquide à -55°C et sous pression atmosphérique. Les résultats obtenus après ces traitements électrochimiques sont systématiquement couplés à des analyses de surface (principalement de l’XPS) effectuées à l’ILV. La maitrise de la passivation de l’interface InP/NH3 liquide fait suite à de nombreux travaux dans le groupe EPI de l’ILV. De ces études ressortent un modèle idéal de l’interface après passivation aussi bien d’un point de vue des données électrochimiques que par analyses spectroscopiques de surface. Ce modèle idéal de passivation a été essentiellement étudié sur n-InP 1018 (dopé soufre et de concentration 4.9 ×10^18 atomes.〖cm〗^(-3)). Cependant, selon la technique de passivation utilisée, une disparité de la charge coulométrique est observée. Les signatures XPS, présentent aussi quelques fluctuations. Ainsi une étude statistique est faite sur n-InP 1015, p-InP 1017 et n-InP 1018 pour vérifier si la structure réelle du film est en accord avec le modèle idéal. Des stratégies sont mises en place pour comprendre l’origine de ces disparités et afin d’étudier le mécanisme fondamental de la formation de ce film. Ceci permettra d’estimer la charge anodique nécessaire pour la formation d’un film couvrant et de déterminer son épaisseur.Pour compléter l’étude de la stabilité du film ainsi que son caractère couvrant, différentes caractérisations qui sont complémentaires sont développées dans cette thèse. Une caractérisation électrochimique (évolution de la droite de Mott-Schottky) corrélée à une caractérisation de l’extrême surface par XPS (suivi de la stabilité du film à l’air).Une caractérisation chimique de la surface après la fonctionnalisation du groupement amino du film est réalisée. Cette caractérisation est effectuée en collaboration avec le groupe de chimie organique ECCO (Electrosynthèse Catalyse et Chimie Organique) de l’ICMPE (Institut de Chimie et de Matériaux Paris-Est).Et enfin une caractérisation physique de surface (TRPL et MPL) propose une approche originale pour valider cette stabilité du film et pour vérifier ses caractéristiques optiques et électronique. Cette étude est faite en collaboration avec l’Institut PhotoVoltaïque d’Île de France (IPVF).

We consider two particles hopping on a chain with a contact interaction between them. At strong interaction, there is a molecular bound state separated by a direct gap from a continuous band of atomic states. Introducing weak disorder in the interaction, the molecular state becomes Anderson localized. At stronger disorder, part of the molecular band delocalizes and dissociates due to its hybridization to the atomic band. We characterize these different regimes by computing the density of states, the inverse participation ratio, the level-spacing statistics and the survival probability of an initially localized state. The atomic band is best described as that of a rough billiard for a single particle on a square lattice that shows signatures of quantum chaos. In addition to typical "chaotic states", we find states that are localized along only one direction. These "separatrix states" are more localized than chaotic states, and similar in this respect to scarred states, but their existence is due to the separatrix iso-energy line in the interaction-free dispersion relation, rather than to unstable periodic orbits., Comment: 20 pages, 17 figures

The upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is required to probe the physics beyond Standard Model. After the ongoing long shutdown (LS2), the accelerator luminosity will be increased 2 to 3 times as compared to designed luminosity value i.e. 10^34 cm-2s-1 . To meet the requirements of higher rates environment of HL-LHC era, the muon system of ATLAS detector needs to be upgraded. Therefore, the small wheel comprised of Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC), monitored Drift Tubes (MDT) chambers and Thin Gap Chambers (TGC) will be replaced by the New Small Wheel (NSW). The NSW will be constituted by MicroMegas gaseous detectors (from the MPGD family) and small-strip Thin Gap Chambers (sTGC). Micromegas detectors will be used for tracking as well as triggering purpose. For each of the two NSW, 16 modules will be installed in 16 sectors i.e. 8 large sectors and 8 small sectors; covering total area of ~ 1200 m2, each detector with an individual area between 2 and 3 m2. Micromegas are ionization-based gaseous detectors made up of parallel plates, having a thin amplification region separated from the conversion region via a thin metallic mesh. The production of Micromegas detectors as well as methods adopted to achieve required geometrical precision are presented. Specific measurement devices have been developed in the last few years to determine the mechanical metrology quality of Micromegas chambers, required for NSW. Planarity measurements of readout panels as well as module after assembly are done with a specifically developed co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM). The methodology to obtain such results as well as obtained results will be presented. Results of in-plane measurements (XY co-ordinate) performed using Rasnik masks etched on the PCBs are also reported. Modules constructed using the dedicated tools and methods are validated using cosmic muons, performances of the detectors will also be shown.

International audience; Environmental political theory, beyond the diversity of theoretical approaches and disciplinary specificities, proposes a reflection on the necessary adjustments of the project of modern democracy in front of the global environmental limits we have to face. However, this theoretical proposal minimizes some of the consequences of its own findings, by formulating spatial and temporal contradictions and reconstructing artificial separations between constraints. The article presents some blind spots of the EPT (horizontality, user-friendly self-regulation, renunciation, continuity of political time, relegating violence). Using Günther Anders' theoretical perspective, this article questions the risks of such minimization. And it attempts to highlight this discrepancy between the original, critical and reformist intention of the EPT and the management of the consequences of these proposals.; La Théorie politique environnementale, au-delà de la diversité des approches théoriques et des spécificités disciplinaires, propose une réflexion sur les ajustements nécessaires du projet de la démocratie moderne face aux limites environnementales globales auxquelles nous devons faire face. Cependant, cette proposition théorique minimise certaines conséquences de ses propres constats, en formulant des contradictions spatiales, temporelles et en reconstruisant des séparations artificielles entre les contraintes. L’article présente quelques angles morts de la TPE (horizontalité, autorégulation conviviale, renoncement, continuité du temps politique, relégation de la violence). Il interroge, à l’aide de la perspective théorique de Günther Anders, les risques d’une telle minimisation et tente de mettre en lumière ce décalage entre l’intention première, critique et réformatrice de la TPE, et la gestion des conséquences de ces propositions

International audience; GnRH is a neuropeptide known to regulate reproduction in vertebrates. The purpose of this study was to design and produce recombinant gonadotropin-releasing hormone associated peptide (rGnRH/GAP) as an alternative of the previous GnRHs and native extracted hormone from tissue, to induce final maturation in fish. Decapeptide as well as GAP area sequences were compared between GnRH1, GnRH2, and mGnRH from Acipenser sp and Huso huso, respectively. Considering the conserved amino acids and the replacement of un-stable amino acids with those that were more stable against proteolytic digestion as well as had a longer half-life, the sequence was designed. The sequences of decapeptide and GAP region were synthesized and then cloned on pET28a expression vector and transformed into expression host Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The supernatant of cultured recombinant bacteria was used for purification using TALON Metal affinity resin. The purity of the GnRH/GAP was confirmed by single 8 kDa band on SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Bioinformatics studies were performed for evaluation of homology between GnRH protein sequences and prediction of 3D protein structure using Swiss Model. The result showed that the structure prediction of the recombinant GnRH decapeptide was relatively similar to decapeptide of GnRH2 from Beluga (Huso huso). The GAP structure was similar to GAP1 of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and sturgeon and GnRH2 of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). The mass analysis showed that the sequence was exactly the same as designated sequence. Biology activity of rGnRH/GAP was tested in mature goldfish (Carassius auratus) and results showed that rGnRH/GAP had a positive effect in final maturation. Indeed 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) was increased 17 h and 24 h after injection with rGnRH/GAP and spawning stemmed from that injection. These novel findings introduce the potential of utilizing rGnRH/GAP in aquaculture.

Pulsars have been identified as good candidates for the acceleration of cosmic rays, up to ultra-high energies. However, a precise description of the acceleration processes at play is still to be established. Using 2D particle-in-cell simulations, we study proton acceleration in axisymmetric pulsar magnetospheres. Protons and electrons are extracted from the neutron star surface by the strong electric field induced by the rotation of the star, and electrons and positrons are produced in the magnetosphere through pair production process. As pair production has a crucial impact on electromagnetic fields, on gaps and thus on particle acceleration, we study its influence on the maximum energy and luminosity of protons escaping the magnetosphere. Protons are accelerated and escape in all our simulations. However, the acceleration sites are different for the protons and the pairs. As shown in previous studies, pairs are accelerated to their highest energies at the Y-point and in the equatorial current sheet, where magnetic reconnection plays and important role. In contrast, protons gain most of their kinetic energy below the light-cylinder radius within the separatrix current layers, but they are not confined within the equatorial current sheet. Their maximum Lorentz factors can reach $15\%$ to $75\%$ of the maximum Lorentz factor obtained by acceleration through the full vacuum potential drop from pole to equator, and increase with decreasing pair production. Their luminosity can reach $0.2\%$ to $4\%$ of the theoretical spin down luminosity of an aligned pulsar, and the minimum luminosity is obtained at the transition between the force-free and electrosphere regimes. These estimates support that millisecond pulsars could accelerate cosmic rays up to PeV energies and that new born millisecond pulsars could accelerate cosmic rays up to ultra-high energies., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 1 table; updated to match the published version

International audience; The battles of memory that take place in Central America in order to establish the truth about past armed conflicts are also “a war of figures”, as stated by the historian Arturo Taracena, who was part of the team of researchers of the Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH) in Guatemala. Indeed, the number of victims can only be established based on estimates and projections due to the implementation of forced disappearance of people and collective massacres which were strategies of the State terrorism practiced in the region.Unlike Argentina and Chile who, at different times during their transition, promoted state-funded memory policies aimed at searching for and identifying the disappeared, the exhumation process in Central American countries directly affected by armed conflicts is in charge of family members, associations of victims and NGOs. In other words, the missing person in Central America still has no place in the Archive –in the sense of the law of what is possible to say given by Michel Foucault. How to represent this gap around which present and past, absence and presence converge? Whereas the literature of the Southern Cone provided several answers to this question, Central American production is still scarcely doing so. We deal here to analyse some novels and artistic works of the region that place the missing person at the centre of the plot, giving him a discursive place that he still lacks at the official level. In this way, we highlight the different strategies that make the disappeared visible as a way to fight against institutionalized forgetfulness.; © Cahiers d'études romanes est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution-Pas d'utilisation commerciale-Pas de modification 4.0 InternationalLas batallas de la memoria que se dan en América Central para establecer la verdad sobre los pasados conflictos armados son también “una guerra de cifras” como lo afirma el historiador Arturo Taracena, quien formó parte del equipo de investigadores de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH) de Guatemala. En efecto, debido a la implementación de la desaparición forzada de personas y las masacres colectivas, que fueron estrategias del terrorismo de Estado practicado en la región, sólo se puede establecer el número de víctimas a partir de estimaciones y proyecciones. A diferencia de Argentina y Chile que, en diferentes momentos de su transición, promovieron políticas de la memoria financiadas por el Estado destinadas a buscar a los desaparecidos y a identificarlos, el proceso de exhumación en los países centroamericanos afectados directamente por los conflictos armados está a cargo de los familiares, asociaciones de víctimas y ONGs. Dicho de otro modo, el desaparecido en Centroamérica sigue sin tener cabida en el Archivo –entendido en el sentido de la ley de lo decible que le da Michel Foucault.¿Cómo representar esta brecha alrededor de la cual confluyen presente y pasado, ausencia y presencia? Si bien la literatura del Cono Sur aportó varias respuestas a esta interrogante, la producción centroamericana lo está haciendo todavía de manera escasa. Nos ocupamos aquí de analizar algunas novelas y obras artísticas de la región que colocan al desaparecido en el centro de la trama dándole un lugar discursivo del que carece aún a nivel oficial. De este modo, enfatizamos las diferentes estrategias que permiten visibilizar al desaparecido como manera de luchar contra la desmemoria institucionalizada.

arXiv:1909.09494v2, H.E.S.S. Collaboration: et al., The support of the Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia in facilitating the construction and operation of H.E.S.S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Max Planck Society, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Helmholtz Association, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS/IN2P3 and CNRS/INSU), the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the National Science Centre, Poland (grant number 2016/22/M/ST9/00382), the South African Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation, the University of Namibia, the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST), the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the Australian Research Council (ARC), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the University of Amsterdam. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in Berlin, Zeuthen, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay, Tübingen and Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment. This work benefited from services provided by the H.E.S.S. Virtual Organisation, supported by the national resource providers of the EGI Federation. R.C.G.C. was funded by EU FP7 Marie Curie (grant agreement number PIEF-GA-2012-332350).

We prove that physical solutions to the Heisenberg spin chain Bethe ansatz equations are exactly obtained by imposing two zero-remainder conditions. This bridges the gap between different criteria, yielding an alternative proof of a recently devised algorithm based on $QQ$ relations, and solving its minimality issue., 14 pages. New version: corrected typos, modified abstract and added references

British writer Adam Thorpe's fiction is fractured as well as structured by the notion of gap between the subject and what we decided to call the 'pre-Histories'. This work, relying on the notion of interval, examines the dialectics between fracture and suture, showing its extension to narrativity, subjectivity and historicity. Faced with a work that keeps interrogating the question of the limit in a ceaseless effort to combine disjunction with conjonction, disconnection with reconnection, especially between the fragments and silences of the small and big history, the purpose of this thesis is to introduce the figure of the witness, understood here in a literary, philosophical and anthropological sense in order to shed light on the precariousness of relationality., L'oeuvre romanesque de l'écrivain britannique Adam Thorpe est fracturée aussi bien que structurée par la notion d'écart entre le témoin et ce que nous appelons les 'pré-Histoire(s)'. Ce travail, prenant appui sur la notion d'écart, étudie la dialectique entre fracture et suture, en montrant son extension à la narrativité, la subjectivité et l'historicité. Face à une oeuvre qui n'a de cesse d'interroger la question de la limite dans un effort constant de faire dialoguer la disjonction avec la conjonction, la déliaison avec la reliaison, notamment entre les bribes et les lacunes de la petite et de la grande Histoire, le but de cette thèse est d'introduire la figure du témoin, entendu ici dans un sens littéraire, philosophique et anthropologique afin de mettre en lumière la précarité de la relationnalité.

International audience; In this work, capillary structures are manufactured by sintering of copper and zirconia powders using different sintering parameters, in order to obtain porous samples with various hydrodynamic characteristics and surface properties. A specific test bench is designed to reproduce a capillary evaporator of a LHP decoupled from the remaining of the loop and enables the determination of the evaporator heat transfer coefficient and optimum heat flux at the occurrence of the operating limit. The influence of the surface properties on the evaporator thermal behaviour is investigated by polishing the copper wick surface in contact with the evaporator fins, or by coating the zirconia wick with a thin gold layer. It is shown that polishing decreases the thermal performance when the size of the gap between the evaporator fins and the wick becomes lower than the pore size. The coating enables to enhance the evaporator thermal performance, probably by a reduction of the thermal contact resistance or by a favourable surface wettability effect, reducing the strong effect of the wick topography on the optimum heat flux value. Finally, a data mining approach is proposed which highlights the preponderant effect of the surface quality on the evaporator heat transfer coefficient.

The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon is one of the most precisely measured quantities in physics. Its experimental value exhibits a $4.2 \, \sigma$ discrepancy $\delta a_\mu=(251 \pm 59) \times 10^{-11}$ with its theoretical value calculated in the standard model framework, while they agree for the electron. The muon theoretical calculation involves a mass-dependent contribution which comes from two-loop vacuum polarization insertions due to electron-positron pairs and depends on the electron to muon mass ratio $x=m_e/m_\mu$. In standard quantum mechanics, mass ratios and inverse Compton length ratios are identical. This is no longer the case in the special scale-relativity framework, in which the Planck length-scale is invariant under dilations. Using the renormalization group approach, we differentiate between the origin of $ \ln x$ logarithmic contributions which depend on mass, and $x$ linear contributions which we assume to actually depend on inverse Compton lengths. By defining the muon constant $\mathbb{C}_\mu=\ln(m_\mathbb{P}/m_\mu)$ in terms of the Planck mass $m_\mathbb{P}$, the resulting scale-relativistic correction writes $\delta a_\mu= -\alpha^2 \, (x \:\ln^3 x)/(8 \; \mathbb{C}_\mu^2)$, where $\alpha$ is the fine structure constant. Its numerical value, $(230 \pm 16) \times 10^{-11}$, is in excellent agreement with the observed theory-experiment difference., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, Improved and updated version, account of new experimental results

This study points at a project around traditional tales which help reducing gaps existing between students in terms of reading comprehension and writing abilities right from their arrival at preschool level. In order to do so, I used an experimental method: first tests were processed on 24 student in January then the project went on twice a week during 4 months. These tests reveal that student who had contacts with books from their early childhood generally get a better comprehension of the main theme wether on albums or regarding stories in general even if they had never seen or heard them before. Likewises, questionnaires and Stephane Bonnery’s researches show that for children who have been few in contact with books, "complex" album comprehension is often more difficult, specifically the "narrative" and double means of diverted tales. This project around traditional tales lead student to both face canonical narrative shemes and stereotyped characters that they will meet again in litterature. This project used the Pierre Peroz’s listening pedagogy, Roland Goigoux and Sylvie Cèbe’s Researches and Viviane Bouysse’ s research work on the game to learn. The hypothesis is that we may tend to reduce learning abilities inequalities due to student personal background at the meeting of these lines: working on traditional tales in a context of a collective project leading to a collective goal seem to help reducing initial student inequalities in terms of abilities to learn. This project has then provided student with tools, not only in terms of patrimonial, popular and academic culture but also with reading guides which will undeniably help with their reading comprehension. As a conclusion, we may relate that what student understand quickly thanks to their home relation to books from very early childhood appears to be understood quicker than expected by children who are not used to read or be read books.; Cette étude vise à expérimenter un projet autour des contes traditionnels comme levier pour réduire les écarts déjà existants entre les élèves, à l’entrée en maternelle, en particulier en ce qui concerne le rapport à l’écrit et la compréhension de texte lu. Pour cela, des pré-tests ont été effectués sur 24 élèves au mois de janvier puis le projet a eu lieu deux jours par semaine durant quatre mois. Les pré-tests montrent que des élèves étant confrontés depuis la petite enfance aux livres comprennent généralement mieux les albums et les trames narratives des histoires sans pour autant avoir forcement été confrontés à tous les contes. De même, les questionnaires montrent que pour des enfants peu souvent confrontés aux livres la compréhension d’albums « complexes » est souvent plus difficile, en particulier pour la compréhension de la trame narrative et le double sens des contes détournés. Ce projet sur les contes traditionnels a permis de confronter les élèves à des structures narratives canoniques et à des personnages stéréotypés qu’ils retrouveront par la suite dans de nombreux ouvrages de littérature. Il semble donc que ce projet a outillé les élèves d’une culture à la fois patrimoniale, populaire et scolaire qui leur permettra de construire rapidement des clefs et des schémas utiles dans leur compréhension de texte lu. Ce que les élèves confrontés aux livres dès petits comprennent sur la durée grâce à de multiples confrontations est ici compris plus rapidement par les élèves moins familiers des livres. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que c’est la réunion des deux facteurs : un travail axé sur des contes traditionnels et la mise en place d’un dispositif à base de jeux symboliques et avec une finalité et un engagement collectif, qui permet de réduire légèrement les écarts existants.

DELTA TOTAL is a structure composed of art school students, artists and teachers. This group is conceived of implemented as a dynamic experimentation system for conditions of artistic production outside the workshop, depending on the environments and contexts in which it is carried out. In a series of experiments conducted since 2013, different situations have been exeperimented as a practice in the transition from "form" to "works".The form is considered as a negociation of a gaps between production and exposure, which can be done within this distance according to the problems it implies. The work is characterized as a resolution of this negotiation, in other words, what is finally shown or retained. This practice of a dynamic of production conditions, between negotiation and resolution, production and demonstration, is based on the situation experienced and the circumstances encountered by the group.The situations and circumstances encountered produced three relationships, both spatial and dynamic, to the exhibition: the experience of the exhibition as a destination, the exhibition as a only place of the experience, the experience whithout exposure. These three relationships with the exhibition distribute the following gaps differently: 1) gap between what is done and what is shown (economy of forms); 2) gap between art and life (confrontation of the work to be done and the experience to be lived); 3) gap between the variations of the lands invested. This distribution of differences raises a problem as to the possible correspondences between forms and demonstration of forms of production. Thus the forms are thought of as the realization of certain conditions, and the work as a solution of the problems posed by these condition between two moments of the practice ., DELTA TOTAL est une structure composée d’étudiants en école d’art, d’artistes et d’enseignants. Cet ensemble est conçu et activé comme un dispositif d’expérimentation dynamique de conditions de production artistique hors atelier selon les environnements et les contextes rencontrés. Au cours d’une série d’expériences menées depuis 2013, différentes situations sont expérimentées comme pratique du passage des « formes » aux « œuvres ». La forme est envisagée comme négociation des écarts entre la production et l’exposition, ce qu’on peut faire dans cette distance selon les problèmes qu’elle implique. L’œuvre se caractérise comme résolution de cette négociation, autrement dit, ce qui est finalement montré ou retenu. Cette pratique d’une dynamique des conditions de production, entre négociation et résolution, production et monstration, s’appuie sur les situations vécues et les circonstances rencontrées par le groupe. Les situations et les circonstances rencontrées produisent trois rapports, spatiaux comme dynamiques, à l'exposition : l’expérience de l’exposition comme destination, l’exposition comme lieu unique de l’expérience, l’expérience sans exposition. Ces trois rapports avec l’exposition distribuent différemment les écarts suivants : 1) écart entre ce que l’on fait et ce que l’on montre (économie des formes) ; 2) écart entre l’art et la vie (confrontation de l’œuvre à faire et de l’expérience à vivre) ; 3) écart entre les variations des terrains investis. Cette distribution des écarts déploie le terrain d’une problématique quant aux correspondances possibles entre formes de monstration et formes de production. Ainsi les formes sont pensées comme réalisations de certaines conditions, et l’œuvre comme résolution des problèmes posés par ces conditions entre deux moments de la pratique.

High performance Carbone/Epoxy materials are the materials of choice for the design / manufacture of structures used in conditions of critical mass challenge. They may, however, have the disadvantage that the manufacturing process can introduce defects. Thus, in the context of mass production, the presence of these defects and their impact on the mechanical properties constitutes a challenging problem on their acceptance for use. In this study we characterize the effect of a various range of defects on the loss of mechanical properties. This problem is discussed using various experiments on composites,with calibrated defects in the manufacturing process of an AFP (Automatic Fiber Placement) robot., Les matériaux composites Carbone/Epoxy à fibres longues constituent des matériaux de premier choix pour la conception/fabrication de structures utilisées dans des conditions où l’enjeu de masse essentiel. Ils présentent toutefois l’inconvénient de contenir des défauts qui dépendent du procédé de fabrication et qui leurs sont inhérents. Ainsi, dans le cadre de production en de masse, la présence de ces défauts et leur impact sur les propriétés mécaniques constitue une problématique de taille qui a des conséquences sur leur acceptation pour utilisation. Cette dernière constatation nécessite d’identifier la perte de performances mécaniques associée à la présence de défauts sur un grand nombre de propriétés.Cette problématique est discutée au travers d’expérimentations diverses sur des composites présentant des défauts calibrés obtenus dans un procédé de fabrication robot AFP (Automatic Fiber Placement).

This thesis aims to question the differences between the way in which recreational public spaces are designed and how they are ultimately used by children. The central hypothesis of this study is that the gap in design and use is the result of a normalization process, whereby the recreational city essentially becomes merely another ‘field’ to satisfy regulations.To validate this hypothesis, I study the public space design process and observe how the spaces, both formal (public gardens, playgrounds) and informal (bottom of the building, pavements, abandoned urban places), are ultimately used by children. As children are developing their social and psychomotor skills, they are particularly interesting individuals through which to analyze deviations from the norm. In order to understand the practices of the participating children, an observation participant was conducted at two children's leisure centers situated in the Ile-de-France Region: the district Villette-Quatre-Chemins in Aubervilliers (93) and the Grande Borne in Grigny (91). In all, forty-six children participated through mind maps, commented strolls equipped with cameras, using aerial views, as well as individual and group interviews. The reported speeches were confronted with acts by sessions of floating observation in the studied spaces. In order to identify the urban project design process, twenty-one semi-directives interviews were undertaken with project owners (designers and administrators). In addition, an archival survey highlighting the evolution of the projects was also conducted.The survey conducted in Villette-Quatre-Chemins in Aubervilliers, reveals that the transgressive practices of children are a result of unmet needs. Far from being organized in opposition to the current rules, the children assume control of the functional logic and segmentation of the public spaces, enacting a dialogue in accordance to logic and social control. The practices developed therefore constitute a modality of participation in situ in urban planning, which relies on commonly shared rules. However, designers struggle to recognize this silent but active means of expression, revealing one reason for the gap between how and why the space was designed and the way in which it is used.The district of the Grande Borne, an iconic representation of 1970’s design dedicated to the child, composed of public spaces with accessible works of art. Is it the use which has evolved or the representations of the public square and their associated use? This leads us to analyze the process of project management, which highlights a conflict between managers and designers, concerning issues of heritage and standardization. The redevelopment also provides information on educational issues in the recreational city.The results of this research underlines that far from being anomic, a child’s use of a space is influenced by a dialectic with the norms that are in force. The usage gap, perceived as transgressive by the designers and the administrators, constitutes, in reality, an appropriation and a redeployment of the norm. The principles of normalization of play areas, under the guise of safety for everyone, is the over-infantilization of the child. The logic of repositioning the playground in the public space is then more an update of the mechanism of social control than attention to the needs of the child., Cette thèse vise à interroger les motifs des écarts d’usages au sein des espaces publics récréatifs, mettant en tension les modalités de conception et de gestion du projet face à l’appropriation qu’en font les enfants. L’hypothèse centrale de cette recherche est, que cet écart relève d’un processus de normalisation des usages des espaces publics où la ville récréative ne constituerait qu’un nouveau dispositif d’encadrement des pratiques de conception, de gestion et d’usages.Pour valider cette hypothèse, je m’appuie sur l’étude des processus de conception des espaces ludiques et sur l’observation de leurs pratiques par l’enfant, qu’il s’agisse d’espaces formels (squares, aires de jeux) ou informels (pieds d’immeubles, trottoirs, délaissés urbains). Usager en cours d’apprentissage des codes en vigueur dont le développement psychomoteur se réalise aussi par la transgression des règles, l’enfant constitue un individu particulièrement intéressant pour analyser les questions d’écarts à la norme. Afin d’identifier ses pratiques, une enquête par observation participante a été menée au sein de centres de loisirs situés en région Île de France : le quartier Villette à Aubervilliers (93) et la Grande Borne à Grigny (91). En tout, ce sont quarante-six enfants qui ont été entretenus au travers de cartes mentales, de parcours commentés outillés d’appareils photographiques, d’images aériennes, d’entretiens individuels et collectifs. Les propos recueillis ont été confrontés aux pratiques dans le cadre d’une observation flottante. En vue d’identifier les modalités de conception du projet, vingt-et-un entretiens semi-directifs auprès de concepteurs et de gestionnaires relevant de la maîtrise d’ouvrage publique ont été réalisés. En complément, une enquête archivistique présentant les évolutions des sites étudiés a été menée.L’enquête sur le quartier Villette-Quatre-Chemins révèle que les pratiques transgressives des enfants répondent à des besoins non satisfaits. Loin de s’organiser en opposition avec les règles en vigueur, les enfants reprennent à leur compte les logiques de fonctionnalisation des lieux, de segmentation et de mise en dialogue des espaces ludiques selon une logique de parcours, mais aussi de contrôle social. Les pratiques développées constituent ainsi une modalité de participation in situ à l’aménagement urbain s’appuyant sur des règles d’usage communément partagées. Néanmoins, les concepteurs peinent à lire cette parole silencieuse mais active, mettant en lumière une des raisons de l’écart entre l’espace conçu et vécu.La Grande Borne, grand ensemble emblématique des opérations conçues dans les années 1970 en France, mettant au centre du projet l’enfant, a pour espace public ludique des œuvres d’art accessibles. La rénovation en cours mène à leur normalisation. Il s’agit alors de comprendre les motifs de celle-ci. Est-ce que ce sont les usages ou les représentations des espaces historiques de jeux qui ont évolué ? Cette question amène à analyser le processus de réalisation de projet. Il met en évidence un conflit entre gestionnaires et concepteurs autour des enjeux de patrimonialisation et de normalisation. La rénovation réalisée renseigne alors sur les enjeux éducatifs de la ville récréative.Les résultats de cette recherche soulignent que, loin d’être anomiques, les pratiques de l’espace par l’enfant s’organisent dans un rapport dialectique avec les normes en vigueur. L’écart d’usages, perçu comme transgressif par les concepteurs et les gestionnaires, est en réalité une appropriation et un redéploiement de la norme. Les principes de normalisation des espaces de jeux, sous le couvert d’une sécurisation de tout un chacun, relèvent d’une sur-infantilisation de l’enfant. Les logiques de repositionnement du jeu dans l’espace public constituent alors davantage une actualisation des mécanismes de contrôle social qu’une attention à l’égard de l’enfant.

I do not have a serene relationship with painting. While it creates a space for self-expression and a sense of belonging to oneself without limits, I fear the immensity of that space. Where to go? By which means? How to overcome hesitations? How to be sure to make the right decisions? Which paths to follow, which leads to explore? The practice of painting is an immersion. Within the studio and at the heart of a painter's work lie a number of unique plastic and mental processes. A dynamic is at stake, allowing a step towards new possibilities where making choices and taking risks are intertwined. There, in the tension between the unanticipated and what is tentatively determined, is where my pictorial work exists. Because of the wandering, the experiments, the breakthroughs but also the failures, I wanted to focus on the difficulties inherent to the painter’s work. What are their causes? How is the creative process impacted and what remedies can artists turn to? The hypothesis of this thesis is that computer and digital processing is a possible answer to the artist’s quest of letting go in his or her pictorial practice. If photography, film or video each have, at some point in their history, questioned their relationship to painting, what about today’s computer-assisted art? How do digital technologies and painting concurrently exist and share the artistic scene? How do they interact? In which particular ways does digital processing relieve the painter and enables a form of letting go? Admittedly, no definition of "painting" as we know it today can be exhaustive. However, we will take a look at how computers – apprehended as tools, but also as a medium for the painter – make it possible to identify the renewed, distorted, yet flagrant presence of painting within new artistic mediums and to redefine it as immaterial and dynamic. The experiments carried out in my artistic work as well as the surveys conducted with painters using computer-assisted techniques, will lead to a broader understanding of the process of letting go but also to experience the limits of the technical alliance.; Je n’ai pas de rapport serein à la peinture. Si elle constitue un espace d’expression et d’appartenance à soi-même sans limites, j’appréhende l’immensité de cet espace. Où aller ? De quelle manière ? Comment surmonter les hésitations ? Comment être sûre de prendre les bonnes décisions ? Quelle piste ou quelle exploration privilégier ? La pratique de la peinture relève d’une immersion. Au sein de l'atelier, au cœur du travail du peintre, se jouent de multiples opérations plastiques et mentales spécifiques. Une dynamique est en jeu, celle d’une marche vers de nouveaux possibles au sein de laquelle s’intercalent des choix et des prises de risque. C'est ici, dans cette tension entre ce qui n'est pas anticipé et ce qui tente de se déterminer que mon travail pictural existe. Comme il est fait d’errances, d’expériences, d’avancées mais aussi de pannes, j’ai souhaité m’attacher à l’étude des difficultés inhérentes au travail de peintre. Quelles en sont les causes ? Comment les processus créatifs sont-ils impactés et quelles remédiations peuvent-elles être envisagées de la part des artistes ? L’hypothèse de cette thèse est que l’informatique constitue une réponse possible à la recherche de lâcher-prise de l’artiste dans sa pratique picturale. Si la photographie, le cinéma, ou la vidéo ont chacun, à un moment donné de leur histoire, interrogé leurs relations à la peinture, qu’en est-il aujourd’hui pour l'informatique ? Comment informatique et peinture partagent-elles leur contemporanéité au sein de la création artistique ? Comment y dialoguent-elles ? Sous quels angles l’informatique soulage-t-elle le peintre et peut-elle conduire à une forme de lâcher-prise ? Dans la perspective où « la » peinture échappe aujourd’hui à toute tentative de définition exhaustive, nous verrons comment l'informatique appréhendée comme outil mais aussi comme médium du peintre poussera à reconnaître la présence renouvelée, écartelée mais flagrante de la peinture sur de nouveaux supports et à la définir comme immatérielle et dynamique. Les expériences menées au sein de mon travail artistique ainsi que les enquêtes de terrain menées auprès d’artistes peintres exploitant l’informatique nous amèneront à élargir notre compréhension du lâcher-prise mais aussi à éprouver les limites de l’alliance technique.

International audience; When we deal with the deployment structure of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) used in applications where the zone-of-interest is not accessible by humans, like forest re detection, military applications, etc., random deployment is often the main or even the only practical solution that can be chosen. One of the main issues in this deployment is that it can lead to a formation of gaps or voids, which represent non-covered zones in the network. This can be very problematic, since it is not possible to detect some serious and dangerous problems, like a starting re, the presence of non-desired persons or cyber-security attacks, etc. Therefore, detecting non-covered zones is of high importance. In this paper, we present a new method that allows to detect gaps and voids in WSNs and IoT networks after executing the D-LPCN algorithm and using some characteristics related to the value of the angle formed by the node of the gap having the minimum x-coordinate. 1

International audience; A random deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is often the basic structure used in the context of re forest detection, military applications or any situation where the zone-of-interest is not accessible by humans. The main problematic in this kind of deployment is the formation of gaps or voids, which represent a zone which is not covered in the network. This reduces signicantly its Quality of Service and can lead to serious problems, like a non-detected starting re, the presence of unexpected persons or attacks, etc. Therefore, detecting zones that are not covered by the WSN is of great importance. In this paper, we present a new method allowing to detect gaps and voids in WSNs or in IoT networks by using some characteristics of the angles of the polygon formed by the boundary as determined by the D-LPCN algorithm. These angles can be interior or exterior. Characterizing the angles of the polygon formed by these boundary nodes allows to specify whether this boundary is a gap or a void, in case where the obtained polygon is interior. Since D-LPCN is fault-tolerant, the simulation results show that it is possible to use it for the detection of faulty nodes and intrusions. 1

International audience; Point contact tunneling (PCT) spectroscopy measurements are reported over wide areas of cm-sized cut outs from niobium superconducting RF cavities. A comparison is made between a high-quality, conventionally processed (CP) cavity with a high field Q drop for acceleration field E $>$ 20 MV/m and a nitrogen doped (N-doped) cavity that exhibits an increasing Q up to fields approaching 15 MV/m. The CP cavity displays hot spot regions at high RF fields where Q-drop occurs as well as unaffected regions (cold spots). PCT data on cold spots reveals a near ideal BCS density of states (DOS) with gap parameters, $\Delta$ as high as 1.62 meV, that are among the highest values ever reported for Nb. Hot spot regions exhibit a wide distribution of gap values down to $\Delta \sim$ 1.0 meV and DOS broadening characterized by a relatively large value of pair-breaking rate, $\Gamma$, indicating surface regions of significantly reduced superconductivity. In addition, hot spots commonly exhibit Kondo tunneling peaks indicative of surface magnetic moments attributed to a defective oxide. N-doped cavities reveal a more homoegeneous gap distribution centered at $\Delta \sim$ 1.5 meV and relatively small values of $\Gamma/\Delta$. The absence of regions of significantly reduced superconductivity indicates that the N interstitials are playing an important role in preventing the formation of hydride phases and other macroscopic defects which might otherwise severely affect the local, surface superconductivity that lead to hot spot formation. The N-doped cavities also display a significantly improved surface oxide, i.e., increased thickness and tunnel barrier height, compared to CP cavities. These results help explain the improved performance of N-doped cavities and give insights into the origin of the initial increasing Q with RF amplitude.

We study a general class of functionals providing an analytic handle on the conformal bootstrap equations in one dimension. We explicitly identify the extremal functionals, corresponding to theories saturating conformal bootstrap bounds, in two regimes. The first corresponds to functionals that annihilate the generalized free fermion spectrum. In this case, we analytically find both OPE and gap maximization functionals proving the extremality of the generalized free fermion solution to crossing. Secondly, we consider a scaling limit where all conformal dimensions become large, equivalent to the large $AdS$ radius limit of gapped theories in $AdS_2$. In this regime we demonstrate analytically that optimal bounds on OPE coefficients lead to extremal solutions to crossing arising from integrable field theories placed in large $AdS_2$. In the process, we uncover a close connection between asymptotic extremal functionals and S-matrices of integrable field theories in flat space and explain how 2D S-matrix bootstrap results can be derived from the 1D conformal bootstrap equations. These points illustrate that our formalism is capable of capturing non-trivial solutions of CFT crossing.

Recent research reveals that personalized medicine is one major way to treat cancer. In order to develop personalized medicine, characterizing the genomic alterations is a vital component. Several methods have been proposed to this end. One of the rst methods is the Genome Alteration Print (GAP) by Popova et al, which uses a deterministic approach. We follow this approach and develop a parametric probabilistic model for GAP, together with its statistical estimation, based on a preliminary segmentation of SNP measurements obtained from microarray experiments. For estimation, we implement the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to maximize the likelihood of this model and get the parameter estimation which characterizes the genomic alterations. In our approach, the tumoral ploidy is deduced from penalized model selection. Our model is tested on simulated data and real data.

Study of the representation of bodies in the graphic novel Duelo de caracoles, and more specifically of the mechanisms that reveal the physical and sensitive interiority of the characters through the gaping of their bodies. Analysis of the hybrid aesthetic processes of the image that associate scientific language with artistic expression in order to question it and reinvent the functioning of the body and emotions. By exposing this tension, we have shown that anatomical sections fragment the body and make us aware of the limits of medical and psychological representations and analyses, Estudio de la representación de los cuerpos en la novela gráfica Duelo de caracoles, y más específicamente de los mecanismos que revelan la interioridad física y sensible de los personajes a través de la abertura de loscuerpos. Análisis de los procesos estéticos híbridos de la imagen que asocian el lenguaje científico con la expresión artística para cuestionarlo mejor y reinventar el funcionamiento del cuerpo y de las emociones. Con el exposición de esta tensión, demostramos que las secciones anatómicas fragmentan el cuerpo y nos hacen conscientes de los límites de las representaciones y de los análisis médicos y psicológicos, Étude de la représentation des corps dans le roman graphique Duelo de caracoles, et plus spécifiquement des mécanismes dévoilant l’intériorité physique et sensible des personnages à travers la béance de leurs corps. Analyse des procédés esthétiques hybrides de l’image qui associent le langage scientifique à l'expression artistique pour mieux le remettre en question et réinventer le fonctionnement du corps et des émotions. Dans cette mise en tension, nous avons montré que les coupes anatomiques morcellent le corps et font prendre conscience des limites des représentations et analyses médicales et psychologiques.

International audience; The actin cytoskeleton is essential for the biology of osteoclasts, in particular during bone resorption. As key regulators of actin dynamics, the small GTPases of the Rho family are very important in the control of osteoclast activity. The study of Rho GTPase signaling pathways is essential to uncover the mechanisms of bone resorption and can have interesting applications for the treatment of osteolytic diseases. In this chapter, we describe various techniques to obtain primary osteoclasts from murine bone marrow cells, to measure Rho GTPase activation levels, to monitor bone resorption activity of osteoclasts and to introduce the expression of proteins of interest using a retroviral approach. We illustrate the different methods with experimental examples of the effect of Rac1 activation by the exchange factor Dock5 on bone resorption by osteoclasts.

High-energy emission from blazars is produced by electrons which are either accelerated directly (the assumption of leptonic models of blazar activity) or produced in interactions of accelerated protons with matter and radiation fields (the assumption of hadronic models). The hadronic models predict that gamma-ray emission is accompanied by neutrino emission with comparable energy flux but with a different spectrum. We derive constraints on the hadronic models of activity of blazars imposed by non-detection of neutrino flux from a population of gamma-ray emitting blazars. We stack the gamma-ray and muon neutrino flux from 749 blazars situated in the declination strip above -5 degrees. Non-detection of neutrino flux from the stacked blazar sample rules out the proton induced cacade models in which the high-energy emission is powered by interactions of shock-accelerated proton beam in the AGN jet with the ambient matter or with the radiation field of the black hole accretion disk. The result remains valid also for the case of interactions in the scattered radiation field in the broad line region. IceCube constraint could be avoided if the spectrum of accelerated protons is sharply peaking in the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray range, as in the models of acceleration in the magnetic reconnection regions or in the vacuum gaps of black hole magnetospheres. Models based on these acceleration mechanisms are consistent with the data only if characteristic energies of accelerated protons are higher than 1e19 eV., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

This thesis concerns the study of the 2 first enzymes of the MEP pathway: DXS and DXR. The MEP pathway permits the biosynthesis of isoprénoïdes in most bacteria, including pathogenic one. As it is not present in human, enzymes of MEP pathway are effective targets in the research of new antimicrobial drugs. The objective was to advance the development of new antimicrobiotic compounds. We used computational tools: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations coupled with an MM/PBSA approach. We were able to identify residues that contribute significantly to the ligand binding in the DXR active site. These results were used to guide the conception of new inhibitor models, such as bisubstrates, biligands and α,α-difluoro phosphonates, two of which were synthetized. We also developed a synthesis method to obtain L- and D-GAP as enantiomerically pure molecules. The goal was to study the enantiospecificity of DXS to its substrate, D-GAP.; La thèse porte sur l’étude des 2 premières enzymes de la voie du MEP: la DXS et DXR. La voie du MEP conduit à la biosynthèse des isoprénoïdes chez la plupart des bactéries, dont des pathogènes. Etant absente chez l’homme, les enzymes de cette voie cible idéale pour la recherche de nouveaux antimicrobiens. L’objectif principal était d’améliorer le développement de nouveaux antimicrobiens. Nous avons utilisé des outils computationnels : méthodes de docking et de mécanique moléculaire couplée à la méthode MM/PBSA. Nous avons identifié les résidus contribuant significativement à la fixation d’un ligand dans le site actif de la DXR. Ces résultats ont été utilisés lors de la conception de nouveaux candidats inhibiteurs de type bisubstrat, biligand et difluoro phosphonate, dont 2 ont pu être synthétisés. Nous avons également développé une méthode de synthèse donnant accès au L- et D-GAP énantiomeriquement purs, dans le but d’étudier l’énantiospécificité de la DXS face à son substrat D-GAP.

International audience; The GaP/Si heterojunctions fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) were studied. The degradation of charge carrier lifetime in Si was observed during the growth of single-crystalline GaP layer on Si substrates by MBE at 500-600 °C. The study performed by PL and DLTS has demonstrated the presence of the defective layer in Si, which is located within ~30 nm near to the GaP/Si interface. This defective layer leads to significant reduction of solar cell performance for anisotype n-GaP/p-Si heterojunction due to strong recombination in the space charge region. The GaP/Si heterostructure with Si n-p homojunction exhibits better performance compared to the anisotype n-GaP/p-Si heterojunction because the defective layer is located in the n-Si emitter formed by intentional P diffusion. On the contrary, the deposition of amorphous GaP layer by PE-ALD at T < 380 °C does not lead to the degradation of Si wafer charge carrier lifetime.

Recent findings have raised the hypothesis that clinical susceptibility to malaria may be related to allergy-type response. In human infection with P. falciparum, as well as in murine models of malaria, increased levels of histamine have been shown to be associated with disease severity. Histamine releasing factor (HRF), shown to be implicated in the release of pro-inflammatory histamine during late-phase allergy, was demonstrated to be produced by the parasite during mild and severe malaria infections suggesting that Plasmodium HRF may affect host immune responses and contributes to the pathogenesis. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the role of Plasmodium HRF in the development of the immune response and to determine whether its expression is associated with the severity of malaria disease by studying two HRF-deficient (hrfΔ) murine parasites (PbANKA and PbNK65). Infection with PbANKA-hrfΔ sporozoites showed a decrease in the frequency of ECM due to the impairment of the development of the mutant parasites in liver stages as a consequence of the up-regulation of IL-6. Infection with PbNK65-hrfΔ parasites confirmed the importance of HRF in enhancing the virulence of the parasite. Indeed, PbNK65-hrfΔ infection results in parasite clearance leading to a long-lasting protection and immune memory as reflected by an up-regulation of IL-6, a down-regulation of PD-1 expression on T cells and in the enhancement of Ab-mediated phagocytosis. HRF is the first parasite gene which directly modulates the host immune response.; De études récentes suggèrent une forte relation entre susceptibilité au paludisme et réponse allergique. Des niveaux élevés d’histamine plasmatique et tissulaire ont été associés à la sévérité de la maladie chez l’homme infecté par P. falciparum et dans de nombreux modèles animaux. Histamine releasing factor (HRF), une protéine pro-inflammatoire libérant l'histamine au cours des processus allergiques, est produite par le parasite au cours des infections palustres modérées et sévères, suggérant l’implication du HRF dans l’altération des réponses immunitaires et dans la pathogenèse. Les objectifs de ce travail consistaient à évaluer le rôle de la protéine parasitaire HRF dans le développement de la réponse immunitaire et à déterminer si son expression est associée à la sévérité de la maladie en étudiant deux parasites murins, PbANKA et PbNK65, déficients pour la protéine HRF (hrfΔ). Les souris infectées avec des sporozoïtes PbANKA-hrfΔ ont montré une diminution de la fréquence du neuropaludisme associée à un déficit du développement des parasites mutants au cours du stade hépatique et à une augmentation précoce systémique d’IL-6. En outre, l'infection par les parasites PbNK65-hrfΔ est caractérisée par l’élimination du parasite conduisant à une protection durable et au développement d’une mémoire immunitaire caractérisée par une augmentation d’IL-6, une diminution de l’expression de PD-1 sur les cellules T et une amélioration de la phagocytose dépendante des anticorps, confirmant l'importance de la protéine HRF dans la virulence du parasite. HRF est le premier gène de parasite Plasmodium dont l’effet direct sur la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte est démontré.

Restoration of historical monuments after 1945 is based on the acceptance or the rejection of the drama of loss. I identified for major periods of restoration in Europe after WWII : 1939-1945; 1946-1972 ; 1973-1989 ; 1990-2015. In France, as opposed to Germany or Italy, historiography in architecture still does not deal much with the history of restoration post-bellica, ie with historical monuments destroyed during WWII and progressively restored afterwards. The historiographical task at hand is to study within different contexts (Germany, France, Italy, ex-Yugoslavia, etc) the practices of restoration once peace is back, ie the architectural intervention on the ruins produced by war. Although ferments of restoration (for both works of art and architecture) can be identified, in the current sense of the term, as early as the 1930’s, the discipline is going to mature under the impetus of the immense workshop of post-bellica restoration. Methods, techniques and theories, still valid today, are then produced and applied. My suggestion is that such a workshop can be considered as an European lab within which a kind of "invisible college" is at work, centered around a few major international experts. Architects, historians of art, superintendents, archeologists, natural and social scientists share their experiences and points of view. Research laboratories, universities, museums, churches, international organizations are involved from all over Europe. But Italy is at the heart of the « invisible college ». I have organized the analysis of the post bellica restoration around the question of "lacunes" (deficiency, gaps; shortcomings), first from a theoretical point of view. Then I imagined a new way, a typology of architectural shortcomings in order to explain a practical point of view and constructive comes after the repair or "reintegration of lacune (gap)". I identified different families of "lacune" (gaps) affecting older buildings caught in the war. It’s then possible to speak about "lacune" at different scales and regardless of the type of hit artefact. I wanted to guide the reader through the maze of post bellica restoration, with the "lacune" used as a red string. The hole or the fall of a fragment of plaster in a mural painting, the impact of machine gun in a stone facade, falling arches and a church structures, fractures in the rhythmic span of a facade the complete collapse of the nave and the apse of a church, the destruction of the urban fabric around a monument and the demolition of an old stone bridge are all shortcomings that make us react. That's faces these shortcomings, different each time, what post bellica restoration thought martyr heritage, subject of this thesis.; La destruction des villes et des monuments historiques a connu une ampleur sans précédent durant la guerre 1939-1945. La reconstruction après 1945 s’inscrit dans un moment de profonde mutation pour l’histoire du monde. La restauration post bellica des monuments historiques s’inscrit dans le vaste chantier de la Reconstruction territoriale et politique de l’Europe ; il s’agit l’intervention architecturale sur la ruine produite par la guerre. Il existe "mille façons", de protéger, de détruire, puis de restaurer les œuvres d’art et d’architecture lors des conflits armés. Le sujet de cette thèse réside dans ces trois actions : protéger, détruire et restaurer. Elles sont un travail de l’homme. Deux actions, protéger et restaurer participent à des enjeux positifs pour les sociétés indépendamment du lieu ou du temps. L’action, "détruire", porte des signes négatifs, hier comme aujourd’hui, l’action de détruire dépend ou procède de conséquences géopolitiques très complexes. Le sujet de cette thèse concerne notamment deux aspects de la restauration des œuvres d’art et des œuvres d’architecture de 1945 à aujourd’hui. Le premier aspect peut être nommé "les théories", le second aspect "les pratiques". Les deux sont indissociables, dans un processus réflexif où la pratique vient valider ou invalider la théorie, tandis que la théorie se base sur la pratique dans son élaboration. De l’intention d’étudier ces deux aspects, découle la problématique à laquelle je me suis particulièrement attaché ; celle-ci consiste à comprendre en quoi les destructions de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ont contribué à renouveler les théories et les pratiques en matière de restauration des monuments historiques ? J’ai identifié ce renouvellement pour ensuite le définir et le documenter, dans différents contextes spatio-temporels, à travers les 5 chapitres de ce travail. La restauration des monuments historiques après 1945 en Europe, est à la fois le sujet, le terrain et le corpus de cette thèse. Pour rester réaliste j’ai choisi de travailler cette question principalement dans trois pays d’Europe : l’Allemagne, la France et l’Italie. Il s’agit de 3 pays qui ont une longue tradition dans ce domaine. La restauration des monuments historiques après 1945, s’appuie sur l’acceptation ou le refus du drame de la perte. En Europe elle se développe selon quatre périodes que j’ai identifiées comme suit: de 1939 à 1945 la période bellica ; de 1946-1972 la période chaude de la Reconstruction; de 1973 à 1989 la période intermédiaire ; de 1990 à 2015 la nouvelle période chaude ou "le patrimoine à l’état gazeux". Le long chantier de la restauration des monuments historiques après 1945 est un laboratoire européen ou un "collège invisible". Dans ce laboratoire et à partir de la pratique de la restauration, travail alors colossal, urgent et nécessaire, sont élaborées des techniques et des théories toujours valides aujourd’hui. J’ai ici organisé l’analyse de la restauration post bellica autour de la question des lacunes, d’abord analysée d’un point de vue théorique. Ensuite, j’ai imaginé, de façon nouvelle, une typologie des lacunes en architecture afin d’expliquer d’un point de vue pratique et constructif ce qui vient après : la réparation ou "la réintégration des lacunes". J’ai identifié différentes familles de lacunes qui affectent les édifices anciens pris dans la guerre. Il m’a alors semblé possible de parler de lacunes à différentes échelles et indépendamment du type d’artefact touché. J’ai voulu guider le lecteur, dans le labyrinthe de la restauration post bellica, avec la lacune comme fil d’Ariane. Le trou ou la chute d’un fragment d’enduit dans une peinture murale, l’impact de mitraillette dans une façade en pierre, la chute des voûtes et des charpentes d’une église, les cassures dans les travées rythmiques d’une façade, l’écroulement complet de la nef ou de l’abside d’une église, la destruction de tissus urbains autour d'un monument...

International audience; in In this work, we study the effect or the different copper precursors on the structural optical and electrical properties of CuO thin films deposited on glass substrates using spray pyrolysis technique, the phase of tenorite (CuO) are identified using X-Ray diffraction. A single phase without impurities is observed for the three precursors. The band gap energy and others optical parameters are calculated using absorbance/transmittance data giving by spectrophotometry. The semiconductor aspect of our films are showed by four probes method. © 2016 IEEE.

Robert, Cédric et al., We study the complex electronic band structure of low In content InGaAs/GaP quantum dots. A supercell extended-basis tight-binding model is used to simulate the electronic and the optical properties of a pure GaAs/GaP quantum dot modeled at the atomic level. Transitions between hole states confined into the dots and several XZ-like electronic states confined by the strain field in the GaP barrier are found to play the main role on the optical properties. Especially, the calculated radiative lifetime for such indirect transitions is in good agreement with the photoluminescence decay time measured in time-resolved photoluminescence in the µs range. Photoluminescence experiments under hydrostatic pressure are also presented. The redshift of the photoluminescence spectrum with pressure is also in good agreement with the nature of the electronic confined states simulated with the tight-binding model., A.R.G. and M.I.A. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through Grant No. MAT2009-09480 (PIEZOHM) and Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre Award (No. SEV-2015-0496). M.O.N. acknowledges financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. This research is supported by “Region Bretagne” through the PONANT project including ´ FEDER funds. This paper is also supported by the OPTOSI Agence Nationale pour la Recherche Project No. 12-BS03- 002-02. This work has been performed using HPC resources of GENCI CINES, TGCC/CCRT, and IDRIS under the allocation No. 2013-[x2013096724].

International audience; GaP, quasi-lattice matched to Si, allows growth of low defect density III-V/Si pseudosubstrates [1]. However, Antiphase boundaries (APB) likely appear and must be avoided. In this context, X-ray nanodiffraction and Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) have been used as non-destructive techniques for local characterization of APB configuration [2]. Different GaP/Si nanolayers were studied at ID01/ESRF with an 8 keV coherent xray beam. Here a 140nm thick GaP presents annihilated APB (less than 3/m emerging APB). Bragg geometry ptychography of the APB has been attempted using (002) GaP weak reflection. This shows a peak splitting, characteristic of a heterogeneous APB density. But a still too high defect density precludes successful phase retrieval imaging. Two-dimensional fast mapping (kmap) [3] over the (004) and the (002) reflections shows for different regions of integrated intensities (ROI) (Fig. 1a) weak (Bragg maximum -0.5° on rocking angle) and strong scattering conditions (Fig. 1b and 1c respectively). As shown fig. 1b), the weak scattered intensity in ROI1, exhibits contrast lines oriented along both [1 1 0] and [-1 1 0] crystallographic directions. This contrast corresponds to regions of high tilt, surrounding misfit dislocations [3]. Strong scattering conditions performed on the (004) (Fig. 1c) and the (002) Bragg reflections present a quite different contrast with large spotty regions. We believe that this anisotropic contrast is due to weak tilt/strain, associated to the APD annihilation process.1. Y. P. Wang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 191603 (2015).2. S. Labat et al., ACS Nano 9, 9210 (2015).3. M. H. Zoellner et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 9031 (2015).

Interactions between elementary excitations in quasi-one dimensional antiferromagnets are of experimental relevance and their quantitative theoretical treatment has been a theoretical challenge for many years. Using matrix product states, one can explicitly determine the wavefunctions of the one- and two-particle excitations, and, consequently, the contributions to dynamical correlations. We apply this framework to the (non integrable) frustrated dimerized spin-1/2 chain, a model for generic spin-Peierls systems, where low-energy quasi-particle excitations are bound states of topological solitons. The spin structure factor involving two quasi-particle scattering states is obtained in the thermodynamic limit with full momentum and frequency resolution. This allows very subtle features in the two-particle spectral function to be revealed which, we argue, could be seen, e.g., in inelastic neutron scattering of spin-Peierls compounds under a change of the external pressure.

International audience; Cet article décrit quelques particularités de la science des surfaces d'oxydes et des nanostructures, et propose un schéma conceptuel simple permettant de comprendre leur structure électronique, dans l'esprit des travaux de Jacques Friedel. Des résultats majeurs quant aux effets de non-stœchiométrie et de polarité sont presentés, à la fois pour les surfaces semi-infinies et les films ultra-fins, et des perspectives de recherche prometteuses pour un future proche sont esquissées.; This contribution describes some peculiarities of the science of oxide surfaces and nano-structures and proposes a simple conceptual scheme to understand their electronic structure, in the spirit of Jacques Friedel's work. Major results on the effects of non-stoichiometry and polarity are presented, for both semi-infinite surfaces and ultra-thin films, and promising lines of research for the near future are sketched.

International audience

Rassemblée par Clément Aubert entre 1877 et 1901 dans le cadre de son activité de directeur de la Compagnie des chemins de fer de Bône à Guelma, riche de 523 pièces de céramiques et de 50 objets de verre et de métal, la collection Aubert-Buès, déposée au Musée-muséum départemental des Hautes-Alpes à Gap, nous renseigne sur la culture matérielle de la région frontalière algéro-tunisienne, entre Tébessa et Haïdra au nord et Gafsa au sud. Après un bref historique de la collection, cet article présente les premiers résultats de l’inventaire et de l’étude intégrée archéologique et archéométrique de cette documentation, et ses apports à l’histoire et à l’économie des régions internes de l’Afrique romaine. Gathered by Clément Aubert during his activity as the director of the railway company from Bône to Guelma, encompassing 523 ceramic pieces and 50 glass and metal artefacts, the Aubert-Buès collection, stored at the museum of Gap (Hautes-Alpes, France), provides information on the material culture of the border area between Algeria and Tunisia, from Tebessa and Haidra north to Gafsa south. After giving a short background of the collection, this paper presents the first results of the inventory and the integrated archaeological and archaeometrical survey of this documentation, and its contribution to the history and economy of the inland regions of Roman Africa.

The emergence of composite materials in aeronautics leads to lighter structures. However, these new materials induce new constraints to the assembly process. The adaptation is not yet complete. Indeed many operations are necessary to respect the new requirements, but are considered as non-productive. In the context of the European project LOCOMACHS, an assembly simulation tool is developed to limit the use of these operations. This thesis relates to the validation, from the measure, of the models used for flexible assembly simulation. A method to evaluate the geometry of a flexible component is implemented. The method compensates, by simulation, the effects of the environment on the component during its measurement. A sensitivity analysis of the method against changes in various measurement parameters and simulation parameters is performed in order to define a framework for implementation. Parameters of the model used to perform the compensation by simulation are not representative of the actual behavior. A modal analysis of deviations to a chosen reference geometry contributes to the adjustment of these parameters. This reference geometry is obtained by a reversal method applied in a flexible context to cancel some of the effects of the environment on the measured geometry of the component. The gap between the assembled components is the geometric key characteristic in an assembly of aeronautical composite structure. The assembly simulation, from measuring data of flexible components, enables to evaluate the gap between the components prior to assembly. Gap measurement methods in an assembly of flexible components are proposed, and they have been experimentally performed. The comparison of measured and simulated gaps highlights the performance of the simulation tool, and the difficulties in modeling actual measurement environment and actual assembly environment., L’émergence des matériaux composites dans le domaine aéronautique a permis d’alléger considérablement les structures. Cependant l’adaptation du processus d’assemblage aux contraintes imposées par la présence de ces matériaux n’est pas encore complète. De nombreuses opérations considérées comme non-productives sont nécessaires pour garantir le respect des nouvelles exigences. Dans le cadre du projet européen LOCOMACHS, l’utilisation d’un outil de simulation d’assemblage est envisagée afin de limiter le recours à ces opérations. Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la validation, par la mesure, des modèles utilisés pour la simulation d’assemblage flexible. Une méthode d’évaluation de la géométrie d’un composant souple est mise en œuvre afin de compenser par simulation numérique les effets de l’environnement sur le composant lors de sa mesure. Une analyse de sensibilité de la méthode aux variations des différents paramètres de mesure et de simulation est réalisée afin de définir un cadre pour la mise en œuvre. Une analyse modale des écarts à une géométrie de référence contribue à la correction de certains paramètres du modèle utilisé pour réaliser la compensation par simulation. Cette géométrie de référence est obtenue par une méthode de retournement appliquée dans un contexte flexible, afin d'annuler certains effets de l'environnement sur la géométrie mesurée du composant. Le jeu entre les composants assemblés est la caractéristique géométrique prépondérante dans un assemblage de structure aéronautique composite. La simulation d’assemblage, à partir des mesures réalisées sur les composants souples, permet d’évaluer le jeu entre les composants avant leur assemblage. Des méthodes de mesure de jeu dans un assemblage de composants souples sont proposées, et leur mise en œuvre expérimentale est réalisée. La confrontation des jeux mesurés et simulés permet de souligner d’une part les performances de l’outil de simulation, et d’autre part les difficultés liées à la modélisation des environnements de mesure et d’assemblage réels.

National audience; Nous étudions les propriétés non-linéaires d’ordre 2 dans des microdisques de phosphure de gallium (GaP). La simulation numerique des efficacités de conversion pour la génération de seconde harmonique montre un fort potentiel de ce système du fait des spécificités du matériau. Des microdisques à base de GaP ont été réalisés et montrent des facteurs de qualités de l’ordre de quelques milliers. De part le quasi-accord de maille entre le GaP et le silicium (Si), ces résultats laissent entrevoir la réalisation de fonctionnalités optiques originales sur substrats compatibles avec les technologies CMOS.

The main objective of this thesis is to study an alternative to conventional amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell using gallium phosphide (GaP) as an emitter layer. This would allow a performance improvement because of its optical and electrical properties. The potential of GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells have been evaluated by studying each of the critical issues inherent to their fabrication process. The chemical preparation of the substrates surface and the mechanisms controling the structure of the Si (100) surface have been studied in order to obtain a single domain silicon surface (with diatomic steps) and slightly roughened by homoepitaxy (UHV-CVD). This work was completed by the study of the impact of surface preparation (chemical preparation and homoepitaxy) of the substrate on the crystalline quality of GaP deposited in two steps by MBE and MEE. The growth of GaP by MEE was subsequently carried out on Si(100) substrates having only undergone a chemical surface preparation. MEE growth sequence parameters were studied and adjusted to optimize GaP nucleation. The structural quality of the thin films was evaluated by AFM and XRD characterizations. Thin films of 20 nm have lower surface roughness equivalent to an homoepitaxy and a volume fraction of MTs below the detection limit. The MEE growth ensures a 2D nucleation. However, TEM and STM characterizations reveal the presence of antiphase boundaries. In parallel, simulations of the structure HET GaP/Si (with AFORS-HET) have been performed to evaluate the potential of the structure. First, diodes and demonstrator cells with GaP/Si junction have been fabricated and optically/electrically characterized. Limitations in performance due to the presence of traps at the interface and silicon volume degradation have been observed. All this work has allowed us to identify the technological issues to overcome in order to fully exploit the GaP/Si heterojunction cells to improve solar cell performance., L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier une alternative à la cellule photovoltaïque à hétérojonction classique de silicium amorphe/cristallin avec un matériau (GaP) qui permettrait une amélioration de rendement grâce à ses propriétés optiques et électriques. L’étude du potentiel des hétérojonctions GaP/Si pour des applications PV nous a amené à étudier chacun des aspects critiques inhérents à leur réalisation. La préparation chimique de la surface des substrats et les mécanismes qui contrôlent la structuration de la surface de Si(100) ont été étudiés afin d’obtenir une surface de silicium mono-domaine (à marches diatomiques) et faiblement rugueuse par homoépitaxie (dépôts par UHV-CVD). Cette étude a été complétée par l’étude de l’influence de la préparation de surface (préparation chimique et homoépitaxie) du substrat sur la qualité cristalline du GaP déposé en deux étapes par MEE et MBE. La croissance de GaP par MEE a par la suite été effectuée sur des substrats de Si(100) ayant uniquement subi une préparation chimique de surface. Les paramètres de la séquence de croissances MEE ont été étudiés et ajustés afin d’optimiser la phase de nucléation du GaP. La qualité structurale des dépôts a été évaluée par des caractérisations par AFM et DRX. Les couches minces de faibles épaisseurs (20nm) présentent une faible rugosité de surface équivalente à une homoépitaxie et une fraction volumique de MTs inférieure à la limite de détection. La croissance MEE permet d’assurer une nucléation 2D. Cependant les caractérisations par TEM et STM révèlent la présence de parois d’antiphase. En parallèle, la simulation de structures HET GaP/Si (effectuée grâce au programme AFORS-HET) et la réalisation de diodes et de démonstrateurs cellules GaP/Si ont permis de démontrer les optimisations apportées par l’utilisation d’un émetteur de GaP. Ces composants ont été étudiés par caractérisations optiques et électriques. Nous avons constaté une limitation des performances due à la présence de pièges à l’interface et dans le volume. Ces différentes études ont donc permis d’identifier les verrous technologiques à lever pour exploiter pleinement les cellules à hétérojonctions GaP sur silicium afin d’obtenir des hauts rendements photovoltaïques.

Characterization of the tumoral genomic alterations is an important step in the development of personalized medicine in cancerology. Among the methods for treating micro-array data, the GAP (Genome Alteration Print) method of Popova et al. (2009) characterizes the mutations based on the segmentation of copy number and B-allele frequency signals obtained on each SNP. It uses a deterministic criterion that we propose to replace by a parametric probabilistic model. In this way, we define a Gaussian mixture model whose classes characterize the mutation types. This model is estimated by maximum likelihood through the EM algorithm, allowing us to obtain the estimation of the parameters and the characterization of tumoral alterations on each segment. In our approach, the tumoral ploidy is deduced from a penalized model selection criterion. Our model is tested on simulated data and real data., La caractérisation des altérations génomiques tumorales est une étape importante dans le développement de la médecine personnalisée en cancérologie. Parmi les méthodes de traitement des données de micro-array, la méthode GAP (Genome Alteration Print) de Popova et al. (2009) caractérise les mutations à partir de la segmentation des signaux du nombre de copies et de la fréquence de l'allèle majoritaire obtenus en chaque site de SNP. Elle utilise un critère déterministe que nous proposons de remplacer par une modélisation probabiliste paramétrique. Nous définissons ainsi un modèle de mélange gaussien dont les classes caractérisent les types de mutations. Ce modèle est estimé par maximum de vraisemblance grâce à l'algorithme EM, permettant d'obtenir l'estimation des paramètres et la caractérisation de l'altération tumorale de chaque segment. Dans notre approche, la ploïdie de la tumeur est déduite de l'utilisation d'un critère pénalisé de sélection de modèle. Notre modèle est testé avec des données simulées et expérimentales.

National audience; Les cas de Gap et d'Embrun entre le xi e et le xv e siècle La cathédrale est un lieu hautement symbolique dans un diocèse, puisqu'elle en est le siège et le centre de la vie liturgique. Mais comme édifice majeur de l'espace public, la cathédrale fait aussi l'objet de conflits entre les autorités temporelles et spirituelles, cléricales et laïques, féodales et royales, épiscopales et canoniales, ecclésiales et communales. Les cathédrales de Gap et d'Embrun fournissent de multiples exemples de ces enjeux, puisque le Haut-Dauphiné présente au Moyen Âge une situation de concurrence de pouvoirs et d'influences, qui ne peut manquer d'avoir des répercussions sur les deux édifices religieux. En effet, à la jonction du royaume de France et de l'Empire, la haute vallée de la Durance associait deux métropoles ecclé-siastiques (Aix et Embrun) et connut au Moyen Âge les vicissitudes de la limite entre la Provence et le Dauphiné. Comme dans tout l'Empire, les deux évêques étaient aussi les seigneurs temporels, mais les revendications des pouvoirs comtaux, delphinaux et provençaux, ainsi que les révoltes urbaines des xiii e-xiv e siècles, fragilisèrent leur gouvernement. Dans un tel contexte, les cathédrales de Gap et d'Embrun devinrent un enjeu de représentation pour tous les pouvoirs concurrents. Une telle étude ne peut s'appuyer que sur des documents diplomatiques, les sources narratives étant particulièrement rares dans cet espace. Il s'agit pour l'essentiel des actes épiscopaux et canoniaux, des diplômes des comtes de Provence et des comtes d'Albon, des édits royaux ou impériaux, ainsi que des actes privés. Ces sources d'archives, peu révélatrices avant le xii e siècle, sont particulièrement abon-dantes après le milieu du xiv e siècle. Plus qu'un texte normatif ou littéraire, ce type de documentation ne donne pas une vision théorique ou systémique de la cathédrale, mais révèle le rapport concret qu'entretiennent les institutions et les populations avec l'édifice : sa dénomination, son entretien, la réglemen-tation qui le touche, sa situation dans l'espace urbain.

International audience; The study of genomic DNA alterations (recurrent regions of alteration, patterns of instability) contributes to tumor classification, and becomes of great importance for the personalization of cancer treatments. The use of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays or of New Generation Sequences (NGS) techniques allows the simultaneous estimation of segmented copy number (CN) and B-allele frequency (BAF) profiles along the whole genome. In this context, Popova (2009) proposed the GAP method, based on pattern recognition with (BAF, CN) maps to detect genotype status of each segment in complex tumoral genome profiles. It takes into account the fact that the observations on these maps are necessarily placed on centers that depend --up to a proper scaling of the CN-- only on the unknown proportion of non tumoral tissue in the sample. Being deterministic and manually tuned, this method appears sensitive to noise. To overcome this drawback, we set a mixture model, allowing the automatic estimation of the proportion of non tumoral tissue and the test of genotype for each segment along the whole genome. We present the model, its estimation with an adapted EM algorithm and results on simulated data.

International audience; Solar neutrinos have been pivotal to the discovery of neutrino flavour oscillations and are a unique tool to probe the reactions that keep the Sun shine. Although most of solar neutrino components have been directly measured, the neutrinos emitted by the keystone pp reaction, in which two protons fuse to make a deuteron, have so far eluded direct detection. The Borexino experiment, an ultra-pure liquid scintillator detector running at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy, has now filled the gap, providing the first direct real time measurement of pp neutrinos and of the solar neutrino luminosity.

Les chanoines de Gap sont à partir du XIVe siècle des personnalités souvent proches de la papauté d'Avignon, recrutées pour leurs compétences juridiques et leurs réseaux.

International audience; We present an accurate methodology for representing the physics of waves, in periodic structures, through effective properties for a replacement bulk medium: this is valid even for media with zero-frequency stop bands and where high-frequency phenomena dominate. Since the work of Lord Rayleigh in 1892, low-frequency (or quasi-static) behaviour has been neatly encapsulated in effective anisotropic media; the various parameters come from asymptotic analysis relying upon the ratio of the array pitch to the wavelength being sufficiently small. However, such classical homogenization theories break down in the high-frequency or stop band regime whereby the wavelength to pitch ratio is of order one. Furthermore, arrays of inclusions with Dirichlet data lead to a zero-frequency stop band, with the salient consequence that classical homogenization is invalid. Higher-frequency phenomena are of significant importance in photonics (transverse magnetic waves propagating in infinite conducting parallel fibres), phononics (anti-plane shear waves propagating in isotropic elastic materials with inclusions) and platonics (flexural waves propagating in thin-elastic plates with holes). Fortunately, the recently proposed high-frequency homogenization (HFH) theory is only constrained by the knowledge of standing waves in order to asymptotically reconstruct dispersion curves and associated Floquet-Bloch eigenfields: it is capable of accurately representing zero-frequency stop band structures. The homogenized equations are partial differential equations with a dispersive anisotropic homogenized tensor that characterizes the effective medium. We apply HFH to metamaterials, exploiting the subtle features of Bloch dispersion curves such as Dirac-like cones, as well as zero and negative group velocity near stop bands in order to achieve exciting physical phenomena such as cloaking, lensing and endoscope effects. These are simulated numerically using finite elements and compared to predictions from HFH. An extension of HFH to periodic supercells enabling complete reconstruction of dispersion curves through an unfolding technique is also introduced.