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Summary: This paper is concerned with the two‐stage hierarchical control of microgrids (MG) that can operate in both grid‐connected and off‐grid modes. The procedure consists in the segmentation of the control scheme in the primary and secondary levels, thus enabling the application of faster and slower dynamics according to the process. A decentralized droop control‐based method is used in the primary level, while a distributed multi‐agent coordination scheme is applied in the secondary one. The multi‐agent system is run on Python Agent DEvelopment (PADE) environment, a FIPA‐compliant agent framework. The key contributions this paper provides are the control strategies of reactive power output of non‐dispatchable sources, dynamic sharing of energy storage systems, and the management of loads of microgrids, all of them based on multi‐agent system. Co‐simulations using PSCADTM and PADE are performed considering several operating scenarios of the MG resources under different load conditions. Simulation results validate the accurate performance of the proposed control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: "Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the most promising technologies to green the transportation systems. However, high penetration of EVs brings heavy electricity demand to the power grid." Due to the intermittent character of renewable energy sources (RESs), it turns out to be very challenging to manage EV charging with other renewable generation and grid load. This paper aims to introduce a dispatch strategy assisted with the optimization concept for enhancing the economy of the microgrid system. The major objective is to minimize the cost of system operation and environmental control when meeting system load requirements. The output constraints related to the distributed power supply, such as power limits, are subjected to optimization. To solve this optimization issue, a new "Fitness Sorted Moth Search algorithm (FS‐MSA)" is introduced. Finally, the proposed work is compared and validated with other existing works with respect to various measures. The enhanced outcomes prove the efficacy of the implemented FS‐MSA model. This work concentrates on EV adoption integrated with RES for sustainable mobility. On observing the result, it can be noticed that the adopted scheme was 81.97%, 82.03%, 82%, and 81.97%, better than existing genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO), moth search algorithm, and lagrange multiplier optimization (LMO) models for mean case scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A MicroGrid (MG) can be operated in two main situations: grid-connected mode and autonomous mode. Power electronics (PE) are required to interface the DG units with the MG. This paper presents an optimal operating strategy and cost minimization scheme for an electronically weak-coupled MG. The major objective of the paper is to minimize the overall cost considering both the power system and the power electronics constraints in the two modes of operation. The paper presents steady-state models of power electronic converter/inverter systems for coupling distributed generation (DG) units to the grid based on Newton-Raphson method. A Matlab program is developed to represent the proposed algorithm. The program is tested in various network conditions and verified by applying it to an MG with three different DG units. The main contribution of the study is to ensure that the converter constraints are satisfied for both types using DC/AC inverter and AC/AC matrix converter. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent scenario, there is abundant availability of renewable energy resources to satisfy the significant increase in residential, industrial, and commercial demand. This paper presents a novel framework to determine the preeminent size of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) by optimizing the system components such as area required for solar‐photovoltaic modules, swept area occupied by wind turbine blades, and area used by fuel cell. A microgrid with hybrid RDG (h‐RDG) is integrated in distribution system to minimize the distribution loss, substation energy requirement, and improve the voltage level of the load. The power loss minimization is formulated as a nonlinear problem and optimized by the proposed Hybrid Nelder Mead‐Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The microgrid location is identified by voltage stability index to improve the stability of system. Further, the system is analyzed for energy flow in different seasonal loading conditions with mixture of residential, industrial, and commercial load. The effective performance of the proposed technique is applied to standard 12‐bus, 69‐bus, and a practical Tamil Nadu (TN) 84‐bus radial distribution system (RDS) for different hybrid combinations of h‐RDG in microgrid. The result proves that the proposed method provides a simple and efficient tool for optimal and flexible use of h‐RDG in microgrid under different climatic changes by simultaneously reducing distribution energy loss and improving voltage profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If sensitive loads are connected to the point of common coupling (PCC), compensation should be carried out in order to reduce PCC voltage harmonics. In this case, compensation is performed by the interface converters of distributed generation (DG) units. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for voltage harmonics compensation in islanded microgrids. The proposed method is capable of adjusting compensation percentage in proportion to the existing level of distortion at PCC. Also, this controller provides a proper sharing of compensation workload, considering the nominal capacity of DGs, which will improve the sharing of nonlinear load. Also, to decrease the asymmetry among phase impedances of microgrid, a novel structure is proposed to generate virtual impedance. At fundamental frequency, the proposed structure for the virtual impedance improves the control of the fundamental component of the power, and at harmonic frequencies, it acts to adaptively improve nonlinear load sharing among DG units. In the structures of the proposed harmonics compensator and the proposed virtual impedance, a self-tuning filter is used for separating the fundamental component from the harmonic components. This self-tuning filter decreases the number of the phase-locked loops. The simulation results in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment show the efficiency of the proposed approach in improving load sharing and decreasing voltage harmonics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two-level decentralized optimization power dispatch control strategies are proposed in an islanded microgrid without communication network to ensure frequency security and economic benefit. First, the secondary-level decentralized optimization control strategy is designed only by using local measurement regarding frequency deviation. It is able to implement the optimal power dispatch for all dispatchable distributed generation units in a coordinated way in order to completely restore the system frequency with minimum operation cost. Then, the first-level decentralized droop compensation control strategy is designed to implement real-time optimal power sharing among all energy storage units in order to quickly compensate large supply-demand imbalance and ensure frequency security. Moreover, the proposed control strategies are proved to be able to meet the requirements of the 'plug and play' operation in the absence of communication network. Simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a microgrid, the islanding condition occurs when the utility circuit breaker (CB) is opened. In this case, the microgrid is disconnected from the main grid. Therefore, the islanding condition can be detected by monitoring the variables that caused the utility CB to open. In this paper, the utility CB current is measured at the grid side, and the islanding condition is detected based on a feature extracted from the measured signal before the utility CB opening. Discrete wavelet transform is used to extract the features of the measured current, and then, the artificial neural network is trained in order to detect the islanding conditions based on the extracted features. Since the disturbances of distributed generation (DG) units or fault occurrence have no effect on the measured current, the proposed method is an effective one for islanding detection in distribution networks with high penetration of DGs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial plants/commercial facilities with synchronous generation, seek reliable and continuous operation even at the time of grid outages. Thus, islanding detection methods have been proposed in the literature that can be used to change the operating mode of the employed distributed generators from grid-parallel to stand-alone. Among the few solutions previously presented for switching the control mode in the reverse event of reconnecting to the grid, the method presented in this paper is unique. This grid-reconnection detection technique is low cost, fast, and does not interact with the power quality of the island although it only uses one, locally measured, variable. The method implies processing of oscillatory modes in frequency signal and is independent of the autonomous island's boundary. The investigation also includes a discussion on similar event of merging of adjacent islands. Simulations confirm the successful discrimination between reconnection event and other switching/power quality events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new approach to distribution system named Three-wire Network (3-NET). Considering the integration of different distributed generation (DG) technologies as well as the diversity of loads, the idea of 3-NET is splitting a single power network into three qualitatively different networks: (i) a high quality direct current (DC) network; (ii) a conventional alternating current (AC) network; and (iii) a low quality DC network. By this configuration, the multi-stage conversion of energy from DG sources can be reduced, whereas loads can be supplied with different power quality and reliability levels as desired. In order to evaluate the potential benefits of 3-NET, the operational strategy is formulated in a market model; the reliability performance is investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and quantified in terms of interruption costs. In the case study, the proposed 3-NET is considered for integrating a certain amount of DG into a specific distribution system and then compared with another system approach: hybrid AC-DC microgrid. The simulation shows that although the operation costs can be slightly higher, the 3-NET shows a great improvement in reliability performance in comparison with the hybrid microgrid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY This paper proposes a new approach to distribution system named Three-wire Network (3-NET). Considering the integration of different distributed generation (DG) technologies as well as the diversity of loads, the idea of 3-NET is splitting a single power network into three qualitatively different networks: (i) a high quality direct current (DC) network; (ii) a conventional alternating current (AC) network; and (iii) a low quality DC network. By this configuration, the multi-stage conversion of energy from DG sources can be reduced, whereas loads can be supplied with different power quality and reliability levels as desired. In order to evaluate the potential benefits of 3-NET, the operational strategy is formulated in a market model; the reliability performance is investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and quantified in terms of interruption costs. In the case study, the proposed 3-NET is considered for integrating a certain amount of DG into a specific distribution system and then compared with another system approach: hybrid AC-DC microgrid. The simulation shows that although the operation costs can be slightly higher, the 3-NET shows a great improvement in reliability performance in comparison with the hybrid microgrid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]