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With the development of the market economy, agricultural trade has become more and more significant for the development of the agricultural economy, which has triggered people's further thinking and exploration on the impact of agricultural trade on agricultural carbon emissions. This paper takes the measurement of trade implied carbon as the carbon dioxide emission index under the impact of agricultural trade and analyzes the impact of trade implied carbon and implied carbon balance on carbon emission. Taking the impact of Sino-US agricultural trade as an empirical background, this paper measures the impact of environmental changes in agricultural trade opening on China's agricultural development and its carbon emissions, so as to predict changes in China's regional agricultural carbon emissions performance. After calculation, it is found that the scale of China's exports has decreased by 0.089%, which is lower than the decline of 0.361% in the United States. The trade conflict has a significant impact on China's import and export structure. Under the scenario of mutual tariffs on agricultural products, China's exports to the United States are expected to decrease by 6.28%, while China's imports from the United States decreased by 13.02%. The Sino-US agricultural trade dispute will reduce China's carbon emissions by 0.013% and the United States' carbon emissions by 0.024%, which is related to the negative impact on the economy. Improving the performance of agricultural carbon emissions is not only the need for the green and sustainable development of the agricultural economy but also conducive to improving the international competitiveness of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of fiscal expenditure in China has been suffering from over-reliance on a single type, while synchronisation and coordination with economic growth are lacking. This paper studies and analyses fiscal expenditure and green from a theoretical perspective. There is a close link between the structure of fiscal expenditure and green economic growth, and a reasonable and appropriate selection and allocation is conducive to promoting the overall development level of China, while financial resources input is a key consideration in optimising the structure of fiscal expenditure. This paper proposes hypotheses and establishes a regression model after an in-depth study of fiscal expenditure in a provincial economy in Asia in the light of domestic and international literature. Through empirical analysis, a green GDP reflecting economic growth and environmental pollution is synthesised using the principle of output per unit of pollution, and the impact of fiscal expenditure structure on green economic growth in China is empirically tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a new development pattern based on the "double-cycle" is a major strategic plan of China. Under the background of the new development pattern of the "double-cycle" and the context of environmental constraints, this paper tries to explore the impact of marine economic development on marine cultural industry and marine innovation development, the extent of the impact of marine cultural industry on marine economic growth, and the internal relationship between them under the new development pattern of double circulation. In this paper, Fujian Province is taken as the research object to construct an indicator system of the marine culture development to reflect the living standard, employment level, and spiritual and cultural levels of people in the marine area, and the external influence of the marine economy and marine culture industry is taken as the indicator variable to measure the integrated development. The internal changes are regarded as the index to assess the integration level of the two, and the evaluation theoretical model of the dynamic evolution level of the marine economy and marine cultural industry is constructed. The vector autoregression model and impulse response function are used to study the interactive correlation between the growth of the marine economy and the development of the cultural industry. The results show the following: In the long run, there is a cointegration relationship between the marine culture industry and the gross ocean product (GOP), which is a long-term balanced and stable relationship. The development level of the marine economy and the development of marine culture industry are mutually influencing and promoting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through more than 40 years of China's reform and opening up, China's economic development has exceeded the "surprise of China". China's annual average growth rate for world economic development ranks second in the world. By 2020, the article has achieved all-round poverty eradication and overall happiness. By 2020, this article will write an epic antipandemic with great love. During the "fourteenth five-year plan" period, China has entered a new stage of high-quality social and economic development, but environmental pollution is still one of the primary obstacles to high-quality social and economic development. Because of its diversity, environmental pollution cannot be reasonably handled only by the market economic system. It also needs to be based on the effectiveness of the natural environment supervision policies of government departments. At the same time, the healthy logical thinking of the development trend of high-quality natural environment is the key to regional economic statistics and the concept of green development. In this paper, empirical research and analysis methods are used, and the description is carried out in the form of data charts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental technology and the stringency of environmental policies have a certain effect on green growth in the country, and the sustainable development of the environment under the influence of green growth requires the effective application of the environmental technology based on such institutional policies related to the environment. In this paper, the mutual effect of green growth on the ecological environment is fully analyzed to identify an intrinsic link between them. Based on the intrinsic link, policies related to environment protection and environmental technology are conducive to facilitating green growth while at the same time playing a continuous role in the improvement of the environment. Driven by the factors of scientific and technological innovation, it can boost the harmonious development of the economy and the environment. The empirical evidence has demonstrated that the appropriate environmental policy and environmental technology model can be identified with full understanding of the environmental policy and environmental technology. At the same time, the industry drive and technological innovation can also be taken as a strong support for the environmental policy and the environmental technology in accordance with the market demand through research from the perspective of the government, the market, and the general public. The stringency of environmental policies has substantially increased the requirements of environmental technology, and the innovation of environmental technology, the structure of economic organizations, and the level of development have a great effect on the green growth in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While promoting the economic growth, energy has also brought pollution problems to the world environment, which has gradually become a bottleneck impeding sustainable economic development. In view of the rapid evolution of urbanization and industrialization, economic growth is increasingly dependent on the energy consumption, the development of the two is difficult to coordinate, and the internal contradictions are becoming increasingly serious, which hinders the sustainable development of economic growth. This study establishes the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth according to the energy Kuznets curve and studies the future trend of China's sustainable development through the comparative analysis of the energy Kuznets curve of the United States and Germany. The results show that, at the turning point of energy consumption, China's energy economic rate is higher than that of Germany and the United States. In addition, in terms of urbanization rate and industrial structure, although China's tertiary industry has made a breakthrough, it is still lower than that of the United States and Germany, but the level of urbanization rate has made significant progress. In short, China has obvious advantages in future economic development and has a late developing advantage compared with the United States and Germany. This paper makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries and finds out the turning point of energy consumption, so as to provide a theoretical basis for coordinating China's energy consumption and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current and long-term regional economic imbalance in China requires ongoing attention. To ensure the balanced development of China's renewable energy, it is therefore important to examine the causes of the differences in China's renewable energy from a variety of perspectives. The spatial distribution pattern and characteristics of China's per capita GDP (gross domestic product) from 2012 to 2021 were examined in this study using the exploratory spatial data analysis tool. In addition, it conducts an empirical investigation into the spatial spillover effect of RED and the manufacturing agglomeration in China (regional economic development). The findings indicate that in the eastern region, the total backward link value of the feedback effect of 17 industrial sectors is 0.8524, and in the central region, the value is 0.8139. The real per capita GDP of neighboring provinces will increase by 0.118% for every 1% increase in manufacturing agglomeration level. According to the overall ranking, China's RED level is very uneven due to a number of factors. We should direct and encourage the manufacturing industry to congregate in various regions, optimize the spatial pattern of manufacturing industry agglomeration, and fully exploit SSE in order to promote China's RED and reduce the difference in RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting green urban development has become a common consensus to address environmental pollution and ecological damage, but we know little about the measurement and drivers of urban green innovation efficiency (GIE). In this article, firstly, we established a framework for assessing urban green innovation efficiency through multidimensional data, then used the spatial econometric model to reveal the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of urban GIE, and, finally, analyzed the influencing factors and spatial spillover effects of urban GIE. The results show the following: (1) The overall urban GIE in China was low and had significant spatial agglomeration, mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions with spatial locking characteristics, while the GIE of cities in undeveloped regions does not change much. (3) There was much room for improvement in the input-output system of green innovation, considering that the sources of inefficiency in most cities were insufficient investment in scientific and technological innovation personnel and innovation environment, excessive environmental pollution, and limited technological output. (4) Foreign direct investment, financial development, and manufacturing industry agglomeration had positive effects on urban GIE. These research findings and policy implications are of certain reference value for other emerging developing countries to implement urban governance and green development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low economic profit usually reduces the incentive of producers to operate their wastewater treatment technologies effectively. It is necessary to investigate the performance of environmentally friendly production technologies that reduce wastewater discharges and generate economic outputs simultaneously (EPTWs) in China over the past decade. In this paper, we apply the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index widely used in the field of economics to evaluate the productivity change of EPTWs for 30 administrative provinces in China during 2003–2015. The pathways of the productivity change are further identified by decomposing the productivity index into two components: technological change and technical efficiency change. The results show that China’s environmental productivity index associated with wastewater reduction had undergone a downward trend, and evident spatial disparities are observed among the 30 provincial regions. Moreover, the changes of China’s environmental productivity over the whole studied period can mainly be attributed to technological progress, while the technical efficiency component has contributed little, although its annual contributing rate is in an increasing trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of porosity and permeability in tight clastic rock reservoir have significant difference from those in conventional reservoir. The increased exploitation of tight gas and oil requests further understanding of fluid performance in the nanoscale pore-throat network of the tight reservoir. Typical tight sandstone and siltstone samples from Ordos Basin were investigated, and rate-controlled mercury injection capillary pressure (RMICP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were employed in this paper, combined with helium porosity and air permeability data, to analyze the impact of pore-throat structure on the storage and seepage capacity of these tight oil reservoirs, revealing the control factors of economic petroleum production. The researches indicate that, in the tight clastic rock reservoir, largest throat is the key control on the permeability and potentially dominates the movable water saturation in the reservoir. The storage capacity of the reservoir consists of effective throat and pore space. Although it has a relatively steady and significant proportion that resulted from the throats, its variation is still dominated by the effective pores. A combination parameter (ε) that was established to be as an integrated characteristic of pore-throat structure shows effectively prediction of physical capability for hydrocarbon resource of the tight clastic rock reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. As part of the efforts to build a practical, effective, and diversified medical insurance payment method, it is crucial for China to deepen the reform of ambulatory patient groups (APGs). This study was aimed to explore the mechanism and effect of this policy from three dimensions, including medical expenses, medical insurance funds, and medical services. Methods. In 2020, China's pilot reform of APG was initiated in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and OLS regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the effect of the APG reform in Jinhua. Results. The implementation of the reform can contribute significantly to establishing a comprehensive medical service governance mechanism of classified settlement and coordinated promotion. It also plays a critical role in safeguarding people's lives and health by promoting the high-level development of medical insurance systems and public hospitals, optimizing the quality of medical services, and improving the efficiency of medical insurance funds. Conclusion. Through the lens of policy evaluation, our findings can provide useful experience for the implementation of the outpatient medical insurance payment method in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chain supermarket has become a major part of China’s retail industry, and the optimization of chain supermarkets’ distribution route is an important issue that needs to be considered for the distribution center, because for a chain supermarket it affects the logistics cost and the competition in the market directly. In this paper, analyzing the current distribution situation of chain supermarkets both at home and abroad and studying the quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm (QEA), we set up the mathematical model of chain supermarkets’ distribution route and solve the optimized distribution route throughout QEA. At last, we take Hongqi Chain Supermarket in Chengdu as an example to perform the experiment and compare QEA with the genetic algorithm (GA) in the fields of the convergence, the optimal solution, the search ability, and so on. The experiment results show that the distribution route optimized by QEA behaves better than that by GA, and QEA has stronger global search ability for both a small-scale chain supermarket and a large-scale chain supermarket. Moreover, the success rate of QEA in searching routes is higher than that of GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grandparenting is known to impact psychological health in older people. However, the extent to which the effect is altered by migration‐related and sociodemographic determinants is less clear. Therefore, we conducted this cross‐sectional study to investigate whether the association between grandparenting and psychological distress differs between rural–urban migrants and local older adults from May to September 2019. A total of 373 rural–urban migrants and 602 local older adults involved in grandparenting in Hangzhou completed measurements assessing sociodemographic characteristics, childcare burden and psychological distress. In total, 22.2% of the grandparents reported psychological distress. Rural–urban migrant grandparents had a lower socioeconomic status (SES), a higher childcare burden (23.6 ± 9.2 vs. 20.7 ± 9.5, p < 0.001) and higher levels of psychological distress (29.8% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.001) than local grandparents. Childcare burden and pressure from adult children were the most significant predictors for psychological distress in both groups (ps < 0.05). Psychological distress was also significantly associated with self‐rated health status (β = −0.276, p = 0.033) and willingness to participate in grandparenting (β = −0.659, p = 0.024) in migrant grandparents but associated with female gender (β = 0.346, p = 0.022), caring for children at night (β = 0.424, p = 0.011), conflict with adult children (β = 0.432, p < 0.001) and annual income (β = −0.237, p < 0.001) in local grandparents. Migrant status showed a statistically significant moderating effect between childcare burden and psychological distress. These results may be of assistance in comprehensively understanding the social determinants of mental health of grandparents involved in grandparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological restoration and civilization construction is one of the key tasks in China. The economic development of different regions has different effects on the resource protection and utilization. In the face of complex natural conditions and resource-rich areas, how to carry out the ecological environment promotion work is put forward. The urbanization level of the Yangtze River region increases from 17.9% to 60.6%, showing the characteristics of rapid expansion. In the face of urban diseases such as unreasonable industrial layout, it is urgent to improve regional economy and promote green urban development from the perspective of big data. Adhering to the concept of ecological priority, the development of digital technology drove the development of local economy in 2019, accounting for 43% of the national population. While promoting the economic development, it is of great significance to ensure the efficiency of resource utilization and promote the high-quality development of common economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive emission of carbon dioxide will bring unpredictable ecological crisis, so it is particularly urgent to study the related factors of carbon emissions. Based on the grey correlation model, 31 factors in 5 aspects are selected as the reference frame for low-carbon governance, and the grey correlation degree of urban carbon emissions is calculated by using the IPCC method to calculate the annual carbon emissions of 9 major cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2010 to 2019. Through the calculation and analysis of panel data, the following conclusions are drawn: The allocation of urban environmental practitioners is an important factor in carbon governance, and the reasonable and scientific allocation of environmental practitioners can have a significant impact on low-carbon development; the relationship between the amount of industrial power consumption and carbon dioxide emissions is not significant. On the contrary, the power consumption of urban residents can well reflect the level of carbon emissions. High residential power consumption means that the living standard of the people in the region is high, and the corresponding resource and energy consumption is large, so the carbon emissions will increase; the size of population density is particularly important for carbon governance, which is more obvious in economically developed areas. Urban economic development will inevitably lead to the improvement of people's quality of life, a stronger demand for resources, and a significant increase in carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the development of green building eco-efficiency in China, a three-stage superefficient SBM-DEA model was used to measure the green building eco-efficiency in China based on interprovincial panel data from 2013-2020, and the interprovincial and regional development patterns and evolutionary characteristics of green building eco-efficiency were analyzed from the time series and spatial dimensions. It is found that the overall level of green building efficiency in China is low, and there are significant provincial and regional differences, and the overall pattern of gradient development from medium-medium-low efficiency area to medium-medium efficiency area gradually transitions and shows significant spatial agglomeration and path dependence; among them, the spatial spillover and diffusion effect of high-efficiency areas is significant, while low-efficiency areas generally maintain low growth, and most areas have "Matthew effect," showing the spatial club convergence characteristics that developed regions tend to be H-H agglomerative, and less developed regions tend to be L-L agglomerative. For this reason, the local governance of green buildings should be strengthened, and a cross-regional linkage development mechanism should be established to deepen the technical cooperation and division of labor between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become increasingly important as human therapeutic agents. Yet, current research concentrates on technology itself and pays attention to developed countries. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of mAbs development in China through systematic analysis of drug registry, patent applications, clinical trials, academic publication, and ongoing R&D projects. The trends in therapeutic areas and industrialization process are also highlighted. Development and research trends of mAbs are analyzed to provide a future perspective of mAbs as therapeutic agents in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic growth has entered "new normal," and the task of reducing carbon emissions has become more onerous. Hence, this study aimed to explore whether China's carbon emissions trading pilot policy stimulated corporate green innovation capabilities. The data pertained to the green patent data of the listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges during 2008-2018. Using a difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) method, the study took advantage of the variations across regions, across enterprises, and across years and obtained several novel findings. First, the pilot carbon emissions trading policy significantly stimulated the green innovation capabilities of emission control companies in the pilot areas compared with enterprises in nonpilot areas and the nonemission control list. Second, the effect of the policy on the improvement in corporate green innovation capabilities might be driven by the improvement in corporate input factor allocation efficiency and the additional benefits that could be obtained from the carbon trading market. Third, the positive effect of the policy on the green innovation capabilities of state-owned enterprises was more significant. Therefore, the establishment and promotion of a unified national carbon emissions trading market and supporting mechanisms should be accelerated to achieve the balance of stable economic growth and carbon emission task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the speedy growth of industrialization and urbanization in China and the continued rise of coal consumption, this paper identifies factors that have impacted coal consumption in 1985-2011. After extracting the core factors, the Bayesian vector autoregressive forecast model is constructed, with variables that include coal consumption, the gross value of industrial output, and the downstream industry output (cement, crude steel, and thermal power). The impulse response function and variance decomposition are applied to portray the dynamic correlations between coal consumption and economic variables. Then for analyzing structural changes of coal consumption, the exponential smoothing model is also established, based on division of seven sectors. The results show that the structure of coal consumption underwent significant changes during the past 30 years. Consumption of both household sector and transport, storage, and post sectors continues to decline; consumption of wholesale and retail trade and hotels and catering services sectors presents a fluctuating and improving trend; and consumption of industry sector is still high. The gross value of industrial output and the downstream industry output have been promoting coal consumption growth for a long time. In 2015 and 2020, total coal demand is expected to reach 2746.27 and 4041.68 million tons of standard coal in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five gold stocks in Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share and Comex gold futures are chosen to form the sample, for the purpose of analysing the impact of the fluctuation of the international gold prices on the gold stocks in Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share. Using the methods of unit root test, Granger causality test, VAR model, and impulse response function, this paper has analysed the relationship between the price change of the international gold futures and the price fluctuation of gold stocks in Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen comprehensively. The results suggest the fluctuation of the international gold futures has a strong influence on the domestic futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prognoses of China's currency-Renminbi or RMB in short-going global have become a hotly debated topic in the economic and popular literature of late. While some analysts are tipping a gradual transformation of the RMB into the world's next principal reserve currency in lieu of the US$, others contend that the deficiencies of China's financial market will continue to preclude any such transformation for a long time to come. The aim of this paper is to survey the arguments put forward by either camp and to weigh into this debate not only through the prism of applied economic theory or political economy but also through the prism of economic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of policies aimed toward rational resource allocation of long‐term care have being actively discussed since the launch of the social long‐term care insurance in Shanghai, and it is important to take a societal perspective for informed decision‐making. This study aims to explore factors that are associated with well‐being of informal caregivers in Shanghai, and to provide empirical evidence of application of an established well‐being valuation method to monetise informal caregivers' well‐being losses in a developing country. 310 informal caregivers of applicants for social long‐term care insurance in Shanghai were interviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the associated factors with life satisfaction of the caregivers. The monetary values of an additional hour of caregiving with and without specification of care tasks were estimated by the well‐being valuation method. Life satisfaction was consistently associated with monthly income, health status, and caring hours of the caregivers. The money needed to compensate one additional hour of caring per week was 12.58 CNY (0.3% of the monthly income), and 96.95 CNY (2.0% of the monthly income) for activities of daily living (ADL) tasks. Income, health status, and caregiving are significantly associated with well‐being of informal caregivers. Caregivers in relatively poor health condition and/or involved in more ADL tasks should be particularly considered in supporting policies in Shanghai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate costs associated with colonic endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for treatment of colorectal cancer. Methods. The study is a retrospective analysis of data on 395 patients treated by colonic ESD. Results. The operation, consumable items, and medication accounted for 71% of the total costs for colonic ESD treatment. Medication and consumable items' costs were higher if lesions occurred in the transverse colon and right hemicolon compared to the left hemicolon. Medication, consumable items, and total costs were higher for larger lesions. Lesion numbers and carcinoma were associated with higher medication, consumable items, operation, and total costs. Positive surgical margins and complications of hemorrhage or perforation were positively correlated with higher costs for medication, consumable items, and total costs. Conclusion. Labor costs for doctors and nurses remain low in China. Costs for medication and consumable items were higher for treatment involving the transverse colon or right hemicolon (vs. the left hemicolon), larger lesions, carcinoma, and a positive surgical margin. A benchmark cost estimate for ESD treatment including 4 days of postoperative hospitalization was determined to be approximately 5400 USD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare associated infection (HAI) is known to increase the economic burden of patients while the medical cost due to MDRO HAI is even higher. Three hundred eighty-one multidrug resistance organisms (MDROs) healthcare associated infection (HAI) case-patients and three hundred eighty-one matched control-patients were identified between January and December in 2015. The average total hospitalization medical cost of the case group was $6127.65 and that of the control group was $2274.02. The difference between the case group and the control group was statistically significant (t = 21.07; P < 0.01). The attributable cost of MDRO HAI was $3853.63. The direct medical costs due to different MDRO infections were different. The increased medical costs of CR-AB, CR-KP, and CR-PA were significantly higher than that of MRSA, MRSE, ESBL E. coli, and ESBL Kp (P < 0. 05). Among the subitem expenses, the drug cost increased the most (the average cost was $1457.72), followed by the treatment fee and test fee; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The National essential medicines policy (NEMP) is promoted by the World Health Organization for affordable medicines that can meet the basic needs of communities. Patient acceptance is essential for achieving the policy goals of the NEMP. This study aimed to assess patient satisfaction with prescribed medicines in community health services under the NEMP context in China. A stratified random sampling strategy was adopted to select 1,037 participants in 40 community health centres from four provinces in China. Patient satisfaction was rated on a five‐point Likert scale (from 1 = “very dissatisfied” to 5 = “very satisfied”) covering four domains: availability, affordability, effectiveness and safety. The results showed that the participants expressed a moderate degree of satisfaction, with a rating in the range of 66–82 out of a total of 100. Older people, those covered by insurance and those with a lower level of education tended to have higher ratings. While eastern (wealthy) residents were more likely to be concerned with “effectiveness,” western (poor) residents were more likely to be concerned with “affordability.” Awareness of the NEMP was negatively associated with patient satisfaction after control for other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security has been identified as an important issue for elderly people's quality of life and ageing in place. A food security index composed of three indicators (food intake, food quality and food affordability) was developed to measure the food security status of community-living elderly people. Food security was then examined among community-living elderly in the central urban districts of Beijing, China. Data were collected by a questionnaire survey in the summer of 2013 and the response rate was 78.5%. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were applied to analyse food security and the associations between food security and demographic and socioeconomic factors. The results showed that 54.2% of the surveyed elderly experienced food security. Participants with better education ( OR = 1.68) and better health ( OR = 1.47) were more likely to experience food security. The young-old were less likely to experience food security than the older old ( OR = 0.94). Elderly people who lived with their children were less likely to experience food security than those who lived alone ( OR = 0.43). The results of impact factors on food security highlight both similarities with studies from more developed countries and the unique challenges faced in a rapidly changing China with its unique social, cultural and political systems. The food security index we developed in this study is a simple and effective measure of food security status, which can be used in surveys for evaluating the food security status of elderly people in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]