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Background. Intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) is short-course administration of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). This study is aimed at assessing the clinical efficacy and safety of ILIT in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods. MEDLINE, PUBMED, and Cochrane Library were used to conduct electronic searches for clinical trials comparing ILIT and placebo in patients with AR. The final search took place on August 24, 2022. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. The outcomes included combined symptom and medication scores (CSMS), visual analog scale (VAS), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life (RQLQ), Skin-prick test (SPT), and adverse events (AEs). Data were synthesized as mean difference (MD)/standard mean difference (SMD) or risk difference (RD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. Thirteen studies (454 participants) were included in this study. The ILIT group had better clinical improvement on the CSMS (random effects model, SMD-0.85, 95% CI [-1.58, -0.11], P = 0.02) and RQLQ (fixed-effects model, MD-0.42, 95% CI [0.69, 0.15], P = 0.003) than the placebo group. The booster injection was beneficial for CSMS (P < 0.0001), and the 4-week injection interval was superior to the 2-week injection period for improving VAS (P < 0.0001). Local swelling or erythema was the main AE following injection (random effects model, RD 0.16, 95% CI [0.05, 0.27], P = 0.005). Discussion. For individuals with AR, ILIT is safe and effective. ILIT alleviates clinical symptoms and reduces pharmaceutical consumption without causing severe AEs. However, the validity of this study is compromised by the substantial heterogeneity and risk of bias in the included researches. RegistrationCRD42022355329. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is an effective therapy for allergic rhinitis (AR), but some AR patients still do not benefit from it. Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) act important roles in AR. This study aims to explore the abilities of serum NOS2 and nNO in predicting the clinical efficacy of SCIT in AR patients. Methods. We recruited 40 healthy controls (HCs) and 120 AR patients in this study. Serum NOS2 and nNO levels were compared between the two groups. In the AR group, patients underwent and finished 1-year of SCIT, and divided into the effective and ineffective groups, and the relationships between serum NOS2 and nNO levels and efficacy of SCIT were evaluated. Results. The serum NOS2 and nNO levels were higher in AR patients than HCs. In the effective group, the serum NOS2 and nNO levels were increased than the ineffective group. ROC curves presented that a combination of serum NOS2 and nNO exhibited promising predictive ability in predicting the clinical efficacy of SCIT. Conclusions. Serum NOS2 and nNO levels were enhanced in AR patients and might affect the efficacy of SCIT. The combined use of serum NOS2 and nNO levels could be a reliable and useful method for predicting the clinical efficacy of SCIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]