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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are revolutionizing intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and as a result, research on their security is becoming increasingly important. As the primary security concern for VANET, authentication security is still quite difficult to achieve. Consequently, the prior knowledge of VANET is covered in this survey before outlining the primary security concerns. To set itself apart from previous surveys, this study suggests security properties and challenges among VANET. Next, the essential and significant features of a secure VANET system, such as confidentiality and integrity of data, and the availability of network systems have been reported, the authenticity of nodes and messages, and the refusal to deny data once it has been transmitted is detailed. Later, it outlined the requirement of the ITS which makes the survey unique. More importantly, the report on the most recent developments in VANET concentrates on the authentication schemes that have been proposed recently. The security features and authentication resistance against attacks, along with the overhead and efficiency of these schemes, are thoroughly examined and contrasted. A detailed analysis of V2V, V2I, and V2X authentication is been reported. Various cryptographic schemes have been discussed along with some advanced techniques such as Blockchain and hybrid schemes. An overview of the integration of 5G/6G networks is documented. Applications of VANET have been discussed in detail along with some open challenges in VANET. In summary, this work reviews a few lessons learned and explores different possibilities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The safety of new‐generation mobile phones using 5G networks in patients with modern‐generation pacemakers has not been studied. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by a new‐generation mobile phone with 5G networks when positioned at the pacemaker pocket or the contralateral ear and assess the incidence of EMI with telemetry interrogation in patients with permanent pacemakers. Methods: We enrolled 489 patients with pacemakers from three different manufacturers. The pacemaker mode was programmed for overdrive pacing and sensing mode if an intrinsic rhythm was present. A smartphone (Samsung S21 + 5G) was placed directly over the pulse generator and right ear. The phone was tested under standby mode, 5G internet connection, and incoming and outgoing calls for each location. Real‐time electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring and patient symptoms were recorded to determine the occurrence of EMI. The possibility of EMI with interrogation telemetry was also investigated. Results: A total of 4824 tests were performed on 489 patients. Most pacemakers were dual‐chamber (82%) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐compatible systems (83%). EMI was not detected with both mobile phone positions. Interference with telemetry was demonstrated in 11.5% of patients. Almost all incidences of interference (98.2%) occurred during incoming calls. Single‐chamber pacemakers, non‐MRI‐compatible systems, older pulse generators, older leads, and unipolar settings were significantly related to a higher incidence of interference with interrogation telemetry. Conclusions: The risk of EMI between modern smartphones with 5G networks and pacemakers is low. Nevertheless, interference with the interrogation telemetry may still occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a new hybrid bidirectional standard single mode fiber (SSMF)/free space optical (FSO) dual polarization quadrature amplitude modulation (DP‐QAM) employing optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). An optical multicarrier generator (OMG) source is utilized. The suggested model is simulated using VPI photonics software. Thirty‐two optical OFDM channels are used; each carrier's 30 Gbps information data with DP‐QAM are employed to improve the performance of the fifth‐generation passive optical network (5G‐PON) for downstream and upstream transmission. In addition, 16‐QAM signals are used in DP. The impact of continuous wavelength (CW) lasers and high data rates in the proposed 5G‐PON has been investigated for DP‐QAM‐OFDM. The results reveal 0.96 Tb/s and 0.1 Tb/s for the downstream and upstream directions, respectively, under different turbulence effects. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the proposed model can achieve an SSMF length and FSO propagation ranges of 20 km and 2 km, respectively, with the symbol error rate (SER) (<10−9) and error vector magnitude (EVM) (<0.186). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low‐profile, high‐gain filtering antenna is proposed and developed for n‐77 (3300–4200 MHz) and n‐78 band (3300−3800 MHz) applications. The suggested filtering antenna is derived from a circular patch antenna. To efficiently reduce the harmonics, in the lower and upper stopbands, a pair of sectoral arcs and rectangular slots is etched out from the driven circular patch. Furthermore, the resultant structure is surrounded by a ring split at three different locations. Simulation studies reveal that this ring with three sectors is coupled with a driven patch and is highly responsible for extending the impedance bandwidth in the passband. This coupling also contributes to an extranull in the upper stopband region. In order to validate the simulated results, a prototype is fabricated, tested, and found that the measured results are consistent with the simulated one. The suggested filtering antenna, with a low profile of 0.0194λ0, demonstrates a wide fractional bandwidth of 10.2% ranging from 3.52 to 3.90 GHz, centred at 3.7 GHz. The maximum peak gain of 7.68 dB is achieved within the passband. Three configurable radiation nulls, first at 3.36 GHz, near the lower band edge; second at 4.04 GHz; and third at 4.24 GHz, near the upper band‐edge frequencies, are generated to achieve fine out‐of‐band suppression levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact fork‐shaped MIMO antenna system with a 2 × 2 arrangement with four elements is presented. The MIMO elements are arranged orthogonally to achieve a small overall size of 36 × 28 mm2 and a wide bandwidth for 5G mm‐wave applications. MIMO elements are positioned 4 mm from each corner of the substrate to achieve compact size and minimize coupling. To improve the isolation of the proposed MIMO system, a metamaterial slab is inserted in the middle of the substrate and between radiating elements of the MIMO antenna system, which improves isolation by 10 dB within the whole operating band and achieves maximum isolation of 65 dB at 34.5 GHz. The proposed MIMO system operates in the Ka‐band frequency range of 22–50 GHz with isolation greater than 30 dB and efficiency above 80% across the entire frequency spectrum for 5G communication. Additionally, the performance parameters of MIMO are examined, including diversity gain (DG) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and it is found that they meet the required standards of DG approximately equal to 10 and ECC < 0.05. The proposed MIMO system has been fabricated and tested. The measured results are consistent with the design of the simulated structure using the CST Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact eight‐element frame antenna array covering the 5G n79 frequency band (4.4–5.0 GHz) has been proposed in this paper. Considering the demands in the application of 5G ultrathin smartphones, the antenna unit has been miniaturized and designed with a low profile. Each antenna unit occupies a distance of 11.1 mm on the long edge, and the profile height of each unit is only 3 mm. The antenna array consists of 8 identical monopole antennas. By loading an inverted E‐shaped slot on the ground plane and arranging the positions of the antenna units reasonably without the need for a decoupling structure, the antenna can achieve a low profile and compact design. Simultaneously, it can achieve excellent isolation and cover the entire n79 frequency band. The processed eight‐element antenna array has a −6 dB bandwidth ranging from 4.38 to 5.19 GHz. The isolation between all antennas is better than −13.9 dB. The total efficiency is between 48.66% and 90.57%, with an average efficiency of 68.6%. The ECC (envelope correlation coefficient) is less than 0.066. The antenna array is characterized by its small size, low profile, simple structure, easy manufacturing, and excellent radiation performance. It holds significant application value in the design of MIMO antennas for 5G ultrathin smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffer‐aided cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) improves the effectiveness of the spectral by allowing more than one user to share the same resources to realize massive connectivity. This is notably attractive in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond systems, where a massive number of connections are essential such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless‐powered communication through energy harvesting is another 5G promising solution for the future massively dense networks. To sufficiently utilize energy harvesting in a buffer‐aided cooperative NOMA network, the relay selection rule must consider the energy level of the selected relay in addition to its data content to avoid an outage. This paper proposes a relay selection rule for energy‐harvesting buffer‐aided cooperative NOMA networks. The proposed relay selection scheme considers the state of both the data buffer and the energy buffer. The simulations show that the proposed selection rule has improved the network outage probability and throughput as well. This enhancement is kept with changing the number of relays. The results also show that the impact of changing the energy buffer size is crucial, and the larger, the better. Furthermore, making the source transmitting power larger than the relay transmitting power is beneficial, especially with large enough energy buffer sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces a pioneering taxonomy for 5G jamming attacks, meticulously crafted through diverse research methodologies, including literature review, case studies, incident database analysis, and network architecture assessment. This taxonomy is based on six dimensions: attack classification, attack techniques, jammer characteristics, impact and target analysis, countermeasure strategies, and security layers. It gives a full picture of what is needed to protect 5G networks from new security threats, especially jamming attacks. Real‐world case studies from regions like Ukraine, the South China Sea, and Cuba validate the taxonomy's efficacy in analyzing varied jamming scenarios and offer practical insights into cyber threats and mitigation strategies. By looking closely at attack details, network effects, countermeasure strategies, and security layers, this research makes a big difference in improving the security of 5G networks. It gives everyone involved, the tools and knowledge they need to protect themselves from jamming attacks and make networks more resilient in a world where technology and connectivity are changing quickly. The key findings of this research include identifying key 5G network vulnerabilities to jamming attacks and presenting a detailed six‐dimensional taxonomy: attack classification, techniques, jammer characteristics, impact analysis, countermeasures, and security layers. It emphasizes the need for strong security strategies to improve 5G network resilience against evolving threats, which case studies from Cuba, the South China Sea, and Ukraine have validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem of jitter and low network throughput caused by the impact of background flows on IQ traffic in mobile fronthaul network, this paper proposed a new scheduling model for background flows, named hierarchical crossover traffic scheduling mechanism based on time-aware shaper (HC-TAS) by improving the traditional counterpart. Then, in this new model, we designed an inbound scheduling algorithm based on frame length matching and an outbound scheduling algorithm based on queue status, making sure that smaller data frames will not be blocked by large data frames. This greatly improves the utilization of timeslots in the scheduling process and reduces the jitter impact of background flows. To verify its performance, we conducted experiments in a simulated fronthaul network conforming to IEEE 802.1CM. The experimental results show that, under the condition that the jitter is guaranteed to be zero, compared with two mainstream scheduling schemes, Comb-FITting and TAS + Preemption, our proposed scheme can achieve lower maximum end-to-end delay and higher link utilization. The proposed HC-TAS meets the requirements of low jitter and high bandwidth utilization in 5G fronthaul network, and the research results provide a technical basis for the application and development of general time-sensitive networks as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation (5G) technology is one of the keys to the Industrial Revolution known as Industry 4.0 as it provides faster connectivity and allows a greater number of devices to be connected simultaneously. In the transport sector, newly produced vehicles are equipped with various sensors and applications to help drivers perform safe maneuvers. However, moving from semiautonomous to fully autonomous vehicles to cooperating systems remains a major challenge. Many researchers have focused on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and the ability to share information to achieve this cooperative behavior. This information can be made up of different data, which can be obtained from different sensors such as laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR), radar, camera, global positioning system (GPS), or data related to the current speed, acceleration, or position. The combination of the different shared data is performed depending on the approach of each navigation algorithm. This data fusion will allow a better understanding of the environment but will overload the network, as the traffic generated will be massive. Therefore, this paper addresses the challenge of achieving this cooperation between vehicles from the point of view of network requirements and computational capacity. In addition, this study contributes to advancing theory into real-world practice by examining the performance of cooperative navigation algorithms in the midst of the migration of computational resources from onboard vehicle equipment to the cloud. In particular, it investigates the transition from a cooperative navigation algorithm based on a decentralized architecture to a semidecentralized one as computationally demanding processes previously performed onboard are performed in the cloud. Additionally, the paper discusses the indispensable role of 5G in fulfilling the escalating demands for high throughput and low latency in these services, particularly as the number of vehicles increases. The results of the tests show that the AI acting alone cannot achieve optimal performance, even using 100% of the computational capacity of the onboard equipment in the vehicle. However, a system that integrates 5G and AI-based joint decisions can achieve better performance, reduce the computational resources consumed in the vehicle, and increase the efficiency of collaborative choices by up to 83.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low-profile co-linearly polarized simultaneously transmit-receive antenna (STRA) terminal is presented for 5G and upcoming technologies. The proposed STRA terminal comprises of an identical pair of spatially rotated half-circular microstrip antennas for transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx). The challenge of self-interference (SI) is addressed by employing passive SI cancellation techniques such as spatial diversity, field confinement, and surface perturbations. This has been accomplished by using fence-strip structure and V-shaped slots in the ground plane. The STRA was designed, fabricated, and tested for full-duplex operation in a sub-6 GHz band lying from 5.73 to 5.88 GHz, providing high interport isolation ranging from 35.5 dB to a maximum of 46.5 dB. The proposed STRA was implemented using Rogers 3003™ substrate. The measurements yield radiation characteristics with high gain of 5.45-6.0 dBi and 5-6.5 dBi for Tx and Rx antennas, respectively. The measured results are in good conformance with the simulated design. This antenna finds its potential usage in V2X and private 5G networks and can be extended for full-duplex MIMO implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steeply rising demand for mobile data drives the investigation of the transmission backhaul network architecture and cost for the fifth generation (5G) of mobile technologies. The proposed backhaul architecture will facilitate high throughput, low latency, scalability, low cost of ownership, and high capacity backhaul for 5G mobile technologies. This paper presents a transmission backhaul network architecture for 5G technology; the proposed internet protocol (IP) transmission backhauling architecture includes the data center, core network, distribution network, and access or IP random access network. A mathematical model for the data center IP core network, IP distributed network, and the IP access network for capital expenditure (Capex), operational expenditure (Opex), and the total cost of ownership (TCO) are presented, as well as a mathematical model for the entire backhauling architecture. The result shows that the increase in IP sites is positively proportional to the Capex and negatively proportional to the Opex. The selectivity analysis shows that the increase in bandwidth is directly proportional to the Capex, Opex, and TCO in the IP core network. The increase in data centers is directly proportional to the Capex, Opex, and TCO of the entire backhauling architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For future wireless high-speed wireless applications, the antenna design plays an indispensable role. Electrical compactness has been challenging over the years among the research fraternity. Hence, this paper proposes an electrically compact and miniaturized asymmetric coplanar strip- (ACS-) fed MIMO to bridge this research gap. In MIMO antennas, two electrically small antennas are used and are placed on the edges of the smartphone. A ladder-shaped radiator with a C-shaped slit inserted on the ground plane makes up the antenna's monopole radiator. A compact antenna is proposed in this paper with dimensions of 0.076 λ × 0.409 λ × 0.005 λ. This achieves dual band characteristics, which cater to 3.5/5.5 GHz (WiMAX), 5.8 GHz (WLAN), 6.3 GHz (C-band), and sub-6 GHz 5G bands. For the available aperture, reasonable gain is attained by the proposed architecture. Furthermore, fractional bandwidth of 69% and 43% in 2.6 GHz and 5.5 GHz bands, respectively, acting in accordance with the bandwidth stated by Wheeler and Chu's limit, has been attained in this ACS-fed antenna. In both the operating frequency bands, more than 20 dB isolation between the antenna elements has been achieved. High integrity is attained by the radiation pattern, and actual deployment is granted. Moreover, the simulated results presented are in good accordance with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is receiving more attention than centralized cloud computing due to the massive increase in transmission and compute requirements in 5G vehicle networks. It offers a significant amount of processing and storage resources to the edge of networks, offloading applications from vehicle terminals that are computation-intensive and delay-sensitive. For devices with limited resources, it uses edge resources to provide computationally heavy operations while conserving energy. This paper proposes a novel approach for computing offloading in MEC. To effectively optimize the MEC resources, this paper proposes a novel algorithm. First, the joint optimization and service cache decision subproblems were determined from continuous and discrete variables. Then, the near-optimal solution is determined from the subproblems through convex optimization and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker method. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better computational offloading and resource allocation performance as compared to existing algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, fifth-generation (5G) mobile connectivity has been launched in Bangladesh on a trial-run basis. 5G is a super-speed mobile network that is much faster than the existing fourth-generation (4G) technology. It is excruciatingly hard to deploy a fully functioning 5G in any country regardless of its available resources and technological advancements because of some apparent technological complexity and limitations. In addition, when deploying this technology in developing countries such as Bangladesh, the costs come into play. To cope with the world's advancement in science and technology, Bangladesh is planning to implement 5G covering the whole country. In this paper, we present the major challenges in implementing a wide area 5G network in Bangladesh and find some possible solutions. This research work has also tried to get a clear picture of the service quality of the existing 4G cellular communication by analyzing some of the mobile operators' download speeds over 24 hours. In addition, this paper presents the current comparison of Internet facilities in Bangladesh with those of other countries across the globe. To the best of our knowledge, there is no publicly available study that has focused on the deployment of the 5G network in Bangladesh after assessing the current state of the cellular network. Therefore, this study could serve as a guiding resource, providing valuable information for decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The 5G has ushered in a new age of life-changing breakthroughs and advancements due to faster speeds, greater bandwidth, and ultra-high expectancy. The study proposes a multistage approach for quantifying the dynamic factors affecting users' adoption of 5G in emerging countries. Method. This study integrated the technology acceptance model (TAM) and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to recommend a comprehensive model that the industry–academia can adopt. In the proposed model, various core hypotheses and subhypotheses were tested by employing 510 5G users of the metro cities of India. An online questionnaire was used to collect the facts, and the data were framed in the conceptual model to test the validation using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results. The findings suggest that users' perceptions of adopting 5G are overwhelming in that perceived trust was discovered as a mediating enabler between behavioral intention (BI) and selected manifest. Performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social factors (SF), facilitating factors (FF), hedonic motivation (HM), perceived benefits (PB), price value (PV), and habit (HB). Contribution. By identifying key enablers in the suggested model, service providers may better evaluate these aspects, particularly in ensuring reliable infrastructure for 5G service stands. The study is undoubtedly a novel attempt to assist the telecom industry and policymakers in accelerating the adoption of 5G in emerging economies of Asian continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular polarization (CP) antenna that can switch between right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) modes has been designed and introduced for 5G applications in the 3.5 GHz frequency band in this work. The proposed antenna comprises a crossed dipole fed by a 90° hybrid coupler. The axial ratio (AR) enhancement of 190 MHz is achieved by vertically stacking a substrate with a distance of λ / 4 from the ground plane, including an annular ring-shaped parasitic element above a circular-shaped disc. Consequently, by creating surface current rotation on the parasitic elements, the CP performance of the antenna is improved. According to the experiments, a wide impedance bandwidth of 930 MHz (3.19-4.12 GHz) and an overlapped AR bandwidth of 23.5% for both modes are achieved. The overall size of the antenna is 100 × 92.5 × 24 m m 3 , and the gain is stable across the operating frequency band with a peak value of 6.78 dBic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid communication systems, where millimeter-wave (mmWave) links coexist with microwave links, have been an essential component in the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks. Nevertheless, the open feature of the wireless medium makes hybrid systems vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks. Eavesdroppers in hybrid communication systems can enhance their attack performance by opportunistically eavesdropping on mmWave or microwave links. This paper, therefore, aims to answer a natural question: in which region do eavesdroppers prefer the mmWave links? To this end, we first formulate this question as an eavesdropping region characterization problem from the physical layer security perspective, where eavesdroppers select the link to eavesdrop based on the ratio between the security performances of the mmWave and microwave links. To model the security performances of both the mmWave and microwave links, we derive closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probabilities and lower bounds/exact expressions for the secrecy rates of both links. Finally, we provide numerical results to validate our theoretical analysis and also illustrate the mmWave eavesdropping region under various network parameter settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review focuses on the emergence of 5G wireless communication and the need for multiple-input multiple-output antennas to support high-speed communication systems. The article discusses the advantages of MIMO antennas, including increased channel capacity and the ability to focus radio frequency energy on specific users. However, the challenges of creating compact MIMO antennas with ideal isolation are addressed, including short wavelengths, connection losses, constrained bandwidth, and path losses in the millimeter-wave range. Design techniques and methods to enhance the performance of conventional antennas for 5G applications are discussed, along with potential solutions for upcoming challenges. The article provides an overview of MIMO antennas for 5G applications, covering frequency bands, system architecture, advantages, challenges, advancements, performance enhancement techniques, design techniques, and state-of-the-art developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interference and multipath are the most common issues in the wireless domain due to the coexistence of a large number of wireless nodes operating within the constraint spectrum. A compact planar antenna with five reconfigurable polarization states in three distinct operating bands is presented in this article. A square patch is enclosed by a square outer ring in the design, and these antennas are coupled-decoupled successively using switching diodes to excite three distinct operating bands. Coplanar microstrip lines are used to feed the orthogonal edges of the antenna. The diagonal corners of the inner and outer ring patches are truncated to realize dual circular polarization (CP) states with proper biasing. Switching diodes are placed at the etched corners to realize vertical (VP) and horizontal (HP) polarization. Both the orthogonal feed lines are activated simultaneously with identical phase and amplitude to realize 45° linear polarization. A low-profile, single-feed, compact prototype reconfigurable microstrip antenna (MSA) is finally designed, fabricated, and measured at 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz bands, respectively. Each operating band shows five distinct operating states. The simulation results for all fifteen states are found to be consistent with the measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (ALTSA) array with the newly emerging substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology. Each element of the proposed array consists of two vertically stacked antipodal tapered slot antennas (TSA) with the inner conductor of a SICL as the shared fin. The vertical symmetry of this radiating element structure significantly suppresses the cross-polarization level. By employing a SICL-based power splitter with differential outputs, a two-element array with horizontal symmetry is formed. With the inner conductors of two parallel SICLs combined as the flaring metal shared by adjacent tapered slots, the main beam squint is effectively suppressed. Experimental results show an actual −10-dB impedance bandwidth (BW) of 24.5∼34.4 GHz, and the realized gain range measured is 16.1∼18.7 dBi. The cross-polarization levels are −39.4 dB/−40.7 dB at 30 GHz for the E-/H-planes. The measured results agree well with the simulated data which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed SICL-based ALTSA scheme in the potential 5 G·millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multiband planar antenna with a third-order toroidal coupling structure that has potential applications in mobile communications. The antenna is fed using a coplanar waveguide structure. The radiating body model of the antenna is obtained by scaling and nesting twice in equal proportions based on a first-order toroid. The above patch was printed on a 42 × 55 × 0.1 mm3 polyimide flexible dielectric substrate. This article explores the effect of bending in different directions on the antenna performance and explores the effect of coupling with the human body on the antenna S11. The antenna was simulated using a high-frequency structure simulator and measured in an electromagnetic microwave darkroom. The simulation results of the antenna match well with the measured results, and the maximum gain of its band coverage is 4.39 dBi. The antenna can cover the frequency bands of TD-LTE (B-TrunC) (1.447–1.467 GHz), LTE42/43 (3.4–3.8 GHz), WiMAX (3.3–3.8 GHz), 5G band n78 (3.4–3.8 GHz), WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz), 5G (5.725–5.825 GHz), and other commercial bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of small capacity and high energy consumption in China's 5G communication technology system, the research proposes that based on the segmented weakly orthogonal matching pursuit (SWOMP) algorithm, it is combined with the compressed sensing matching pursuit algorithm to form a segmented backtracking weak selection positive algorithm and Cross Match Tracking (SCWOMP) algorithm. First, the sparseness of MIMO system technology and its transmission structure is analyzed. Then, the new model is built after comparing with other algorithms, and the problem of overestimating the low recovery probability in the calculation process is improved by the backtracking of the algorithm and the improvement of the angle of the atomic column selection, so as to reduce the number of iterations and improve the performance of the algorithm. The results show that, in the performance comparison of different sampling points under different compressed sensing recovery algorithms, the recovery probability of the SCWOMP algorithm is the best, and when the number of sampling points is 80, although the fixed step size of the SCWOMP algorithm is different, there is recovery. The probability has a maximum value, close to 1. Then, the improved compressed sensing recovery algorithm is simulated and analyzed. When the pruning coefficient is 0.5 and the number of sampling points is 80, the reconstruction rate has a maximum value, and when other algorithms reach the maximum reconstruction rate, the number of sampling points (M) is significantly greater than that of the SCWOMP algorithm. An increase in the rate of reduction of the reconstruction probability of the SCWOMP algorithm is significantly lower than that of other algorithms; when sparsity is equal to 70, the reconstruction probability becomes 0, indicating that SCWOMP has a wider reconfigurable range and has a significant performance effect. This shows that the proposed SCWOMP algorithm has the best detection performance for 5G communication symbol detection, which can effectively increase the capacity of the system and better promote technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A miniaturized enhanced isolation 8-unit MIMO antenna for smartphones is proposed in this paper. The units are planar inverted-F antennas with the same structure, and we use the slotting method and shorted probe to miniaturize them. The size of every unit is 14 × 6 mm2 (0.149 × 0.064λ2). We insert an L-shaped decoupling element into the middle of adjacent radiating elements and connect the decoupling element to the GND. Note that the decoupling elements are on the outer side of the substrate, and the radiating elements are on the inner side of the substrate. Finally, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the bandwidth of the MIMO antenna is from 3.0 GHz to 5.3 GHz (55.4%), which fully supports the n77, n78, and n79 in the 5G nR frequency band and the 4G LTE 42 frequency band (S11 less than −6 dB). The measured isolation of the MIMO antenna is greater than 25 dB by using the decoupling method in this paper. The envelope correlation coefficient of the proposed MIMO antenna is less than 0.08, its radiation efficiency is greater than 50%, and its gain is between 4.2 and 5.3 dBi in the whole operating frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the layout of the 5G mobile communication base station in the city center, we design a 5G city network slicing strategy for the three typical application scenarios with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications (mMTC). The strategy considers multiple important network performance indicators, including user guaranteed bandwidth, maximum bandwidth limit, QoS (quality of service), link delay tolerance, and slicing throughput. The slicing strategy can greatly increase the connections of base station clients and the utilization of network resources, and effectively reduce block radio and handover radio. The simulation experiments adopt the 5G base station dataset of a coastal city layout in Zhejiang province. Our tests show that the 5G network slicing strategy has certain advantages in network transmission performance in urban complex environment. The research can provide an effective reference for 5G infrastructure construction in other cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is widely used for different wireless communications such as WiMAX and fifth generation (5G). In this paper, a wideband, highly efficient, omnidirectional, compact novel patch antenna has been designed and reported for WiMAX/lower 5G communications. The proposed compact MPA is made on Rogers RT 5880 ( ɛ r = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0009). The physical volume of the MPA is compact (32 × 32 × 0.79 mm3). The MPA consists of seven small square-shaped elements that are diagonally connected with each other. The 7-element antenna works at 3.592 GHz with a suitable reflection coefficient of -46.78 dB and a -10 dB bandwidth (BW) of 1.40 GHz, covering 3.10-4.50 GHz. The apex gain (G) and the directivity (D) of the designed prototype are 3.90 dB and 4.20 dBi, respectively. The antenna maintains a high efficiency of 94-98% over the 3.10-4.50 GHz operating range. The VSWR of the antenna is close to unity, which is 1.0092 at 3.592 GHz. Initially, CST is used to design the antenna, and then, all the properties have been buttressed by using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Finally, a prototype of the compact 7-element antenna has been developed and measured. Owing to getting good results for the intended applications, the presented compact antenna can be a reliable candidate for WiMAX (3.4-3.6 GHz) and lower 5G (3.3-4.2 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problems of 5G network planning and optimization, a 5G user time delay prediction model based on the BiLSTM neural network optimized by APSO-SD is proposed. First, a channel generative model based on the ray-tracing model and the statistical channel model is constructed to obtain a large amount of time delay data, and a 5G user ray data feature model based on three-dimensional stereo mapping is proposed for input feature extraction. Then, an adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm based on a search perturbation mechanism and differential enhancement strategy (APSO-SD) is proposed for the parameters' optimization of BiLSTM neural networks. Finally, the APSO-SD-BiLSTM model is proposed to predict the time delay of 5G users. The experimental results show that the APSO-SD has a better convergence performance and optimization performance in benchmark function optimization compared with the other PSO algorithms, and the APSO-SD-BiLSTM model has better user time delay prediction accuracy in different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unmanned aerial vehicle communication networks (UAVCNs) are composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) connected in ad hoc mode to facilitate vertical communication in 5G and beyond networks. UAVs operating in an ad hoc mode of operation mostly use reactive routing protocols to establish routes in the network to reduce the energy consumption of the nodes. In this article, a route discovery method is presented to reduce the overhead faced by reactive routing protocols during the route discovery phase. The expanding ring search (ERS) method is mostly used by reactive routing protocols in the destination discovery phase of the routing algorithm. Although the performance of the ERS method is better than simple flooding, the presented method further reduces energy consumption and routing overhead as compared to the conventional ERS method. To achieve the task, the time to live (TTL) is modified to accommodate a large number of nodes in a search attempt. We proposed variants of the proposed techniques for diverse application requirements and compared the performance with the state-of-the-art ERS technique. It has been demonstrated with the help of simulations that the presented algorithm outperforms the ERS method in terms of reduced routing overhead and reduced energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bots are now part of the social media landscape, and thus, a threat to cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs). A better understanding of their characteristic behaviors and estimation of their impact on public opinion could help improve the algorithms to identify bots and help develop strategies to reduce their influence. The cosine function-based algorithm is able to compare the similarity between tweets and restore the course of information circulation. Combined with malicious features of an account, our method could effectively detect bots. We implement SEIR model to compute tweets with the hashtag #Huawei 5G and divide the trend propagation into the following four phases: formation, fermentation, explosion, and decay of trend. Sentiment analysis revealed the change of emotion and opinion among normal users in different stages and the manipulation attempt of bots behind it. Experiment results show that bots have very limited relation to users' stance in whole. In early phase bots could affect those who are neutral. The influence of bots declines in later stage. Polarized views can hardly be changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart network management automation (SNMA) is a technology that enables the automation of network management tasks. It provides a platform for automating network management, allowing administrators to manage their networks more reliably and efficiently. It provides the tools to monitor and manage network performance, identify and troubleshoot problems, and automate the deployment of new services and applications. SNMA also allows for scalability to meet the needs of any organization, regardless of size or complexity. With SNMA, network administrators can quickly and accurately identify problems, increase network uptime, and reduce time spent on manual tasks. The SNMA provides the ability to adjust configurations quickly and respond to changes in the network environment. It can help reduce costs and improve the efficiency of network operations. This paper proposed an intelligent network management automation algorithm for network administration and management in 5G communication networks. The proposed algorithm achieved 91.82% of remote network administration, 95.25% of global network administration, 96.59% of urban network administration, and 95.07% of local network administration. It creates a single submission to the network to make configuration changes, register network resources, manage users' IP addresses, and filter packets to ensure information security and other tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design of a self-complementary dual-band fifth-generation (5G) antenna for a wireless body area network (WBAN) has been presented in this paper. Like many other advantages, dual-band antennas have the benefit of being able to establish a reliable wireless connection in places that are frequently out of reach. The antenna operates at two popular 5G NR, FR-2 frequency bands: n257, or 28 GHz, and n260, or 39 GHz. FR-2 bands are prominent for high-speed data transactions within a limited range, which is perfect for WBAN applications. The proposed self-complementary single element design has a physical size of 6 mm × 8 mm × 1.59 mm and is designed with a Rogers RT6002 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.94. In free space simulations, the antenna performed satisfactorily, achieving around 90% efficiency and having return losses of 16.32 dB and 20.47 dB at the lower and upper frequency bands sequentially. The antenna generated almost omnidirectional patterns at both frequencies with a peak gain of 4.74 dB. By placing the antenna next to a 3D human torso phantom that had been digitally created with accurate human body features, the design's onbody performance was assessed. Onbody simulations produced favorable performance with a small dispersion from their peak values in some parameters, i.e., efficiency and reflection coefficients but produced more gains: 4.34 dBi at 28 GHz and 6.19 dBi at 39 GHz. For further distance-based investigation, the antenna was placed in five different positions relative to the torso. The test yields 67% efficiency with the minimum gap and 71% at the highest distance from the human body for the lowest band. Though the lower-frequency band produces better results with more gaps, the higher-frequency band performs consistently better in even the closest placement to the human body model by reaching more than 6 dB of gain with above 81% efficiency and wider than 10 GHz of bandwidth. The overall performance indicates this design can be a good solution to complex WBAN scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the malicious hackers can infiltrate tens of thousands or millions of insecure computers, disable infrastructure, shut down networks, and access personal information. The hackers use some security vulnerabilities in the network to steal and use the required data. And things like the buck they do with advanced technologies are constantly providing them with the data they need, not just once and no matter how protective the firewalls on the Internet are, there is still an increase in cybercrime. This was affected the Quality of Service (QoS) of a wearable device. In this paper, an improved QoS model was proposed to enhance the IoT smart systems. This algorithm was helpful to prevent the smart IoT device from the vulnerable hacking. This system was compared with the existing algorithms, and the results are displayed the below sections. The suggested method performs more than 96 percent of input entry authentication and about 3 percent of password cracking actions. The source code security management was then upgraded to 99.9%. Finally, the number of updating difficulties for various device entries was decreased by 0.02 percent, and the number of privacy breaches was reduced by up to 0.32 percent. Hence, the proposed method was more secured and free from cyber security issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile data has become an integral part of everyday life, making Internet trends more and more profound and deeply embedded in life and the future. Mobile broadband (MBB) is one of the main aims of fifth-generation (5G) networks due to unprecedented growth in data demand. However, 5G networks are not yet deployed in many countries, whereas existing MBB networks, such as third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G), are available in most world countries. As a result, there is a need to monitor and troubleshoot end-to-end network performance and ensure a better user experience. This paper provides an overview of MBB networks in terms of deployment environments, performance metrics, and implementation scenarios. It highlights the most important criteria for assessing MBB performance and the applications and measurement methods utilized, such as external and internal measurements and the classification of geographical areas. In addition, it provides measurement-based performance analyses of two existing mobile network operators (MNOs) (Omantel and Ooredoo) in the Sultanate of Oman. This performance analysis uses data measurements in various indoor and outdoor environments in five cities (Muscat, Ibra, Sur, Bahla, and Al kamil Wal Wafi). Several performance metrics are considered, such as signal level and quality, throughput, ping rate, and handover. Experimental results demonstrate that the 4G networks were the dominant networks in all measured locations for indoor and outdoor scenarios. Moreover, 5G data measurements are also recorded in the capital city of Oman, Muscat. The results of the 5G measurements show that both MNOs achieved a higher data rate with a lower ping rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the operation energy consumption of intelligent logistics warehouse management system based on B/S is too large, and the operation efficiency is low. In order to improve this situation, a design method of intelligent logistics warehouse management system based on radio frequency identification technology is proposed to optimize the hardware structure of the system. Based on the overall structure of the system, the network topology of the warehouse management system is divided into physical level, network level, data level, and application level. Further optimize the function and operation of the system software based on RFID technology, transfer the goods to the warehouse by logistics, count the goods, determine the goods location in the warehouse management system in the outbound management procedure, and collect the internal data of outbound goods through the RFID reader. Use the handling tools to transfer the picked goods to the warehouse out. The user management module mainly controls user login and user management. The statistical management of inventory is to clear and count the goods, which can provide a basis for the research in the field of intelligent logistics warehousing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the three major applications of 5G, massive machine type communication (mMTC) is mainly oriented to network access scenarios for massive devices. mMTC focuses on solving the problem that traditional mobile communication cannot well support the Internet of Things and vertical industry applications. According to the current 3GPP standard, these massive devices still use the traditional authentication process to realize mutual authentication with 5G core network, which brings a lot of communication and computing overhead. In addition, privacy protection will also be threatened in the authentication process. In order to alleviate the signaling congestion during authentication and solve the insecurity in authentication, this paper proposes a group authentication scheme for mMTC. Due to the characteristics of low power consumption and massive connection, the scheme mainly adopts lightweight encryption operation to avoid the computational burden of equipment and server. We verify the security of our scheme by using BAN logic to formally analyze the scheme. Then, through informal analysis, our proposed scheme can not only avoid signaling blocking and provide mutual authentication but also resist various possible attacks. Through performance evaluation, it is proved that our scheme has better efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of personnel and the high cost have become a major pain point in the current safety supervision work of the inspectors. Aiming at the problem that the aircraft maintenance inspector could not visit the scene in person during the epidemic, a remote safety supervision platform was built based on intelligent glasses and 5G network, and the real-time monitoring of the aircraft skin rivet status was realized. And a method of aviation rivet classification and anomaly detection based on deep learning algorithm was proposed. Firstly, according to the appearance of rivet head, the aviation rivet is classified, the data set of aviation rivet is made, and the aviation rivet classification and anomaly detection model are constructed. Evaluate the detection results from such indicators as confidence, precision, recall rate, and mAP and compare the algorithm with the detection results of Yolox-s, Yolox-m, Yolov5-s, Yolov5-m, and Yolov4. The results show that (1) the algorithm proposed in this paper can realize the classification of aviation rivets and the detection of abnormal conditions, the confidence of the detection results is more than 90%, and the average precision, recall, and AP value are above 95%, 85%, and 88%, respectively. (2) The order of rivet classification and abnormal detection effect from good to bad is Philips screws, round head rivets, flat head rivets, countersunk head rivets, blind rivets, and abnormal condition. (3) Compared with other algorithms, the aviation rivet classification abnormal target detection based on deep learning has absolute advantages in accuracy and speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of mobile communication and satellite navigation technologies, the positioning requirements of 5G smart communication base stations are becoming higher and higher. With the opening of GNSS raw observation data, research on the positioning of a 5G smart communication base station has become a research hotspot in the surveying and mapping disciplines. In this paper, based on the GNSS observation data of the 5G smart communication base station, the quality of the original GNSS observation data of the 5G smart communication base station is studied and analyzed. A method based on Doppler smoothing pseudorange solves the problem that the original pseudorange observation values of the 5G smart communication base station are noisy and prone to multipath errors due to the limitations of the base station chips and processes, which makes the traditional data processing methods unable to meet the demand for higher accuracy positioning. This method uses Doppler observations to smooth the pseudorange and determines the Doppler smoothing strategy and closure values to improve the data quality. The experimental data show that Doppler smoothing pseudorange can improve data quality and positioning accuracy by 67.9% in the E direction, 64.8% in the N direction, and 65.5% in the U direction. The future world will develop in the direction of intelligence, and the wireless network 5G technology used to support the construction of this intelligent system will become the core driver for the development of a leading intelligent society. 5G network signals have higher reliability and lower latency and can meet the specific needs of smart manufacturing, autonomous driving, and other industrial applications. This new base station product can meet the construction needs of future 5G base stations, adapt to the future intensive, miniaturized, intelligent station construction mode, and realize safe and fast station construction, providing the necessary hardware support for 5G network coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of 5G (fifth-generation wireless systems) determines the future direction of technology and economy and has received extensive public attention. Studying the changing rules of public attention to 5G can provide an important guiding significance for the sustainable development of 5G. This paper takes Baidu Index as the measurement index of 5G public attention and analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of public attention to 5G from 2011 to 2021 by using the elasticity coefficient, Gini coefficient, geographical concentration index, and panel data model. The results of the study show the following. (1) The public concern to 5G is generally on the rise, but the heat has declined in the past two years. (2) The public's 5G attention shows a seasonal effect, with the highest attention in March and June. (3) The spatial difference of 5G public attention is obvious. The eastern region has a high degree of attention, the internal differences between the eastern and western regions are obvious, and the central region is relatively balanced. (4) The factors such as local economic level, education level, Internet development, and media attention have significantly affected the public focus on 5G. Also, some suggestions are made for the sustainable development of 5G and the planning of 6G (sixth-generation wireless systems). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna that enables wide bandwidth with its operating band covering the entire global 5G spectrum is highly desirable but very challenging for achieving both compact size and high-performance antenna. Herein, the mm-wave microstrip patch antenna (MPA) and its multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration based on the metasurfaces for 5G system applications are proposed and investigated by the simulation method. To improve performance and keep the low-profile and low-cost MPA antenna, square ring resonator (SQRR) metasurface and radiating patch are printed on a single dielectric layer. With the presence of the metasurfaces that acting as a secondary radiator, the performance of the designed antenna is significantly improved with a wide operating band in the range of 23.9-30.7 GHz, high peak gain of 9.4 dBic, and radiation efficiency of above 87%. Based on this design, four-port MIMO antenna configuration is performed for evaluating a MIMO system that realizes the advantage features such as compact size, wide bandwidth covering the entire global mm-wave 5G spectrum band of 24.25-29.5 GHz, and excellent diversity performance characterized by good isolation between the adjacent elements and low envelope correlation coefficient. Thus, the MIMO antenna design is a very promising candidate for 5G MIMO mm-wave applications, specifically in cellular systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WiFi and private 5G networks, commonly referred to as P5G, provide Internet of Things (IoT) devices the ability to communicate at fast speeds, with low latency and with a high capacity. Will they coexist and share the burden of delivering a connection to devices at home, on the road, in the workplace, and at a park or a stadium? Or will one replace the other to manage the increase in endpoints and traffic in the enterprise, campus, and manufacturing environments? In this research, we describe IoT device testbeds to collect network traffic in a local area network and cyberspace including beyond 5G/6G network traffic traces at different layers. We also describe research problems and challenges, such as traffic classification and traffic prediction by the traffic traces of devices. An AI-enabled hierarchical learning architecture for the problems above using sources like network packets, frames, and signals from the traffic traces with machine learning models is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet users' expectations for speed and reliability, 5th Generation (5G) networks and other forms of mobile communication of the future will need to be highly efficient, flexible, and nimble. Because of the expected density and complexity of 5G networks, sophisticated network control across all layers is essential. In this context, self-organizing network (SON) is among the essential solutions for managing the next generation of mobile communication networks. Self-optimization, self-configuration, and self-healing (SH) are typical SON functions. This research creates a framework for analyzing SH by exploring the impact of recovery measures taken in precarious stages of health. For this reason, our suggested architecture takes into account both detection and compensating operations. The system is broken down into some faulty states and the "fuzzy c-means" (FCM) approach is used to conduct the classifying. In the compensation process, the network is characterized as the Markov decision model (MDM), and the linear programming (LP) technique is implemented to find the most effective strategy for reaching a goal. Numerical findings acquired from a variety of situations with varying objectives show that the suggested method with optimized operations in the compensation stage exceeds the approach with randomly chosen actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accommodate the increasing data rate demand, the fifth-generation (5G) cellular network came up with new technological advancements including massive multiple-input multiple-output (massive MIMO) and hyperdensification which can significantly boost network capacity. On the other hand, the introduction of these technologies along with their heterogeneity brings a challenge in terms of network operators' need to identify a cost-effective optimal deployment approach which is hardly entertained by the legacy planning and optimization method. Hence, to leverage the core benefits of those technologies in a cost-effective manner, we need a holistic planning framework that takes into account their coverage, capacity and cost impact, and realistic spatiotemporal distribution of users. In this work, we present a data-driven multiobjective optimization planning framework that can be used not only for small cells but also for massive MIMO. The planning framework is illustrated using a 5G planning case study for a service area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, considering its realistic network data that is collected from the network management system and different potential identified deployment options. Ray tracing is employed to compute propagation, and users and demands are distributed based on the realistic network data. A two-stage optimization and a joint optimization are applied to identify points that provide optimal network performance. Simulation results reveal that the planning method provides Pareto points for different deployment options that can significantly improve the performance of the existing network while reducing the total network cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network slicing makes it possible for future applications with a variety of adaptability requirements and performance requirements by spliting the physical network into several logical networks. Radio access network (RAN) slicing's main goal is to assign physical resource blocks (RBs) to mMTC, eMBB, and uRLLC services while ensuring the Quality of service (QoS). Consequently, it is challenging to determine the optimal strategies for 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) slicing because of dynamically changes in slice needs and environmental data, and conventional approaches have difficulty addressing resource allocation issues. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient deep deterministic policy gradient resource allocation (EE-DDPG-RA) method for RAN slicing in 5G networks to choose the resource allocation policy that increases long-term throughput while satisfying the requirements of B5G systems for quality of service. This method's main goal is to remove unnecessary actions in order to lower the amount of available action space. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms boundaries by enhancing deep-rooted throughput and effectively managing resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact dual‐band eight‐element antenna working in 3.5 GHz (3.4–3.6 GHz) and 4.9 GHz (4.8–5 GHz) for 5G operations is proposed. Each antenna element consists of a modified rectangular strip monopole. The size of a single antenna element is 10.3 × 7 mm2. By cutting various slots and adding compensatory strips, the presented antenna demonstrates a good performance in both the lower and higher frequency bands. The evolution design, the current distribution, and the analysis of the optimal parameters are derived to investigate the principle of the antenna. The measured total efficiency is better than 44%. The isolation is better than 12 dB and the calculated envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.06. A quite good agreement between simulation and measurement is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broadband radiation dual‐polarized antenna is proposed for the application of 5G sub‐6 GHz base stations. The radiator of the antenna is consisted of a pair of crisscrossed sector dipoles, and is fed by microstrip stubs. By etching rectangular slots on the patches, the resonant modes of the antenna can increase to eight. Therefore, the broadband characteristic can be realized by effectively exciting the ideal modes. And the dual‐polarized characteristic is also achieved by exciting the ideal modes. The overall size of the proposed antenna is λ×λ×0.258λ (λ is the free‐space wavelength at 4.3 GHz) and it is fabricated and tested. The measured bandwidth can achieve 47.2% (3.19 ~ 5.22 GHz) for S11 <−10 dB and S21 < −26 dB, and the half‐power beam width (HPBW) is 55 ± 6° within the working band. The antenna gain attains 8.3 ± 1.6 dBi with a good stable radiation pattern. These features make the antenna more attractive for 5G sub‐6 GHz communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a design of compact frequency reconfigurable dual‐port antenna pair with high isolation for 5G mobile devices. Two feeding ports are located side by side and share a common radiator within a small area of 11.5 mm × 6 mm in the proposed antenna pair. The feeding ports achieve a self‐decoupling characteristic without any additional decoupling structure based on a synthesis of common and differential modes in the shared radiator. Moreover, the antenna pair has a frequency reconfigurable property and can operate in both 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz bands by switching PIN diodes. A prototype multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna composed of four designed antenna pair is fabricated and tested. The experimental results show that the antenna pair can operate in both the frequency bands and has peak isolations of 26 dB in 3.5 GHz band and 27 dB in 5 GHz band. The antenna efficiencies are around 60% at 3.5 GHz and about 80% at 5 GHz respectively. The proposed antenna pair can be a promising candidate for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, compact inverted F‐antennas (IFAs) operating in the 3.5 GHz band is proposed for future 5G smartphone applications. The conventional IFA is modified to make the structure compact and efficient. The additional IFAs are aligned in face‐to‐face configuration to reduce the coupling between them up to some extent. Furthermore, a novel decoupling element is incorporated between antenna pairs to effectively enhance the isolation. As a result, the proposed building block exhibits isolation higher than 28.2 dB between two adjacent ports. Based on highly isolated building blocks, a 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) antenna array is designed and investigated which is operated in 3.5 GHz (LTE band 42). The proposed 8 × 8 MIMO antenna array has four compact building blocks and reserves sufficient space for integrating other antennas such as 2G/3G/4G antennas. To validate the simulated results, a prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. Over the entire operating frequency, the fabricated 8 × 8 MIMO antenna array obtain high isolation of more than 27.3 dB, and high antenna efficiency (>61%). Also, its corresponding measured envelope correlation coefficients are lower than 0.04 and channel capacity was about 39.1–40.6 bps/Hz. The measured results show that the proposed MIMO antenna array is a good candidate for future fifth‐generation smartphone applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the innovation of fifth‐generation (5th G) technology is a critical indicator of an explosion in technologies that satisfy everyday needs, and antennas for 5G with reduced delay, minimal path loss, and a continuous pattern of radiation will be essential. The upcoming 5G Massive multiple inputs, multiple outputs (MIMO) antenna will improve the performance of future‐generation wireless communication systems. The primary advantages of 5G technologies are their greater transmission speeds, extremely high data rates, improved reliability, less latency, enhanced spectral efficiencies, and the possibility of connecting a greater number of wireless devices to the networks. The Massive MIMO antenna is one of the most anticipated 5G technologies, which boosts the capacity compared to a conventional MIMO antenna, increasing the spectral efficiency by 50 times. In this review article, we discussed mutual coupling and then techniques and how to reduce the coupling between antennas. The goal of this study is to look at the huge MIMO antennas from a number of different angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient self‐isolated multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system functioning in the n46 5G NR band (5.15–5.925 GHz) for smartphone implementation is discussed in this paper. The system is made up of two blocks of vertically printed antenna pairs, placed at the exact center of the side frames of the smartphone. Each block comprises of a self‐isolated antenna pair with two inverted L‐shaped radiators facing each other, a T‐shaped isolating element, and a U‐shaped structure placed at the back of the radiators, and is attached to the ground plane. A simple coaxial feeding structure is deployed to excite the L‐shaped radiators. The T‐shaped structure placed between the two radiators has a crucial role in minimizing the mutual coupling between the two radiators, and its arm serves as a radiator. The self‐isolated antenna pair functions from 5.10 to 5.98 GHz, covering the entire n46 band (5.15–5.925 GHz) with over −16.8 dB isolation in the complete operating bandwidth. The parametric investigation of some ideal parameters and the antenna pair evolution stages to obtain the final structure is examined for a superior understanding of the functioning of the proposed MIMO smartphone system. The proposed self‐decoupled antenna pair MIMO system operates with a very high radiation efficiency and gain in the complete operating bandwidth, with radiating efficiency, total efficiency, and peak gain greater than 92%, 85%, and 6 dB respectively. The lowest obtained envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value is 0.025 between the two elements in the antenna pair, which is very low when compared with the ideal value of 0.5. Various other parameters like channel capacity loss (CCL), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and diversity gain (DG) of the proposed system are also calculated and examined with the experimental results to study the diversity performance of the proposed MIMO smartphone system. A prototype of the proposed 4‐port MIMO smartphone system is fabricated and various parameters are examined. The coherence between the measured and the experimental outcomes stipulates that the proposed system is a capable contender for application in the upcoming 5G handheld devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi‐band, small, high gain, low specific absorption rate (SAR), and circularly polarized (CP) textile wearable antenna fed using aperture coupled technique is designed on two layers of denim (εr=1.2, h = 0.787 mm as feeding layer) and felt (εr=1.3, h = 1.5 mm as a resonating layer) textile substrates. The antenna is designed on two layers with two relative permittivities to enhance the BW and reduce the negative mutual coupling. Afterward, another layer of denim with the complete ground of ShieldIt conductor is added to decrease the SAR value along with the directive gain. The antenna works for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM), 5G, and sub‐6 GHz communication systems as it operates at 2.45–2.55 GHz and 3.8 GHz (3.6–4.15 GHz), and 5.6 GHz (5.55–5.65 GHz), respectively. The proposed antenna has the maximum directive gain of 8.35 dBi, acceptable SAR values at a 10 mm distance from the human body for both standards. In addition, the antenna's CP is examined, showing AR values of <2.5 dB at the working BW. Finally, the proposed antenna is measured and compared with the simulation results. A good agreement exists between simulation and measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]