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The potential utilization of intestine mucous and by‐products from the pig processing industry, was investigated. Pig intestine mucus contains intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) which has been shown to function as the gut's mucosal defense factor. The extraction method was conducted at high‐pressure homogenization (HPH)‐assisted hierarchical extraction, and then IAP was purified by ion‐exchange chromatography. Also, the enzymatic properties and the dephosphorylation ability of IAP were investigated. After the extraction and purification process, IAP activity was 2980 U/ml, and purity was 95.71%. The optimal reaction conditions of IAP were at pH 9.6; the temperature was 37°C, Zn2+, Mg2+, and EDTA were a potent inhibitor of IAP activity. Furthermore, IAP showed dose‐dependent dephosphorylation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and CpG DNA in vitro. In summary, this study provides an efficient extraction and purification for IAP, which can be used as natural anti‐inflammatory material in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries. Practical applications: In this study, pig IAP with high purity and high activity was obtained by HPH‐ assisted fractional extraction of ammonium sulfate and acetone, followed by ion chromatography purification, which is simpler than the recombinant method of IAP, environmentally friendly, while reducing the process cost, and has high application value. Moreover, through the analysis of the IAP, it was found that IAP has strong dephosphorylating properties for inflammatory mediators such as LPS, ATP, and CpG DNA. Therefore, in practical application, IAP leaves a significant place for broad‐spectrum anti‐inflammatory function in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Recently, Chen et al. proposed a practical authentication protocol for supporting anonymous roaming in wireless access networks, then the protocol is further improved by Hsieh and Leu. In this paper, we demonstrate the adversarial model of this type of protocols and show that Hsieh-Leu scheme is not as secure as they originally claimed to be. In particular, we show that their protocol does not provide user privacy protection, and it is vulnerable to off-line password guessing attack mounted by a side channel adversary who has compromised all the information stored in the user's smart card. To fix these weaknesses, a new practical authentication protocol with anonymity for wireless roaming is proposed. We use the formal verification tool ProVerif, which is based on applied pi calculus, to prove the security of the proposed scheme. The experimental results confirm that the new scheme not only achieves many desirable properties, such as strong anonymity, perfect forward secrecy and support of session key update, but also provides robustness against all those attacks that Hsieh-Leu protocol does not resist. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile roaming authentication scheme achieves the mutual authentication and session key establishment between the mobile user and the foreign agent. In 2013, Xie et al. pointed out that Chen et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to offline password attack, and does not achieve fair session key generation, user untraceability, user friendliness, and perfect forward secrecy, and then they proposed an improved scheme. In this paper, we propose an improvement of Xie et al.'s scheme, since the foreign agent may confuse the mobile users when multiple mobile users simultaneously access the foreign agent in Xie et al.'s scheme. Further, we prove the formal security of the proposed scheme, and present the performance comparison between our scheme and some related schemes. The proposed scheme is more efficient and secure than other related schemes and is suitable for using in the global mobility network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]