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Summary: An appropriate design of solar thermal power plant (STPP) is important before construction. This present study attempted to deal with some fundamental questions in design of STPP. What is the relationship between the optimal design direct normal irradiance (DNI) and weather conditions? What is the optimal solar multiple for a STPP at a specific weather condition? How does the thermal energy storage (TES) affect the electricity output of STPP, and how does dispatch fraction affect the usage of stored thermal energy? To help answer these questions, a general model was built and a critical design DNI was proposed from the perspective of effective use of solar energy. There will be solar energy wasting if the design DNI is below the critical design DNI, while the power block will not be effectively used if the design DNI is above the critical design DNI. This critical design DNI can be used to determine the optimal solar multiple for a given design DNI. The effects of TES size and dispatch fraction on the critical design DNI were also discussed. A critical design direct normal irradiance was proposed in this study from the perspective of effective use of solar energy with considering weather condition, thermal energy storage, and dispatch strategy. The critical design direct normal irradiance can demonstrate solar energy usage ability of a solar thermal power plant, and it can also help to determine the solar multiple at a given weather condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: During apple processing, phloridzin, the main flavonoid in apples, can be oxidized to the yellow pigment, which contributes to the color of apple juice and ciders. However, there was no report about the bioactivities of this yellow pigment. In this study, the oxidation of phloridzin catalyzed by tyrosinase from mushroom was investigated. The main oxidation product with bright yellow color was purified and identified as the phloridzin oxidation product j (POPj) based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) spectroscopy. In the chemical and cellular system, POPj exhibited the higher peroxyl radical‐scavenging activity than phloridzin. Our results suggested that POPj was a kind of potential food yellow pigment with antioxidant activity, which partly explained health‐promoting functions of apple juices and ciders. Practical applications: In view of the potential toxicity of the artificial food yellow pigment, the need for natural and safe yellow pigment is increasing. In this study, the enzymatic preparation of the yellow pigment derived from phloridzin was investigated. Its antioxidant activity was first reported. This study can prompt the application of this new yellow pigment in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The front cover image is based on the Research Article Proposition of a critical design direct normal irradiance for solar thermal power plant, by Jiangwei Liu et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4138. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]